Cochlear function and sodium and potassium activated adenosine triphosphatase

The maintenance of the cation gradients between endolymph and perilymph in the cochlea requires the operation of a cation pump. An adenosine triphosphatase system activated by sodium and potassium is present in high activity in the cochlear membranes (tegmentum vasculosum and stria vascularis). The cochlear microphonic potential is inhibited by perilymphatic perfusion of ouabain and erythrophleine. Since the microphonic potential depends on the high concentration of potassium ions in the endolymph, our findings strongly suggest the operation of an adenosine triphosphatase cation pump system activated by sodium and potassium, in the generation of cochlear cation gradients.     

Sodium and potassium activities in normal and "sodium-rich" frog skeletal muscle

In frog sartorius muscles immersed for 2 hours at 26 degrees C in normal Ringer solution, the intrafiber potassium concentration, C(K)(in millimoles per liter), was 123 +/- 2 (mean value plus or minus standard error), and the potassium activity, a(K) (in millimoles per liter), was 90 +/- 1.0. The corresponding sodium concentration and activity were 20 +/- 1 and 6.5 +/- 0.4, respectively. After overnight immersion in K+-free Ringer solution the values were: CK, 97 +/- 2; aK, 81.5 +/- 1.6; CNa, 47 +/- 2; and aNa, 11.2 +/- 0.6. The changes in aK and aNa during storage were not consistent with an exchange between predominantly "free" fiber K+ and external Na+. These results suggest that the Na+ taken up during overnight immersion largely replaced adsorbed or sequestered K+ in the fibers.     

Catecholamine and dibutyryl cyclic AMP effects on myosin adenosine triphosphatase in cultured rat heart cells

Catecholamines and dibutyryl adenosine 3', 5'-monophosphate (dibutyryl cyclic AMP) increase the activity of myosin adenosine triphosphatase in cultured rat heart cells. Dichloroisoproterenol, an inhibitor of the beta receptor of the catecholamines, inhibits the action of the catecholamines but not of cyclic AMP.     

Steelhead migration: potential temperature effects as indicated by gill adenosine triphosphatase activities

Yearling steelhead trout held in fresh water at cold temperatures (6.5 degrees or 10 degrees C) showed an increase in gill microsomal Na(+), K(+)-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase activity during parr-smolt transformation, whereas trout held in warm water (15 degrees or 20 degrees C) did not. Adenosine triphosphatase activity increased and other indications of transformation were observed in fish transferred from warm to cold water, whereas the reverse occurred on transfer from cold to warm water.     

盐胁迫条件下钙离子对不同品种小麦NSCCs转移钾的影响

采用3种耐盐能力不同的小麦品种,通过添加钾专性通道抑制剂的方法,对盐胁迫下钙离子(Ca~(2+))对非选择性阳离子通道(NSCCs)转移钾的影响进行研究.结果表明:耐盐性越强的小麦,由NSCCs转移的钾占总吸钾的比例越大.Ca~(2+)对3种小麦的总吸钾速率均有促进作用,且这种作用随着Ca~(2+)浓度的增加而增加.耐盐能力越强的小麦,Ca~(2+)对其根系NSCCs转移钾的能力促进作用也越大.Ca~(2+)对耐盐能力较强的小麦吸钾的促进是通过同时提高钾的专性通道吸收和NSCCs转移而达到的,但对耐盐能力较弱的小麦而言,更多的则是通过对钾专性通道吸收而实现的.     

Exercise: effects on hexokinase activity in red and white skeletal muscle

Single bouts of exercise increase hexokinase activity in red and white skeletal muscle of guinea pigs. Multiple bouts of exercise cause two-fold increases. In contrast to other enzymes associated with glycolysis, hexokinase activity is higher in red than in white skeletal muscle.     

Cooperative thermal effects on the accumulation of potassium and sodium in frog muscle

Sodium-rich frog muscles are found to extrude sodium and reaccumulate potassium at 0 degrees C. The uptake of potassium by these muscles is studied at three different temperatures as a function of external potassium concentration, K(ex). The steady-state potassium content of the tissue is related to K(ex). by a sigmoidal cooperative curve at all temperatures. These results are compared with findings on a mammalian smooth muscle.     

Primary structure of the beta subunit of the DHP-sensitive calcium channel from skeletal muscle

Complementary DNAs for the beta subunit of the dihydropyridine-sensitive calcium channel of rabbit skeletal muscle were isolated on the basis of peptide sequences derived from the purified protein. The deduced primary structure is without homology to other known protein sequences and is consistent with the beta subunit being a peripheral membrane protein associated with the cytoplasmic aspect of the sarcolemma. The protein contains sites that might be expected to be preferentially phosphorylated by protein kinase C and guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate-dependent protein kinase. A messenger RNA for this protein appears to be expressed in brain.     

Flagellar adenosine triphosphatase from sea urchin sperm: properties and relation to motility

Adenosine triphosphatase activated by divalent cations is apparently a component of the motile apparatus in flagella of Arbacia sperm, as judged by the activity of this enzyme in intact flagella, glycerol-extracted flagella, and soluble extracts prepared from flagella. However, the variation in the physical properties and in the amount of enzyme obtained after a variety of treatments suggests that additional components are involved in the motile mechanism. These features distinguish the soluble flagellar enzyme from adenosine triphosphatases of other motile cells.     

Diazacholesterol myotonia: accumulation of desmosterol and increased adenosine triphosphatase activity of sarcolemma

Myotonia induced in rats by 20,25-diazacholesterol is accompanied by accumulation of desmosterol in serum, fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum, and sarcolemma. Activities of (Na(+),K(+))- and Ca(2+)-stimulated adenosine triphosphatases of the sarcolemma are increased, but not the Mg(2+)-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase. The altered sterol composition of the sarcolemma may cause this type of myotonia by decreasing the chloride conductance of the membrane.     

Calcium dependence of the inactivation of calcium currents in skeletal muscle fibers of an insect

Calcium currents in skeletal muscle fibers of an insect, Carausius morosus, inactivate under depolarization. This inactivation depends on the current being carried across the membrane by calcium ions, rather than strontium or bariumions.     

Insulin mediators from rat skeletal muscle have differential effects on insulin-sensitive pathways of intact adipocytes

The effects of partially purified insulin-generated mediators from rat skeletal muscle were compared to those of insulin on intact adipocytes. Insulin and insulin mediator stimulated both pyruvate dehydrogenase and glycogen synthase activity of intact adipocytes. In contrast, insulin stimulated glucose oxidation and 3-O-methylglucose transport, whereas insulin-generated mediators had no effect. Insulin-generated mediators cannot account for all the pleiotropic effects of insulin, especially membrane-controlled processes.     

Occult Drosophila calcium channels and twinning of calcium and voltage-activated potassium channels

In the membrane of the flight muscle cells of developing Drosophila a large calcium-sensitive potassium current, IKc, was found. It was present before the development of voltage-activated potassium channels and seems to be the first potassium current to develop in the membrane. Also present in these early cells were large numbers of occult (hidden) calcium channels, which remained inactive until the end of pupal development. These inactive calcium channels could be made to function by injecting adenosine triphosphate or ethyleneglycol tetraacetic acid into the early cells. IKc has kinetic properties resembling the later developing voltage-sensitive current IKv, and is distinct from the fast, transient calcium-dependent outward current IAc, which appears much later in development. IAc closely resembles the voltage-sensitive current IAv, also present in these cells. Thus, both of the voltage-sensitive potassium channel types, IAv and IKv, have similar calcium-sensitive counterparts, IAc and IKc, that are present in the same cells.     

猪心肌和骨骼肌miRNA转录组比较分析

【目的】研究microRNA(miRNA)在猪不同类型肌肉生长发育中的作用。【方法】以猪心肌以及2种骨骼肌(背最长肌和腰大肌)为材料,采用Illumina高通量测序技术鉴定其miRNA转录组,并进行差异表达分析和靶基因富集分析。【结果】从猪心肌、背最长肌和腰大肌组织的3个小RNA测序文库中共获得约56M的序列,通过生物信息分析共鉴定出907个非冗余miRNA,其中441个miRNA在3个文库共同表达,123个miRNA在文库间表现为显著的差异表达(P10-6)。对3个文库差异表达miRNA的相关性分析发现,背最长肌与腰大肌的相关性最高(r=0.94),证明2种骨骼肌的表达模式十分相近,而心肌与2种骨骼肌的表达模式不同。通过对各文库高表达的miRNA分析发现,表达量前十的miRNA中有6个miRNA的表达量在心肌中极显著上调。对在心肌内上调的6个miRNA进行的靶基因预测和生物学功能预测发现,这些差异miRNA主要靶向作用于钙信号通路和胰岛素信号通路。荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)验证结果表明高通量测序结果准确可靠。【结论】从miRNA层面揭示了猪心肌和骨骼肌的差异,这种差异在一定程度上印证了心肌和骨骼肌之间迥异的生理学特征。     

叶施硝酸钙对芒果钾、钙、镁含量及品质的影响

【目的】研究叶面施用硝酸钙对芒果钾、钙、镁含量及品质的影响,为钙肥在芒果生产中的合理应用提供理论依据。【方法】以"台农1号"芒果为试材,在大田试验条件下,以喷清水为对照,于催花前、幼果期、果实膨大期及采收前10d分别喷施不同质量浓度(0.5,1.5,2.5,3.5g/L)硝酸钙(Ca),研究喷施硝酸钙对芒果叶片和果实钾、钙、镁含量及产量、品质的影响。【结果】在一定质量浓度范围(0.5~3.5g/L)内,叶面喷施钙肥可提高叶片、果皮、果肉及果核的钙含量,对叶片钾、镁含量有一定的拮抗作用,从而降低叶片钾、镁含量,但对果实钾、镁含量总体影响不显著。与对照相比,叶面喷施硝酸钙可明显提高果实糖酸比,因为施钙降低了可滴定酸含量;同时叶面喷施硝酸钙可显著提高果实维生素C含量,降低贮藏期果实发病率,但对芒果果实可溶性固形物、可溶性糖含量及产量均无显著影响。【结论】叶面施用硝酸钙影响了芒果叶片的钾、镁含量,但有利于提高芒果果实品质及贮藏性。     

Laser diffraction studies on single skeletal muscle fibers

Sarcomere movements during isometric tetanic contractions were resolved to 50 angstroms by diffraction techniques. After a latent period that followed the first stimulus, all sarcomeres shortened simultaneously and uniformly. Oscillations in length and tension in synchrony with the stimuli occurred during an incomplete tetanus. However, no oscillations in length were detected during the plateau of a tetanus.     

无菌条件下钾对水稻吸收铅的影响

研究了无菌条件下不同浓度铅对水稻生长的影响,以及低铅环境下钾对水稻吸收铅的影响。结果表明：水稻株高、根长、干物重和叶绿素含量等均随铅浓度升高而下降,而过氧化物酶（POD）活性随铅浓度增加先升高后降低,植株体内铅含量随铅浓度升高而增加。在基质铅浓度为100mg/L时加入钾后,水稻株高、根长、干物重、叶绿素含量等均随钾浓度增加而增加,而POD活性随钾浓度增加而降低,植株体内铅含量随钾浓度增加而降低,在钾浓度为200mg/L达到最低。说明在含低浓度铅的基质中,钾能提高水稻对铅的抗性,同时减少水稻对铅的吸收和累积。