5种杀蚜剂对苹果绵蚜田间防治效果

苹果绵蚜是重要的检疫性害虫,生产中急需高效安全的防治药剂.在2004和2005年期间对5种常用杀蚜剂防治苹果绵蚜的效果进行了田间试验.结果表明：目前生产上常用的毒死蜱和蚜灭磷在常规使用浓度下对苹果绵蚜的防效仍优于其它品种,吡虫啉、氯氰菊酯对苹果绵蚜有一定控制作用,啶虫脒效果欠佳.     

苹果绵蚜的发生与综防技术

苹果绵蚜是国内外重要的有害生物之一，我县于2001年有害生物普查时，发现苹果绵蚜，为防止其进一步扩散为害，对其分布为害、发生规律及防治方法进行了观察和研究。通过近几年的观察和试验，结果表明用48％毒死蜱或10％吡虫啉、50％抗蚜威交替使用综合防治效果较好。     

螺虫乙酯对苹果绵蚜的田间防效

为明确22.4%螺虫乙酯悬浮剂对苹果绵蚜的田间防效,确定适合用药剂量,并为示范推广提供参考,2016年以200 g/L丁硫克百威乳油为对照药剂,在苹果树上进行了施药防治苹果绵蚜的药效对比试验。药后7～14 d调查发现,22.4%螺虫乙酯悬浮剂低剂量(质量浓度45 mg/kg)处理防效显著低于对照药剂,中剂量(56 mg/kg)处理防效与对照药剂无显著差异,高剂量(75 mg/kg)处理防效显著高于对照药剂。供试药剂对苹果绵蚜防效较高,药后7 d防效均达79%以上,药后14 d防效均达90%以上。     

苹果绵蚜过冷却点测定

苹果绵蚜ＥｒｉｏｓｏｍａｌａｎｉｇｅｒｕｍＨａｕｓ ｍａｎｎ是苹果生产上的重要检疫性害虫。该虫的危害方式是刺吸树干、树枝和根部 ,使树势衰弱 ,产量降低 ,给苹果生产造成严重威胁。该虫以若蚜和少量成蚜在苹果树的根部、皱折及伤疤处越冬 ,是翌年的虫源。研究其耐寒性对预测预报和综合防治有着重要意义。为此 ,2 0 0 1年 2月份对苹果绵蚜的过冷却点进行了测定。结果如下。1　材料与方法1 .1　供试虫源苹果绵蚜采自菏泽市牡丹区李村镇 ,寄主植物为苹果。1 .2　过冷却点测定方法将预冷后的苹果绵蚜若蚜固定在热敏电阻测温探头上 ,然后…     

苹果绵蚜扩散原因与防治对策初探

苹果绵蚜是国家规定的检疫对象。近年来随着苹果种植面积的扩大,地区之间苹果苗木及果实交易频繁,增加了苹果绵蚜传播扩散的机会。因此,了解其发生扩散的原因,加强检疫,探讨出综合治理技术以控制其为害,对保证苹果安全、稳定发展,促进销售,扩大出口是十分必要的。1发生扩散情况苹果绵蚜于1996年传入郑州市,1997年开始在个别县零星发生。由于认识不足、措施不力,苹果绵蚜曾一度迅速蔓延,波及全市1/3的县(市、区),重发生果园虫株率最高达81%～83.3%,严重威胁苹果生产安全。为遏止其迅速蔓延的势头,市植保植检站制定了严格的普查与控制措施,每…     

日照市苹果绵蚜扩散原因及综合治理措施

苹果绵蚜(Eirosoma lanigerum Hausmann)是全国植物检疫对象,是果树类的重要害虫.该虫原产于美国,于20世纪初传入青岛、烟台.1989～1990年山东省植物检疫对象普查时,我市尚未发现该虫.近年来,随着苹果种植面积的扩大,地区之间苹果苗木及果实交易频繁,增加了苹果绵蚜传播扩散的机会,导致近几年苹果绵蚜在我市各县区均有不同程度的发生.为控制其进一步扩散蔓延,探讨其综合治理措施,对保障全市果业生产安全,提高果品商品价值及外销信誉,扩大出口是十分必要的.     

5种杀虫剂对甘蓝蚜的毒杀作用及对蚜茧蜂的影响

在室内分别测定了5%天然除虫菊素乳油、4.5%高效氯氰菊酯乳油、10%吡虫啉可湿性粉剂、3%啶虫脒乳油、40%毒死蜱乳油5种杀虫剂对甘蓝蚜的毒杀作用及对蚜茧蜂的影响。结果表明:用浸渍法处理叶片上甘蓝蚜48 h以后,5%天然除虫菊素1、0%吡虫啉对甘蓝蚜虫的毒杀效果优于其他3种杀虫剂;用浸渍法处理蚜茧蜂蛹,除40%毒死蜱对其影响较大以外,其他4种杀虫剂处理的蚜茧蜂蛹羽化率与空白对照相比差异不显著;用药膜法处理蚜茧蜂成虫,5%天然除虫菊素、4.5%高效氯氰菊酯对其影响较大,处理后12 h,死亡率达100%;40%毒死蜱次之;3%啶虫脒1、0%吡虫啉影响较小。     

苹果绵蚜田间种群的抗性监测

为了掌握果园重要害虫苹果绵蚜Eriosoma lanigerum的抗药性水平及动态变化,于2012–2015年间利用浸叶法监测了中国新疆察布查尔、山东济南、陕西乾县、河北昌黎和江苏丰县苹果绵蚜对常用药剂吡虫啉、毒死蜱和高效氯氟氰菊酯的敏感性,同时测定了不同苹果绵蚜种群的酯酶和谷胱甘肽S-转移酶活力。以2012年察布查尔苹果绵蚜为相对敏感品系,结果发现:所有种群在不同年度均对吡虫啉产生了低到高水平抗性（最大抗性倍数 >2000倍）;对于高效氯氟氰菊酯,昌黎、乾县及察布查尔2014种群均为敏感,济南、丰县和察布查尔2015种群均产生了中到高水平抗性;对于毒死蜱,乾县种群保持敏感,察布查尔、昌黎、丰县和济南种群产生了低到高水平抗性。酶活力测定结果显示:谷胱甘肽S-转移酶活力与苹果绵蚜对吡虫啉和高效氯氟氰菊酯的抗性水平呈正相关性,而酯酶活力与苹果绵蚜抗药性水平无明显相关性。本研究表明,新疆察布查尔、山东济南、陕西乾县、河北昌黎和江苏丰县的苹果绵蚜对吡虫啉、毒死蜱和高效氯氟氰菊酯的抗性水平均呈逐年提高趋势,其中对吡虫啉的抗性程度最严重,防治中应注意合理轮换用药。     

苹果新害虫印度小裂绵蚜的发生与为害

印度小裂绵蚜是我国苹果上的一种新害虫,国内新记录种。该虫已在云南省昭通和昆明市苹果种植区普遍发生与为害,全省发生面积9 610.0hm2,占种植面积的37.3%。若虫体白色或乳白色,体外被白色绵状物,主要为害苹果须根和新根,不形成肿瘤,集中发生于地下0.5m范围以内。印度小裂绵蚜对苹果造成的产量损失平均为30.7%,严重影响苹果树的生长和产量。本文介绍了印度小裂绵蚜的分布、发生与为害,及其与苹果绵蚜在形态特征和为害特点上的区别。     

480g/L毒死蜱乳油对苹果绵蚜及桃小食心虫的防治效果

为明确480 g/L毒死蜱乳油对苹果绵蚜及桃小食心虫的防治效果,特选取虫害发生较重的苹果园进行了田间药效试验。结果表明,480 g/L毒死蜱乳油1 500倍液药后21 d对苹果棉蚜的防效最高可达89.70%,药后15 d对桃小食心虫的防效最高可达94.34%,防效较好且对果树安全。     

Effect of 6-azauracil against apple powdery mildew and apple scab

In 1964 and 1965 trials were made with 6-azauracil (AzU) against powdery mildew and scab in an apple orchard at Kloetinge (Zeeland) and at Wageningen. The activity against scab was moderate, but against powdery mildew the results were better than those obtained with Karathane. The activity against mildew is ascribed to the systemic action of AzU, which protected shoots not hit by the spray, as well as those developing after the treatment. Sprays with AzU also reduced the overwintering of powdery mildew in the terminal buds. When concentrations of 100 and 50 ppm were used, the young shoots developing were often malformed, but even with lower concentrations, still active against mildew, the trees were not completely free of slight abnormalities.Samenvatting In 1964 en 1965 zijn in een boomgaard te Kloetinge (Zeeland) en te Wageningen enige proeven genomen met 6-azauracil (AzU) ter bestrijding van meeldauw en schurft op appel. De activitieit tegen schurft was matig (Tabel 3 en 5), maar die tegen meeldauw was beter dan de werking van Karathane (Tabel 1, 2 en 4). Dit laatste wordt toegeschreven aan de systemische werking van AzU, waardoor ook niet geraakte en op het moment van bespuiting nog niet uitgegroeide scheuten beschermd worden. Bespuitingen met 6-azauracil reduceerden ook de overwintering van meeldauw in de eindknoppen (Tabel 6). Bij concentraties AzU van 100 en 50 ppm ontwikkelden zich scheuten met misvormingen (Fig. 1), maar ook de bomen die met lagere concentraties behandeld waren, bleven niet geheel vrij van lichte afwijkingen.     

新疆野苹果和秦冠的抗黑星病特性

 透射电镜观察表明, 苹果叶片上表皮角质层厚度在品种间存在显著差异, 新疆野苹果和秦冠叶片的角质层厚度显著高于富士和嘎啦的;同一品种不同龄期叶片的角质层厚度随着叶龄增长而增厚, 且黑星病严重度与叶片上表皮角质层厚度间存在显著的负相关关系。苹果品种抗病性组分分析结果表明, 新疆野苹果的病害严重度最低, 约为嘎啦的1/22, 潜育期最长, 为嘎啦的2.0倍, 无(或少有)病斑出现, 不产孢。秦冠的严重度约为嘎啦的1/14, 潜育期约为嘎啦的1.5倍, 产孢量约为嘎啦的1/26。黑星病菌在新疆野苹果和秦冠叶片上的侵染概率及病斑扩展速率均显著低于富士和嘎啦。因此, 新疆野苹果和秦冠对黑星病的抗病性表现在抗侵入和抗扩展两个方面。     

苹果经营代际传递意愿及其影响因素分析——基于山东和陕西1012个苹果户的调查数据

采用山东和陕西1012个苹果户调查数据,运用二元Logit模型分析影响苹果经营代际传递意愿的主要因素。结果表明:苹果经营代际传递意愿总体较弱,18.68%的苹果户愿意代际传递;苹果种植决策者的年龄、苹果劳动力人数、苹果收入占比、苹果效益、苹果种植技术和果园装备投入对苹果经营代际传递意愿有显著正向影响;计划缩小苹果种植规模和平原地区的苹果户代际传递意愿较弱,苹果种植决策者的受教育程度和村庄苹果受灾频次对苹果经营代际传递意愿有显著负向影响。     

苹果叶片应答斑点落叶病菌胁迫的蛋白质组学分析

In order to elucidate key proteins related to disease-resistance in apple leaves,the total proteins were extracted from control and infected apple leaves, and separated by two-dimensional electrophoresis. The differential expressed proteins were then identified by MALDI-TOF-TOF/MS.In total, 25 differential expressed proteins were detected by Image Master Software. After tryptic digestion, MALDI-TOF-TOF/MS analysis and database searching, 20 protein spots were finally identified, including 11 functional proteins related to photosynthesis, energy metabolism, stress and defense responses. The pathogenesis-related proteins involved in defense responses such as APX, GPX and Mal d1 were differentially expressed in apple leaves. It indicates that these proteins may play a key role in the resistance to A. alternata apple pathotype.     

Genetic markers in apple breeding

Efficient early selection techniques are being sought which can be applied within 2 years of germination. Molecular markers can provide a higher level of precision than preselection criteria based on seedling/mature tree correlations. Isoenzymic genes show promise as markers for a limited number of specific characters but there is insufficient polymorphism amongst cultivated apples for their wide use in breeding programmes. An apple Genome Mapping Project utilising DNA RFLP analysis and related techniques has been established. Such techniques have the potential to provide an unlimited range of markers.     

2011年烟台苹果产区腐烂病发病情况调查与原因分析

为了解2011年烟台苹果产区腐烂病的发生情况,2011年5月,在腐烂病发病较重的栖霞、海阳等地选择21个农户的果园,对腐烂病的发生情况进行了调查.结果表明,21个果园中具有新病疤的病株率为68.20％,死株率为2.76％,平均受害枝量为23.98％,死枝量10.74％,病株率超过50％的果园占25％～30％,总体发病情况比一般年份严重.调查共发现967块新病疤,平均每株2.32块,其中源自剪锯口的病疤占80.04％,从旧病疤复发的病疤占60.29％.2010年秋季的连续阴雨、冬季低温和2011年春季干旱可能是导致烟台苹果产区2011年春季腐烂病大发生的主要原因.剪锯口是腐烂病菌侵染的主要途径,旧病疤复发是春季腐烂病发病的主体.     

Detection of apple proliferation phytoplasma by ELISA and PCR in growing and dormant apple trees

Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection - Apple proliferation (AP), caused by a phytoplasma belonging to AP group, is an important vector-borne and graft-transmissible disease of apple trees in...     

Recovery in apple trees infected with the apple proliferation phytoplasma: an ultrastructural and biochemical study

ABSTRACT Localization of hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) and the roles of peroxidases, malondialdehyde, and reduced glutathione in three apple cultivars were compared in healthy trees, trees infected with apple proliferation phytoplasma (APP), and trees that had recovered from the infection. In recovered apple trees, symptoms of the disease and the pathogen had disappeared from the canopy, but phytoplasmas remained in the roots. H(2)O(2) was detected cytochemically by its reaction with cerium chloride to produce electron-dense deposits of cerium perhydroxides.H(2)O(2) occurred in the plasmalemma of the phloem of leaves of recovered apple trees, but not in healthy or APP-infected leaves. In all cultivars, the peroxidase activity detected in tissue from APP-diseased trees was greater than or equal to that of tissue from recovered trees, which equaled or exceeded that of tissue from healthy trees, at two sampling times (May and September). In contrast, the glutathione content of leaves decreased in the reverse order. More malondialdehyde was observed in leaves from recovered trees than in leaves from healthy or APP-infected trees in three of six cultivar-date combinations; in the other three combinations, the malondialdehyde contents of leaves from healthy, infected, and recovered trees were not significantly different from one another. The results suggest that some components of the oxidant-scavenging system in recovered leaves are not very active, leading to an overproduction of H(2)O(2) and, possibly, to a membrane lipid peroxidation.The production of H(2)O(2) appears to be involved in counteracting pathogen virulence.     

苹果黑星病的药剂防治

苹果黑星病Venturia inaequalis是黑龙江省对內检疫对象之一。一般发病率为30—40％,严重时可达90％以上。主要为害小苹果树的叶和果实,造成早期落叶,削弱树势生长,花芽形成不良,影响果实品质和产量,并成为影响果树安全越冬的主要原因之一。 1963—1964年間,我們用120倍波尔多液和代森鋅分別进行了防治时期和浓度試驗,結果見