稻曲病菌的SCAR标记及其PCR检测

为建立稻曲病菌Ustilaginoidea virens快速、灵敏的PCR早期检测技术,以S380为引物,对稻曲病菌和其它参试病原菌的DNA进行RAPD-PCR扩增。稻曲病菌RAPD特异片段经回收、克隆和测序后,根据序列用Primer 5.0软件设计了特异性SCAR引物US-SF（5’-TCGCCTCAGACCTCAATC-3’）/US-SR（5’-GAGCCTCAAATGCCTTCC-3’）和巢式PCR引物US-NF（5’-AGCGTCTCCTGCAACC-AC-3’）/US-NR（5’-GAGCCTCAAATGCCTTCC-3’）。利用引物US-SF/US-SR通过常规PCR对供试稻曲病菌均可扩增出1条大小约257 bp的清晰条带,对其它植物病原菌DNA的PCR产物均无扩增条带,最低可检测到1 pg/μL 的病菌基因组DNA;而利用引物US-SF/US-SR和US-NF/US-NR通过巢式PCR可从10 fg/μL的病菌基因组DNA中扩增出1条大小约210 bp的特异性条带。试验表明,巢式PCR检测灵敏度比常规PCR提高了100倍,且巢式PCR可从接菌的水稻幼颖和自然感染的谷粒中检测出稻曲病菌。     

犬细小病毒病PCR检测方法的建立及应用

犬细小病毒病感染是由犬细小病毒（cPv）引起犬只死亡的最重要传染病之一,目前诊断该病的方法主要是胶体金快速检测试板法,虽然检测方法较简便快速,但其敏感性较差。通过对NCBI网站GenBank发表的CPV-2基因组序列的分析,选择该病毒VP2基因保守序列设计引物,通过对阳性病料扩增及扩增产物测序,与NCBI发表的相关基因对比,同源性在99．8％-100％,成功建立了特异性、灵敏度高的PCR方法,最低只需2．5PgDNA模板。在对28例可疑CPV病例检测中,本方法检出25例阳性、3例阴性,阳性率为89．28％;胶体金检测板检测出20例阳性、8例阴性,阳性率为71．42％,证实PCR方法比胶体金检测更敏感。     

基于胶体金免疫层析法快速检测蓝莓中的百菌清残留

为建立蓝莓样品中百菌清残留快速筛查方法，以农药百菌清为目标分析物，系统研究了胶体金标记参数及样品前处理方法对胶体金免疫层析方法 (colloidal gold immuno-chromatographic assay, GICA)的影响。结果表明：以25 nm的胶体金颗粒标记百菌清单克隆抗体作为检测探针，分别将包被原百菌清-BSA (1 mg/mL)和羊抗鼠IgG抗体(0.1 mg/mL)包被于硝酸纤维膜(NC膜)，形成检测线(T线)和质控线(C线)，组装成百菌清胶体金免疫层析检测试纸条。蓝莓样品经酸化乙腈提取，双蒸水(dd H2O)稀释后，应用该纸条对蓝莓中百菌清残留肉眼观察检出限(LOD)为0.1 mg/kg (T线完全消线)，可实现15 min内蓝莓中百菌清的定性与半定量分析，同时，试纸条对样品中4-羟基百菌清、五氯硝基苯、多菌灵和腐霉利的检测不存在交叉反应。蓝莓中百菌清添加回收试验的胶体金免疫层析检测试纸条测试结果与超高效液相色谱-三重四级杆串联质谱仪(UPLC-MS/MS)方法的检测结果一致。这两种方法都可以成功地应用于蓝莓中百菌清的检测，胶体金免疫层析检测试纸条有助于现场检...     

利用GICA-PCR快速检测瓜类果斑病菌

瓜类果斑病菌(Acidovorax avenae subsp.citrulli,Aac)是瓜类作物上重要的病原细菌,为我国进境植物检疫性有害生物。胶体金免疫层析试纸条方便快捷,应用广泛。该方法使用不当会出现假阳性问题,仅适用于病原菌的初筛检测。本研究将Aac胶体金免疫层析方法(GICA)与PCR技术相结合,建立了GICA-PCR检测方法。检测结果表明,该方法在蛋白与核酸2个层面上从发病西瓜叶片上检测到瓜类果斑病菌,有效解决了试纸条检测的假阳性问题,提高了瓜类果斑病菌检测的准确性,值得推广应用。     

利用RT-PCR方法检测甜瓜种子中南瓜花叶病毒

通过设计特异性引物SQCPF/SQCPR,扩增南瓜花叶病毒(Squash mosaic virus,SqMV)CP基因的保守序列,进行RT-PCR,对扩增得到的特异性片段进行序列测定,测序结果显示扩增产物序列与GenBank中登录的SqMV外壳蛋白基因存在87%～96%的一致性;建立了适用于检测甜瓜种子中南瓜花叶病毒的RT-PCR结合ELISA方法,通过在酶联板的反应孔中直接进行反转录合成cDNA,能扩增到预期大小的DNA条带,且检测灵敏度高于DAS-ELISA方法10倍以上。用建立的RT-PCR结合ELISA方法检测进境甜瓜种子携带的SqMV,在42份样品中检出4份阳性样品。     

PCR—ELISA在转基因产品检测中的应用

PCR－ELISA法以共价交联在PCR管壁上的寡核苷酸作为固相引物进行PCR扩增，PCR产物通过杂交和凝胶电泳双重检测，结果通过酶标仪直接输出，无人为误差。该方法灵敏度高，可靠性强，易于操作，自动化和程度高，适于批量检测，是适合推广的1种快速转基因检测方法。     

猕猴桃果腐病菌PCR和实时荧光PCR检测

为了快速、准确地鉴定猕猴桃果腐病菌(Neofabraea actinidiae),根据GenBank中N. actinidiae的β-tubulin序列设计特异引物NAC-F/R和探针NAC-P,建立了常规PCR和实时荧光PCR检测方法。利用引物NAC-F/R扩增供试的4株N. actinidiae能得到389 bp的预期目标条带,但扩增其他20个非N. actinidiae供试菌株不能得到预期产物,检测灵敏度为140 pg菌丝体DNA;探针NAC-P对供试4株N. actinidiae表现为阳性扩增,而对其他菌株和空白对照均表现为阴性扩增,检测灵敏度可达14 pg菌丝体DNA,比常规PCR高10倍。样品检测试验结果表明两种PCR方法可用于口岸植物检疫中快速、准确地检测猕猴桃果腐病菌。     

木薯细菌性萎蔫病菌的LAMP快速检测方法

建立了一种木薯细菌性萎蔫病菌的环介导恒温扩增快速检测方法,为木薯细菌性萎蔫病的快速检测提供有力的技术支持。针对木薯细菌性萎蔫病菌TAL效应器蛋白质(pthBXam)靶序列的6个位点设计4条特异性引物,并对反应温度和内引物浓度等参数进行了优化,设计的引物与试验中提供的其他黄单胞近缘种都没有扩增反应,表现了较好的特异性。LAMP方法对木薯细菌性萎蔫病菌菌株DNA的检测下限为1pg/μL,比常规PCR灵敏度高100倍。该方法采用SYBR Green I染料法对扩增产物闭管检测,裸眼观察颜色变化判断反应结果,能快速、准确地对田间样品进行检测,没有出现假阳性和假阴性。与其他检测方法相比,LAMP方法检测时间短,效率高,降低了设备投入,易于操作,适合木薯细菌性萎蔫病菌的现场检疫和大规模监测。     

丁香疫霉病菌PCR和实时荧光PCR检测

 为了快速、准确地检测丁香疫霉病菌 (Phytophthora syringae, PSY),根据GeneBank中PSY的ITS序列设计特异引物Psy1/Psy2和探针P-Psy,建立了常规PCR和实时荧光PCR检测方法。利用引物Psy1/Psy2扩增供试的26株PSY能得到585 bp的预期目标条带,但扩增其它61个非PSY供试菌株不能得到预期产物,检测灵敏度为12 pg菌丝DNA;探针P-Psy对供试26株PSY表现为阳性扩增,而对其它菌株和空白对照均表现为阴性扩增,检测灵敏度可达120 fg菌丝DNA,比常规PCR高100倍;引物Psy1/Psy2和探针P-Psy对5 g土壤中PSY卵孢子的检测灵敏度分别为20 000个和200个。样品检测试验表明两种PCR方法可用于口岸植物检疫中快速、准确和特异地检测丁香疫霉病菌。     

利用基因YKT6鉴定疫霉属的不同种

 利用分子标记或对特异位点的碱基序列进行分析是植物病原物分子检测的基础,可以在属和种的水平上对物种进行区分和鉴定。对疫霉属的不同种已有一系列的分子检测方法。SNARE蛋白相关基因YKT6拥有保守的侧翼编码区,适于设计疫霉属特异性的PCR引物,同时其内含子所具有的多态性可开发出几乎所有疫霉种的分子标记。利用疫霉属特异性引物对P-YKT6-F/P-YKT6-R可在31个疫霉种中特异地扩增出一条约600 bp的条带,而在腐霉或其他真菌中不能扩增出该条带。利用大豆疫霉的引物对Ps-YKT6-F/ Ps-YKT6-R和辣椒疫霉的引物对Pc-YKT6-F/Pc-YKT6-R,能分别从大豆疫霉菌株和辣椒疫霉菌株中扩增出一条399 bp和282 bp的条带,常规PCR和巢式PCR的灵敏度分别达到100 pg和10 fg。利用这些引物也可从土壤和病组织中检测到目标病原菌。此外,利用上述特异性引物开发出了大豆疫霉和辣椒疫霉的实时定量PCR检测方法。基于YKT6基因的分子标记和检测方法可用于疫霉种的调查检测和法定定量检测。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.     

Tumours of Begonia and some other ornamentals,induced by Corynebacterium fascians

In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.