脱毒蓖麻蛋白粉与豆饼瘤胃降解特性比较研究

选用4头装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的西门塔尔牛阉牛,采用4×4拉丁方设计,用瘤胃尼龙袋法测定蓖麻蛋白粉和豆饼瘤胃降解率.结果表明:脱毒蓖麻蛋白粉干物质、有机物和粗蛋白质瘤胃降解率、瘤胃快速降解部分(a)均显著低于豆饼(P<0.05),而瘤胃慢速降解部分(b)明显高于豆饼(P<0.05).CBM-Ⅰ级蛋白粉干物质、有机物瘤胃降解率、瘤胃快速降解部分和瘤胃慢速降解部分均明显高于CBM-Ⅱ级蛋白粉和CBM-Ⅲ级蛋白粉(P<0.05),CBM-Ⅱ级蛋白粉明显高于CBM-Ⅲ级蛋白粉(P<0.05).CBM-Ⅰ级蛋白粉粗蛋白质瘤胃降解率与CBM-Ⅱ级蛋白粉差异不显著(P>0.05),但显著高于CBM-Ⅲ级蛋白粉(P<0.05).脱毒蓖麻蛋白粉的过瘤胃粗蛋白质高于豆饼.     

脱毒蓖麻蛋白粉与豆饼瘤胃降解特性比较研究

选4头装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的西门塔尔牛阉牛,采用4×4拉丁方设计,用瘤胃尼龙袋法测定蓖麻蛋白粉和豆饼瘤胃降解率.结果表明:脱毒蓖麻蛋白粉干物质、有机物和粗蛋白质瘤胃降解率、瘤胃快速降解部分(a)均显著低于豆饼(P<0.05),而瘤胃慢速降解部分(b)明显高于豆饼(P<0.05).CBM-Ⅰ级蛋白粉干物质、有机物瘤胃降解率、瘤胃快速降解部分和瘤胃慢速降解部分均明显高于CBM-Ⅱ级蛋白粉和CBM-Ⅲ级蛋白粉(P<0.05),CBM-Ⅱ级蛋白粉明显高于CBM-Ⅲ级蛋白粉(P<0.05).CBM-Ⅰ级蛋白粉粗蛋白质瘤胃降解率与CBM-Ⅱ级蛋白粉差异不显著(P>0.05),但显著高于CBM-Ⅲ级蛋白粉(P<0.05).脱毒蓖麻蛋白粉的过瘤胃粗蛋白质高于豆饼.     

4个青贮玉米品种的青贮发酵品质及瘤胃降解特性的比较

为筛选出适合在苏中地区种植的青贮玉米(Zea mays L.)品种,本试验对4个青贮玉米品种进行全株青贮,比较青贮品质和瘤胃降解特性。试验结果表明：‘雅玉8号’全株玉米青贮的乳酸含量较高(P<0.05),pH值、氨态氮含量和乙酸含量低于‘扬大109’(P<0.05)。全株玉米青贮的瘤胃干物质有效降解率由高到低依次为‘康源01号’(40.98%)、‘扬大109’(39.25%)、‘雅玉8号’(37.69%)和‘牧场06号’(35.29%)。瘤胃中性洗涤纤维有效降解率由高到低依次为‘扬大109’(29.91%)、‘雅玉8号’(28.75%)、‘牧场06号’(27.12%)和‘康源01号’(21.20%)。综上所述,在本试验选取的4个青贮玉米品种中,‘牧场06号’是最适宜在苏中地区推广种植的青贮玉米品种。     

4种花生秸秆在奶牛瘤胃中的降解特性

为研究不同花生秸秆在奶牛瘤胃中的降解特性,采用尼龙袋法评定了4种花生秸秆(TI、TJ、汕G和泉花7号)的干物质(DM)、粗蛋白(CP)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)瘤胃动态降解率和有效降解率。结果表明,4种花生秸秆DM的72h降解率和有效降解率为汕G最高,达66.07%和49.37%,并依次降低的为TJ、泉花7号与TI。4种花生秸秆CP的72h降解率和有效降解率与DM有相同的趋势,CP的72h降解率和有效降解率也以汕G最高,达73.16%和59.20%,其中CP的72h降解率依次降低的为泉花7号、TJ与TI;有效降解率依次降低的为TJ、TI与泉花7号。4种花生秸秆NDF和ADF的72h降解率趋势一致为泉花7号最高,并依次降低的为汕G、TJ和TI;4种花生秸秆NDF有效降解率最高的为汕G,其次为TI、泉花7号与TJ;ADF有效降解率最高的为泉花7号,其次为汕G、TI与TJ。因此,从奶牛对4种花生秸秆的降解效果看,汕G的营养价值最高,TI的营养价值最低。     

6种饲料原料瘤胃降解特性和瘤胃非降解蛋白质的小肠消化率

本试验旨在研究新疆地区玉米青贮、棉籽壳、苜蓿草粉、苜蓿干草、葡萄籽粕、蕃茄酱渣6种奶牛饲料原料的瘤胃降解特性和瘤胃非降解蛋白质(RUP)的小肠消化率(Idg)。选用3头装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的泌乳荷斯坦奶牛,采用尼龙袋法和改进三步体外法测定饲料原料的干物质(DM)、粗蛋白质(CP)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)的瘤胃降解特性以及RUP的Idg和小肠可消化粗蛋白质(IDCP)含量。结果表明:1)苜蓿草粉和玉米青贮的DM有效降解率最高,显著高于次之的苜蓿干草、番茄酱渣(P0.05),葡萄籽粕、棉籽壳最低,显著低于其他原料(P0.05);CP有效降解率为番茄酱渣苜蓿草粉玉米青贮苜蓿干草棉籽壳葡萄籽粕,各原料间差异显著(P0.05);NDF有效降解率为玉米青贮苜蓿草粉棉籽壳苜蓿干草番茄酱渣葡萄籽粕,各组饲料原料间差异显著(P0.05);ADF有效降解率为玉米青贮棉籽壳苜蓿干草番茄酱渣苜蓿草粉葡萄籽粕,各组饲料原料间差异显著(P0.05)。2)苜蓿草粉RUP的Idg和IDCP含量最高,Idg显著高于依次降低的苜蓿干草、玉米青贮、番茄酱渣、葡萄籽粕、棉籽壳(P0.05),IDCP含量与苜蓿干草差异不显著(P0.05),显著高于依次降低的玉米青贮、番茄酱渣、葡萄籽粕、棉籽壳(P0.05)。综上所述,不同饲料原料具有不同的瘤胃降解特性,进入小肠IDCP的含量也不同。玉米青贮的DM、NDF和ADF在瘤胃的有效降解率较高,苜蓿草粉RUP的Idg较高,苜蓿草粉和苜蓿干草的IDCP含量较高。     

稻秆和麦秸纤维成分瘤胃降解特性的比较研究

本试验用３头安装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的阉马头山羊，依瘤胃尼龙袋法分别测定了稻秆和麦秸全植株不同形态部分及不同节段的干物质、细胞内容物，中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维、木质素、纤维素和半纤维素的瘤胃４８小时降解率，比较分析表明：麦秸和稻秆不同形态部分的差异是其营养价值差异性的真正来源；纤维成分瘤胃降解率相互间差异极显著（Ｐ＜０．０１），农作物品种的影响也极其明显。     

4种非常规饲料在肉牛瘤胃内降解特性的研究

试验旨在研究全株甘蔗青贮、木薯茎叶、香蕉茎叶青贮和白酒糟等4种非常规粗饲料在肉牛瘤胃中的降解特性。试验采用尼龙袋法,以3头装有永久瘘管的肉牛（云岭牛）为试验对象,每头牛做3个平行。4种非常规粗饲料通过瘤胃瘘管送至瘤胃腹囊中,分别在6、12、24、36、48、72 h取出,测定4种非常规粗饲料在不同时间点消化后的干物质（DM）、粗灰分（Ash）、粗蛋白质（CP）、中性洗涤纤维（NDF）、酸性洗涤纤维（ADF）、粗脂肪（EE）含量。结果显示：白酒糟的DM、CP含量显著高于其他3组（P<0.05）。香蕉茎叶青贮的Ash、NDF和ADF含量显著高于其他3种粗饲料（P<0.05）。木薯茎叶和白酒糟的EE含量均显著高于其他2种粗饲料（P<0.05）。DM、有机物（OM）、CP有效降解率均为白酒糟>全株甘蔗青贮>木薯茎叶>香蕉茎叶青贮。NDF有效降解率排序为香蕉茎叶青贮>木薯茎叶>白酒糟>全株甘蔗青贮。香蕉茎叶青贮和木薯茎叶的ADF有效降解率显著高于白酒糟和全株甘蔗青贮（P<0.05）。研究表明,4种粗饲料均表现出良好的饲喂效果,以白酒糟和...     

不同收获期玉米青贮DM和CP奶牛瘤胃降解率研究

结果表明：蜡熟期玉米青贮DM的有效降解率（60.07%）分别比乳熟期（52.91%）和乳熟前期（45.13%）高7.16个百分点（P＜0.05）和14.94个百分点（P＜0.01）;乳熟期玉米青贮DM的有效降解率比乳熟前期高7.78个百分点（P＜0.05）.蜡熟期玉米青贮CP的有效降解率（81.93%）分别比乳熟期（76.43%）和乳熟前期（73.36%）高5.50个百分点（P＜0.05）和8.57个百分点（P＜0.05）;乳熟期玉米青贮CP的有效降解率比乳熟前期高3.07个百分点，但差异不显著.     

瘤胃纤维降解细菌附着的研究进展

附着是纤维降解过程的首要步骤,具有重要意义.本文着重介绍了瘤胃纤维降解细茵对纤维物质的附着过程、作用和影响附着的因素及其研究方法.     

Utilization of soybeans or corn milling by-products in beef heifer development diets

Whole raw soybeans (SB), wet corn gluten feed (WCGF), and corn dried distillers grains (DDG) are sources of protein in heifer development rations. The objectives of this study were to compare puberty status before synchronization of estrus, response to synchronization, and AI and final pregnancy rates in heifers developed on diets containing SB, WCGF, or DDG that were formulated to be similar in energy and CP. These ingredients vary substantially in fat content, which may affect reproductive performance. Rate of gain during the feeding period and post-AI performance were also compared. In a preliminary experiment, 104 crossbred heifers were fed diets containing either 1.25 kg of SB/d or 2.0 kg of WCGF/d for 110 d (DM basis), beginning at 10 mo of age. In Exp. 1, 100 crossbred heifers received either 1.25 kg of SB/d or 2.5 kg of WCGF/d from approximately 7 to 10 mo of age (91 d; 4 pens/diet), and then were fed 1.25 kg of SB/d for an additional 114 d (4 pens/diet). In Exp. 2, 1.25 kg of SB/d or 1.25 kg of DDG/d was fed to 100 crossbred heifers for 226 d, beginning at 6 mo of age (4 pens/diet). At approximately 13 mo of age, heifers were fed melengestrol acetate (0.5 mg/d) for 14 d, followed by an i.m. injection of PGF(2 alpha) (25 mg) 19 d later to synchronize estrus. Heifers (14 mo of age) received AI for 5 d after PGF(2 alpha), at which time the dietary treatments were ended. Heifers were commingled while grazing on native pasture and were exposed to bulls for approximately 60 d beginning 10 d after the last day of AI. Pregnancy to AI was determined by ultrasound 45 d after the last day of AI. Heifers fed SB in the preliminary experiment had a lower (P < 0.05) synchronization rate (81 vs. 96%) and longer interval (P = 0.05) from PGF(2 alpha) to estrus (76.6 vs. 69.2 h) compared with heifers fed WCGF. In Exp. 1, the age at which the heifers were begun on SB diets did not alter (P > 0.10) the synchronization rate (79%) or timing of estrus after PGF(2 alpha) (77.8 h). In Exp. 2, the synchronization rate (86%) and timing of estrus after PGF(2 alpha) (69.3 h) did not differ (P > 0.10) because of diet. No differences (P > 0.10) were due to diet for AI conception rates (overall mean for each experiment: 76.5, 60, and 68.5%), percentage of all heifers becoming pregnant to AI (67, 46, and 59%), or final pregnancy rates (92, 90, and 90%) in the preliminary experiment, Exp. 1, or Exp. 2, respectively. In summary, SB, DDG, and WCGF can be used as sources of protein in heifer development diets at the inclusion rates used in these studies.     

Energy utilization by swine of nutritive fiber-rich by-products from the milling and food industry

Growing pigs (from 20 to 80 kg body weight) were fed diets containing equal amounts of soybean, pea (pisum sativum), millet and barley hulls as well as a mixture of these fibre sources. The effects of these fibrous components on the digestibility of energy and nutrients were investigated. Although some rations had a similar nutrient composition, important differences in the digestibility of energy could be observed: e.g. soybean hulls and pea hulls had a similar content in crude fibre but differed in the digestibility of energy by a factor 1:2. The difference in the digestibility of energy was even more pronounced between the rations with soybean hulls and millet hulls (factor 1:11, respectively) although the crude fibre and ADF fibre content were similar. Therefore the magnitude of the difference in digestibility of energy shows a considerable variation between the fibre sources. This seems to be caused partially by differences in the chemical nature of the fibrous by-products. Soybean hulls and barley hulls proved to be very well suited for growing pigs (11.4 MJ DE/kg DM and 10.0 MJ DE/kg DM, respectively). The pea hulls showed a mean content of digestible energy (5.6 MJ DE/kg DM) whereas the millet hulls (1.1 MJ DE/kg DM) didn't contribute significantly to the energy supply of the pigs.     

玉米及其加工副产品的营养价值评定

为了使玉米及其加工副产品在畜禽饲料配制中得到精准应用,试验测定了1种玉米及16种玉米加工副产品的干物质、粗纤维、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、总能、粗灰分等常规养分含量以及多种氨基酸含量.结果表明,玉米加工副产品中蛋白质和各种氨基酸含量均基本高于玉米,且不同来源的同种玉米加工副产品养分含量存在较大差异.     

玉米副产物中玉米赤霉烯酮的ELISA测定

通过试验研究了酶联免疫吸附法在玉米及其副产物中玉米赤霉烯酮检测的应用。在优化了样品前处理后,其方法灵敏度为1.0ng/ml,线性范围为0～20ng/ml,回收率为70.3%～90.9%,并用该法测定了24份玉米副产物样品,检出率达100%,阳性率为37.5%,其结果表明该方法快速、灵敏、准确,有较好的实用性。     

应用CNCPS体系评价扁杏加工副产物的营养价值

本研究旨在应用康奈尔净碳水化合物-蛋白质体系(CNCPS)评价不同扁杏加工副产物的营养价值。选择3种不同的扁杏加工副产物,分别测定其营养成分,应用CNCPS体系理论计算其碳水化合物和蛋白质组分,并分析其营养价值。结果显示,在常规营养成分中,杏仁皮的粗蛋白质(CP)含量较扁杏渣高54.38%(P <0.05);其粗脂肪(EE)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)和酸性洗涤木质素(ADL)含量较扁杏皮分别高1.84、1.47、1.27和1.93倍(P <0.05);扁杏皮的灰分(Ash)含量显著高于扁杏渣和杏仁皮(P <0.05)。在蛋白质组分中,扁杏皮的非蛋白氮(PA)含量较杏仁皮高3.63倍(P <0.05);扁杏渣的慢速降解真蛋白质(PB3)含量显著高于杏仁皮和扁杏皮(P <0.05);杏仁皮的快速降解真蛋白质PB1、中速降解真蛋白质PB2和不可利用蛋白质(PC)含量显著高于扁杏渣和扁杏皮(P <0.05)。在碳水化合物组分中,扁杏渣的碳水化合物(CHO)含量较杏仁皮提高13.36%(P <0.05);扁杏皮的非结构性碳水化合物(CNSC)较杏仁皮高87.43%(P <0.05);扁杏皮的糖(CA),淀粉和可溶性纤维(CB1)含量显著高于扁杏渣和杏仁皮(P <0.05);扁杏渣的可利用纤维(CB2)含量显著高于杏仁皮和扁杏皮(P <0.05);杏仁皮的不可利用纤维(CC)含量显著高于扁杏渣和扁杏皮(P <0.05)。结果表明,不同扁杏加工副产物在常规营养成分、碳水化合物和蛋白质组分等方面存在显著差异。在应用扁杏加工副产物作动物饲料时,应对其化学成分和营养价值进行实际测定或估测。     

啤酒副产品在饲料工业中的应用

啤酒副产品主要是啤酒废酵母和啤酒糟,啤酒废酵母可直接作为鱼虾饲料,生产发酵饲料、酵母精、饲料添加剂和颗粒混合饲料;啤酒糟可直接用作传统饲料,生产干粉饲料、发酵饲料、粗酶制剂和菌体蛋白饲料。啤酒副产品在饲料工业中具有非常广阔的应用前景,具有较好的社会效益和经济效益。     

Nutritional value for swine of extruded corn and corn fractions obtained after dry milling

The experiment was designed to assess whether corn fractions or extrusion of corn can result in feed ingredients with a greater nutritional value than corn. Corn grain (8.0% CP, 0.21% P, 9.8% NDF) was processed by extrusion (82.8 degrees C, 345 kPa steam pressure for 12 s) or by dry milling to derive fractions rich in germ (13.1% CP, 1.19% P, 17.2% NDF), hulls (8.1% CP, 0.27% P, 32.6% NDF), and endosperm, namely tails (6.6% CP, 0.07% P, 3.6% NDF) and throughs (7.4% CP, 0.15% P, 4.5% NDF). Relative recovery in each fraction was 16, 20, 44, and 20%, respectively. Ileal digestibility of DM, P, and amino acids was determined using diets containing 7.0% CP from soybean meal and 5.3% CP from one of the test products. To allow for determination of standardized ingredient, ileal digestibility, basal endogenous AA losses were determined using a protein-free diet (74.6% cornstarch and 18.7% sucrose). Soybean meal ileal digestibility was determined using a diet (12.3% CP) based on soybean meal (23.3%). Eight barrows (27 +/- 2 kg) fitted with T-cannulas were fed 8 experimental diets (5-d adaptation and 2-d collection period) such that each diet was evaluated in at least 5 barrows. Relative to corn (77.9 +/- 1.2%), ileal digestibility of DM was greater for extruded corn (82.5%; P = 0.02), tails (85.9%; P < 0.01), and throughs (85.0%; P < 0.01), but it was lower for hulls (62.2%; P < 0.01) and germ (51.1%; P < 0.01). For P, corn (41.6 +/- 9.5%), throughs (47.2%), and hulls (57.3%) had similar ileal digestibility, but germ (7.9%) had lower ileal digestibility (P = 0.02) than corn; tails (27.6%) and extruded corn (23.5%) were not different from corn or germ but were lower than throughs and hulls. For total AA, corn (84.7 +/- 2.4%), throughs (84.3%), and hulls (85.8%) had similar ileal digestibility, but germ (76.6%) had lower ileal digestibility (P < 0.01) than corn; tails (82.0%) and extruded corn (81.7%) were intermediate. In conclusion, germ and hulls have a low ileal DM digestibility; germ also has low AA and P digestibility. Extrusion improved the ileal DM digestibility of corn. To maximize the ileal digestibility, removal of germ and hull from corn or extrusion of corn may thus be of interest.     

酒糟及残液（DGS）在肉牛生产中的应用

乙醇产业的快速扩张也带来了相应的副产品（主要是酒糟及残液，DGS）产量的增加。DGS的养分（蛋白、脂肪、纤维等）浓度比玉米高约3倍，是反刍动物很好的蛋白质来源。随着玉米供应量的减少及价格的升高，DGS作为饲料能量来源也具有非常重要的意义。生产试验表明，与饲喂不含DGS的玉米基础日粮相比，用不同水平的湿或干DGS饲喂育肥牛，均可提高日增重（ADG）和饲料报酬（G：F）。代谢试验表明，DGS中的脂肪在瘤胃降解较低，可增加十二指肠不饱和脂肪酸的比例和脂肪的全消化道消化率，DGS中的脂肪和非降解蛋白可能是DGS饲用价值高于玉米的重要原因。DGS还有助于提高育肥目粮中低质粗饲料的利用效果。DGS的饲用价值要好于干压玉米和高湿玉米，但DGS用于蒸汽压片玉米基础日粮中的效果低于在干压或高湿玉米基础日粮中的效果。     

The importance of by-products to the US beef industry.

The use of by-products as nutrient sources for beef cattle will continue to be driven by economics. As landfill prices continue to escalate, more by-product will become economically viable as cattle feed. These considerations will be counter-balanced by safety concerns. American consumers are becoming increasingly concerned with the production aspects of their food. The environmental concerns associated with additional landfills will have to be balanced against which by-products consumers will accept in the production of the beef that they consume. These will most assuredly heighten over the coming years.     

Energy value of corn wet milling by-product feeds for finishing ruminants

Five trials were conducted to evaluate the energy value of corn wet milling by-products in finishing diets. In trials 1 (45 finishing lambs, 34 kg) and 2 (70 digestion wethers, 32 kg), Rambouillet X Suffolk lambs fed corn gained faster (P less than .10), more efficiently (P less than .10) and had higher (P less than .01) digestibilities of neutral and acid detergent fiber (NDF, ADF) and starch than lambs fed dry corn gluten feed (DCGF). Lambs fed wet corn gluten feed (WCGF) consumed less feed (trial 1, P less than .05; trial 2, P less than .01), were more efficient (P less than .01) NDF and ADF digestibilities than lambs fed DCGF. Starch, NDF and ADF digestion were higher (P less than .01) for lambs fed WCGF vs wet corn bran (WCB). Lambs fed WCGF gained faster (P less than .10) and consumed more (trial 1, P = .12; trial 2, P less than .10) feed than lambs fed WCB. Dried corn bran increased (trial 1, P less than .05; trial 2, P less than .01) intake and increased (P less than .01) dry matter digestion (DMD) compared with WCB. In trial 3, rates of in vitro dry matter and NDF disappearance were similar among by-product feeds. In trial 4 (50 individually fed Shorthorn-Hereford-Angus steers, 316 kg), steers fed WCGF tended to consume more (P = .14) feed than steers fed DCGF. Corn gluten feed (CGF) replacing 0 to 46% corn decreased gain (linear, P less than .05) and DMD (linear, P less than .10), while starch digestion was highest for 23% CGF (quadratic, P less than .01). A level X CGF type interaction (P = .15) occurred for efficiency due to the lower gain of steers fed 46% DCGF. The efficiency of CGF utilization was 97% that of corn when WCGF replaced 23 or 46% corn or DCGF replaced 23% corn. Dry CGF replacing 46% corn had 87% the value of corn. In trial 5 (186 Hereford-Angus cattle, 310 kg), DCGF replacing 25 and 50% corn had 97 to 100% the efficiency of corn, while intake and gain were not affected. Dry CGF replacing 25 and 50% corn silage increased (linear, P less than .05) intake 11.3% and gain 13.8%. In ruminants, CGF is highly digestible and feed efficiency is similar to corn when WCGF is fed up to 50% of the grain component or when DCGF is fed up to 25% of the grain component.