ESTIMATION OF SOFT TISSUE INTERPOSITION AFTER FEMORAL HEAD AND NECK EXCISION IN DOGS USING VENTRODORSAL PELVIC RADIOGRAPHY

Extended-hip ventrodorsal pelvic radiographs performed on 16 dogs after femoral head and neck excision, with (n = S) and without (n = 8) biceps femoris interpositional muscle flaps, were used to estimate the relative amount of soft tissue interposition between the femoral ostectomy site and acetabulum. A linear measurement was made of the shortest distance between the femoral ostectomy and the acetabulum. The linear measurement was capable of determining the presence of biceps femoris muscle flaps in most dogs prior to flap atrophy or necrosis, but failed to be predictive of limb function as determined by functional limb usage grading, force plate analysis, and thigh circumference measurements.     

Muscle architecture of the elongated nose in the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus).

The architecture of the M. caninus in the elongated nose was examined in the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus). The following complicated musculature of the M. caninus was observed in the proximal and distal regions of the nose: (1) Proximal region: In the superficial layer, the longitudinal bundles are confirmed in the dorsal part, and the obliquely-oriented ones in the ventral part. In the middle layer, some bundles run ventro-distally, while other ones represent longitudinally-oriented running. The deep layer consists of complicated architecture of many bundles. Some muscle bundles run medio-laterally, while the others extend proximo-distally in this space. (2) Distal region: In the dorsal part of the M. caninus, the bundles run at deep-superficial direction, while in the ventral part the bundles are longitudinally arranged. The bundles run at lateral direction near the septum of the nasal conduits. The N. facialis and N. infraorbitalis send many branches in the lateral area of the M. caninus in the trunk. This muscle architecture of multi-oriented bundles and well-developed innervation to them suggest that they enable the elongated nose to act as a refined manipulator in the Asian elephant.     

Distribution of material injected intramuscularly in dogs

A radiopaque marker was injected, using needles of various lengths, into the cervical musculature, the lumbar epaxial musculature, and the cranial and caudal muscular masses of the thighs of anesthetized dogs. After this procedure, the dogs were euthanatized and deep-frozen. The bodies were then sectioned, and the slices were radiographed to determine the fate of the injected material. Material that was injected into the neck or caudal region of the thigh was determined to be located in the muscle bellies or dispensed throughout the intermuscular fascial sheaths. In contrast, material injected into the lumbar area and cranial region of the thigh was located entirely in the muscle bellies. It was concluded that the best sites for injection in dogs are the lumbar epaxial musculature or the quadriceps femoris muscle when IM administration is imperative.     

Variation of fiber types in the triceps brachii, longissimus dorsi, gluteus medius, and biceps femoris of horses

The distribution of type-I and type-II fibers in 9 different parts of the musculi triceps brachii, longissimus dorsi, gluteus medius, and biceps femoris was studied to determine whether biopsies from these muscles give reliable information. All 4 investigated muscles were not homogeneous in their fiber-type distribution. Large differences existed among different muscle parts. The percentage of type-I fibers increased toward the deeper and cranial parts of the muscles. In the same zone of the gluteus muscle, differences of 30% were found for type-I fibers. Therefore, results obtained by biopsies of muscles must be interpreted with caution.     

Isoelectric focusing under dissociating conditions for analysis of muscle protein from clinically normal dogs and Labrador retrievers with hereditary myopathy

Protein profiles of whole homogenates of anconeus (slow twitch) and biceps femoris (fast twitch) muscles of clinically normal dogs and of Labrador Retrievers with hereditary myopathy (HM) were resolved on flat bed polyacrylamide isoelectric-focusing gels. Three methods of sample solubilization were performed. The solubilization buffer, with high concentrations of urea, precipitated the zwitterionic detergent, but use of the buffer containing 3% NP-40, 9.2M urea, and 0.1M arginine resulted in better resolution and stability of pH gradient. Gels of anconeus muscle from clinically normal dogs contained 2 protein bands specific to anconeus muscle, whereas gels of biceps femoris muscle from clinically normal dogs contained 3 protein bands amplified in biceps femoris muscle that were barely detectable in anconeus muscle. The staining intensity of protein bands in biceps femoris muscles from Labrador Retrievers with HM was decreased, relative to controls. The quantitative analysis of peak height ratios of biceps femoris muscle revealed significant (P less than 0.05) differences between profiles of clinically normal dogs and Labrador Retrievers with HM.     

蒙古马全身主要骨骼肌表型谱的构建及比较研究

为探究蒙古马骨骼肌在运动和肉质方面的特点，本研究选取2匹5岁健康未调教的成年公马全身主要骨骼肌52块(2匹×26块)作为研究对象。试验采用石蜡切片、免疫组化、HE染色的方法得到26个部位骨骼肌形态、快慢肌纤维分布情况、肌纤维横截面积。因不同部位骨骼肌存在差异，本研究将肌肉组织分为5组(头颈部、前肢、躯干部、腹壁侧、后肢)分别进行统计。将其中对应的24个部位与前期得到的纯血马骨骼肌快慢肌纤维比例进行分组比对。结果得到蒙古马全身主要骨骼肌的表型谱，其中颈锯肌、冈上肌、臂二头肌、腕桡侧屈肌、腓肠肌、菱形肌、胸腹侧锯肌的慢肌纤维占比较低；腕桡侧伸肌、臂三头肌、背最长肌、臀中肌慢肌纤维占比达70%以上；且慢肌纤维占比与肌纤维横截面积呈负相关。蒙古马骨骼肌慢肌纤维占比基本高于纯血马，前肢、躯干部差异极显著(P<0.01),后肢、腹壁侧差异显著(P<0.05)。其中蒙古马与纯血马在臂三头肌、臀中肌、半膜肌和背最长肌慢肌纤维的差值大于50%。结果表明，蒙古马颈锯肌、冈上肌、臂二头肌、腕桡侧屈肌、腓肠肌、菱形肌、胸腹侧锯肌具有耐力训练的潜力；腕桡侧伸肌、臂三头肌、背最长肌、臀中肌品质好，可为...     

寒泊羊和小尾寒羊的肌肉组织学性状及理化性状比较研究

本研究以育肥的小尾寒羊和寒泊羊的羔羊为试验动物,采集背最长肌、臂三头肌、股二头肌和臀中肌样品,测定了肌纤维横截面积、直径、粗脂肪含量和氨基酸种类及含量。结果表明,寒泊羊背最长肌肌纤维直径和横截面积均小于小尾寒羊(P＜0.01),股二头肌肌纤维直径和横截面积大于小尾寒羊 (P＜0.05)。寒泊羊背最长肌和股二头肌粗脂肪含量高于小尾寒羊(P＜0.01,P＜0.05),臂三头肌和臀中肌粗脂肪含量略高于小尾寒羊(P＞0.05)。小尾寒羊肉中牛磺酸含量高于寒泊羊(P＜0.01),其余17种氨基酸含量两品种羊肉间差异不显著(P＞0.05)。与肉鲜味有关的5种氨基酸,寒泊羊肌肉的含量高于小尾寒羊。除赖氨酸和色氨酸外,其余6种人体必需氨基酸寒泊羊肌肉的含量高于小尾寒羊。     

Nerve fibre tracing of branches to the coracobrachialis muscle in a Bornean orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus)

A detailed anatomical analysis of the left brachial plexus, composed of the fourth cervical to first thoracic spinal nerve roots, was performed in an adult male orangutan obtained from the Osaka Museum of Natural History. Although the medial and posterior cords fused into a common trunk, a nerve fibre analysis revealed that the cords were not actually connected. A superficial branch (Rs) running ventral to the musculocutaneous nerve (MC) and a deep branch (Rp) running dorsal to the MC innervated the coracobrachialis muscle, which was also innervated by coracobrachialis branches (Rmc) from the MC. Koizumi (1989: Acta Anat. Nippon, 64, 18) reported that the Rmc and Rs innervated the superficial region of the coracobrachialis muscle corresponding to superficial coracobrachialis muscle in prosimians, whereas the Rp innervated the deep region. However, the detailed innervation of the coracobrachialis muscle in orangutans was not included in Koizumi and Sakai's (1995: J. Anat. 186, 395) report. Our observations in an orangutan did not seem to support generalisation, because the common trunk of the Rp and Rmc appeared to innervate both the superficial and deep regions of the coracobrachialis muscle. Therefore, a nerve fibre analysis of the common trunk was performed as a detailed examination. The analysis confirmed that the Rp in the orangutan only innervated the deep region of the coracobrachialis muscle, similar to the innervation pattern seen in other apes and humans.     

Increasing tenderness of beef round and sirloin muscles through prerigor skeletal separations

Crossbred steers (n = 30) were used to explore and compare tenderness improvements in beef round and sirloin muscles resulting from various methods of prerigor skeletal separations. Animals were slaughtered according to industry procedures, and at 60 min postmortem one of six treatments was applied to each side: A) control, B) saw pelvis at the sirloin-round junction, C) separate the pelvic-femur joint, D) saw femur at mid-point, E) combination of B and C, and F) combination of B and D. After 48 h, the following muscles were excised from each side: semimembranosus, biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and adductor from the round; vastus lateralis and rectus femoris from the knuckle; and gluteus medius, biceps femoris and psoas major from the sirloin. Following a 10-d aging period, samples were removed from each muscle to determine the effect of treatment on sarcomere length and Warner-Bratzler shear force. Most skeletal separation treatments resulted in longer sarcomeres than controls for semimembranosus, adductor, semitendinosus, and gluteus medius muscles. All skeletal separation treatments yielded shorter sarcomeres for the psoas major as compared with controls. Warner-Bratzler shear force differed among treatments for rectus femoris, semitendinosus, and psoas major. For rectus femoris, treatments C, D, E, and F resulted in lower (P < 0.05) shear values than for controls. Treatments B, D, and F increased shear force of the semitendinosus relative to controls (P < 0.05) within muscle. Treatment F resulted in higher shear force values for the PM than controls (P < 0.05). Correlations between sarcomere length and shear force were found to be low and quite variable among muscles. In general, treatments increased sarcomere length of several muscles from the sirloin/round region, but had mixed effects on shear force values.     

Skeletal bone and muscle proportionality in small- and large- framed mature horses of different muscle thickness

Twelve horses were utilized in a 2 × 2 factorial experiment to investigate the proportionality of the skeleton (small and large framed) and musculature (light and heavy) of mature horses. Large framed horses were longer from the elbow to fetlock, knee to fetlock, hock to fetlock, and from the poll to the end of the nasal bone than small framed horses. Withers height was correlated (P<.001) with the lengths of all long bones (r=.85 to .95) with the exception of the metacarpal bone (r=.69, P<.05). Yet when the lengths of the head, legs, scapula, humerus, femur, tibia, metacarpal, and metatarsals were expressed as a percentage of withers height, no differences between frame sizes were observed.The heavily muscled horses had greater (P<.05) rear quarter width, forearm circumference, gaskin circumference, head width and length than did the lightly muscled horses. The weights of the extensor carpi radialis, biceps femoris, and total round muscle were greater for the heavily muscled horses. Correlations (P<.001) between the weights of the biceps femoris and the total round muscle, total round tissue, and gaskin circumference ranged from .89 to .94 while correlations (P<.001) of the biceps femoris weight with quarter width and extensor carpi radialis were .83 and .82, respectively.Cannon wall area and circumference measurements did not differ for frame size or the degree of muscling but a correlation (r=.75, P<.01) was noted between the cannon circumference taken on the live horses and the actual circumference of the large and small metacarpals.The demonstrated relationship between the lengths of the long bones and height of a horse indicate little value for many of the traditional conformation guidelines governing selection of the ideal conformation horse. Horsemen should realize that many body lengths such as elbow to fetlock actually represented a relatively constant percentage of withers height. Lengths of the scapula, humerus, metacarpal, femur, and tibia also reflected a constant relationship with withers height. The correlations between the extensor carpi radialis and the biceps femoris weights refute the common belief that horses may naturally (no forced exercise) be more heavily muscled in either the fore or rear quarter. Therefore, the data support the theory of proportionality relative to the conformation of the skeletal size and muscling of predominantly Quarter Horse bred horses.     

Ultrasound‐guided approach for axillary brachial plexus,femoral nerve,and sciatic nerve blocks in dogs

Objective To describe an ultrasound‐guided technique and the anatomical basis for three clinically useful nerve blocks in dogs. Study design Prospective experimental trial. Animals Four hound‐cross dogs aged 2 ± 0 years (mean ± SD) weighing 30 ± 5 kg and four Beagles aged 2 ± 0 years and weighing 8.5 ± 0.5 kg. Methods Axillary brachial plexus, femoral, and sciatic combined ultrasound/electrolocation‐guided nerve blocks were performed sequentially and bilaterally using a lidocaine solution mixed with methylene blue. Sciatic nerve blocks were not performed in the hounds. After the blocks, the dogs were euthanatized and each relevant site dissected. Results Axillary brachial plexus block Landmark blood vessels and the roots of the brachial plexus were identified by ultrasound in all eight dogs. Anatomical examination confirmed the relationship between the four ventral nerve roots (C6, C7, C8, and T1) and the axillary vessels. Three roots (C7, C8, and T1) were adequately stained bilaterally in all dogs. Femoral nerve block Landmark blood vessels (femoral artery and femoral vein), the femoral and saphenous nerves and the medial portion of the rectus femoris muscle were identified by ultrasound in all dogs. Anatomical examination confirmed the relationship between the femoral vessels, femoral nerve, and the rectus femoris muscle. The femoral nerves were adequately stained bilaterally in all dogs. Sciatic nerve block. Ultrasound landmarks (semimembranosus muscle, the fascia of the biceps femoris muscle and the sciatic nerve) could be identified in all of the dogs. In the four Beagles, anatomical examination confirmed the relationship between the biceps femoris muscle, the semimembranosus muscle, and the sciatic nerve. In the Beagles, all but one of the sciatic nerves were stained adequately. Conclusions and clinical relevance Ultrasound‐guided needle insertion is an accurate method for depositing local anesthetic for axillary brachial plexus, femoral, and sciatic nerve blocks.     

Femoral head and neck excision in the management of canine hip dysplasia.

Degenerative joint disease as a sequela to pathology of the coxofemoral joint can cause considerable pain. In dogs weighing less than 20 km, excision of the femoral head and neck is sufficient to control this pain. A pseudoarthrosis functions effectively as a salvage hip joint. In dogs weighing more than 20 km, additional surgery is required to ensure painfree use of the hip. Postoperatively, the weight of these larger animals appears to cause striking of the proximally excised femoral shaft with the pelvis during exercise. This contact causes pain that limits the use of the joint. The inclusion of a biceps femoris muscle sling to prevent this striking and the resultant pain is outlined.     

Effects of postmortem aging and USDA quality grade on Warner-Bratzler shear force values of seventeen individual beef muscles

Forty USDA Select and 40 upper two-thirds USDA Choice beef carcasses were used to determine the effects of postmortem aging on tenderness of 17 individual beef muscles. Biceps femoris-long head, complexus, gluteus medius, infraspinatus, longissimus dorsi, psoas major, rectus femoris, semimembranosus, semitendinosus, serratus ventralis, spinalis dorsi, supraspinatus, tensor fasciae latae, teres major, triceps brachii-long head, vastus lateralis, and vastus medialis muscles were removed from each carcass. Seven steaks (2.54-cm thick) were cut from every muscle, and each steak was assigned to one of the following postmortem aging periods: 2, 4, 6, 10, 14, 21, or 28 d postmortem. After completion of the designated aging period, steaks were removed from storage (2 degrees C, never frozen), cooked to a peak internal temperature of 71 degrees C, and evaluated using Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF). Analysis of WBSF revealed a 3-way interaction (P = 0.004) among individual muscle, USDA quality grade, and postmortem aging period. With the exception of the Select teres major, WBSF of all muscles (both quality grades) decreased with increasing time of postmortem storage. Nonlinear regression was used to characterize the extent (aging response) and rate of decrease in WBSF from 2 through 28 d postmortem for each muscle within each quality grade. In general, WBSF of upper two-thirds Choice muscles decreased more rapidly from 2 to 10 d postmortem than did corresponding Select muscles. Muscles that had greater aging responses generally had greater 2-d WBSF values. The upper two-thirds Choice psoas major, serratus ventralis, and vastus lateralis muscles required similar aging times to complete a majority of the aging response (< or =0.1 kg of aging response remaining) compared with analogous Select muscles. The upper two-thirds Choice complexus, gluteus medius, semitendinosus, triceps brachii-long head, and vastus medialis muscles required 4 to 6 d less time to complete a majority of the aging response than did comparable Select muscles. Aging times for Select biceps femoris-long head, infraspinatus, longissimus dorsi, rectus femoris, semimembranosus, spinalis dorsi, supraspinatus, and tensor fasciae latae muscles were > or =7 d longer than those for corresponding upper two-thirds Choice muscles. Results from this study suggest that muscle-to-muscle tenderness differences depend on quality grade and aging time and that postmortem aging should be managed with respect to individual muscle and USDA quality grade.     

Excision arthroplasty of the femoral head and neck

An abnormality of the coxofemoral joint is recognized when the articular cartilage sliding interface between the femoral head and the acetabulum is interrupted. The article considers the pathologic conditions that may affect the normal coxofemoral articulation and are responsive to excision arthroplasty. Techniques of excision arthroplasty and the biceps femoris muscle sling technique are described.     

Assessment of impulse duration thresholds for electrical stimulation of muscles (chronaxy) in dogs

OBJECTIVE: To determine the electrical impulse duration thresholds (chronaxy) for maximal motor contraction of various muscles without stimulation of pain fibers in dogs. ANIMALS: 10 healthy adult Beagles. PROCEDURES: The dogs were used to assess the minimal intensity (rheobase) required to elicit motor contraction of 11 muscles (5 in the forelimb [supraspinatus, infraspinatus, deltoideus, lateral head of the triceps brachii, and extensor carpi radialis], 5 in the hind limb [gluteus medius, biceps femoris, semitendinosus, vastus lateralis, and tibialis cranialis], and the erector spinae). The rheobase was used to determine the chronaxy for each of the 11 muscles in the 10 dogs; chronaxy values were compared with those reported for the corresponding muscles in humans. RESULTS: Compared with values in humans, chronaxy values for stimulation of AA motor fibers in the biceps femoris and semitendinosus muscles and muscles of the more distal portions of limbs were lower in dogs. For the other muscles evaluated, chronaxy values did not differ between dogs and humans. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Application of the dog-specific chronaxy values when performing electrical stimulation for strengthening muscles or providing pain relief is likely to minimize the pain perceived during treatment in dogs.     

Effect of Two Muscle Sling Techniques on Early Morbidity after Femoral Head and Neck Excision in Dogs

Femoral head and neck excision was performed on the left coxofemoral joint of 18 dogs. The osteotomy site was padded with a partial-thickness biceps femoris muscle sling in one group of six dogs, and with a deep gluteal muscle flap in another group of six dogs. In a third group of six dogs, a partial-thickness biceps flap was created and sutured back in its original location. The dogs were monitored daily for 3 weeks for degree of lameness, range of motion, fever, and postoperative complications. Dogs with intra-articular muscle pads were less lame and had a greater range of motion in the treated hip than dogs without intra-articular muscle pads. Dogs with biceps slings showed more improvement in limb function and range of motion than did dogs with deep gluteal flaps. There were no significant differences in mean temperature elevations and no clinically significant postoperative complications. Use of a partial-thickness biceps muscle sling or a deep gluteal muscle flap decreased the chances of early postoperative morbidity and provided an earlier return to function. The partial-thickness biceps sling appeared to be more beneficial than the deep gluteal flap.     

大白猪不同部位肌肉肌纤维表达特点

取3头本地大白猪4个不同部位的肌肉组织,运用免疫组化方法,测定快肌纤维和慢肌纤维的表达情况。免疫组化结果表明在猪的不同部位肌肉组织中,快肌纤维与慢肌纤维含量之间存在极显著差异(P<0.01)。快肌纤维的表达在股二头肌中最多,其次为背最长肌和内脊肌,头半棘肌最少。慢肌纤维的表达在头半棘肌中最多,其次为内脊肌和股二头肌,在背最长肌中表达最少。通过对猪4种骨骼肌中快肌纤维和慢肌纤维的免疫组化分析显示,二者的表达在猪不同部位的肌肉存在显著差异。     

Bursitis with severe tendon and muscle necrosis on the lateral stifle area in cattle

In 21 animals, chronic swelling on the lateral aspect of the stifle also known as ?perigonitis?, ?stable-syndrome? or ?bursitis bicipitalis femoris? were evaluated. Ultrasonography showed increased fluid in the distal subtendinous bursa of the biceps femoris muscle and structural changes in the tendons, muscles, subcutis and fasciae. Soft tissue swelling and an irregular contour of the lateral tibial condyle were typical signs on radiographs. Macroscopic changes were found at the insertion of the biceps femoris muscle, the distal subtendinous bursa of the biceps femoris muscle, the lateral collateral ligament of the stifle, the origin of muscles on the lateral femoral condyle and the lateral tibial condyle. They mainly consisted of tendon and muscle tissue necrosis with granulation tissue. Histology revealed areas of coagulation necrosis in tendons and ligaments, in which occasionally Onchocerca spp. were seen. The severity of lesions correlated well with the clinical signs, which were associated with a poor prognosis in advanced cases.     

新疆巴什拜羊肌肉生长抑制素基因DNA甲基化与mRNA表达量分析

为了探究肌肉生长抑制素（myostatin,MSTN）基因在肌肉和脂肪中的DNA甲基化模式及mRNA表达水平,试验以5月龄巴什拜羊羔羊为研究对象,采用亚硫酸氢盐测序法（bisulfite sequencing PCR,BSP）检测MSTN基因启动子区和第1外显子甲基化模式,并通过实时荧光定量PCR检测MSTN基因在巴什拜羊股二头肌、股三头肌、半腱肌、半膜肌、背最长肌和尾脂中的mRNA表达水平。结果显示,肌肉组织甲基化概率高于脂肪组织,其中,股二头肌、股三头肌、半腱肌、半膜肌、背最长肌和尾脂的甲基化概率分别为74.2%、74.2%、83.2%、83.7%、82.1%和25.3%,MSTN基因在股二头肌、股三头肌、半腱肌、半膜肌、背最长肌中的表达水平显著低于尾脂（P < 0.05）,股二头肌、股三头肌、半腱肌、半膜肌和背最长肌之间差异不显著（P > 0.05）,巴什拜羊肌肉和脂肪MSTN基因DNA甲基化水平与MSTN基因表达量呈显著负相关（r=－0.886,P < 0.05）。