舞毒蛾幼虫龄数和龄期的划分

为明确舞毒蛾Lymantria dispar幼虫龄数和龄期划分的形态依据，以室内饲养的来自内蒙古自治区、山西省、辽宁省、贵州省、云南省和四川省的亚洲型舞毒蛾种群以及亚洲型舞毒蛾和欧洲型舞毒蛾的杂交种群作为试验材料，收集每次蜕皮时掉落的头壳并测量其宽度和长度，绘制频数分布图后基于Dyar法则划定幼虫龄数和龄期，并利用Crosby生长法则和线性回归分析进行验证。结果显示，舞毒蛾幼虫头壳宽度和头壳长度的频次分布图可以划分为7个相对集中的区域，1~7龄幼虫的头壳宽度平均值分别为0.55、0.92、1.54、2.42、3.51、4.74和5.88 mm；1~7龄幼虫的头壳长度平均值分别为0.49、0.78、1.21、1.93、2.83、3.89和4.90 mm。幼虫头壳宽度和头壳长度的Crosby指数均小于10%，说明幼虫的头壳宽度和长度均可作为划分龄期的形态指标。在室内饲养过程中，只有小部分雌性舞毒蛾幼虫才能成长至7龄，全部的雄性幼虫和大部分雌性幼虫的龄期为6龄。1~7龄幼虫的众数龄期值分别为10.75、4.99、4.68、6.27、8.24、10.20和4.90 d，整个幼虫众数龄期为50.03 d。关键词：舞毒蛾     

蜂巢小甲虫幼虫龄期的划分

蜂巢小甲虫（Aethina tumida Murray）是寄生蜜蜂的重要害虫,近年入侵我国并呈严峻的扩散蔓延态势。幼虫龄期的确定是进行发育生物学研究和害虫预测预报防治的基础。目前,国内外对蜂巢小甲虫龄期的划分鲜有报道。本研究通过测量蜂巢小甲虫幼虫头壳宽、体长、体宽和触角间距4个指标,并根据所测数据的频次分布图以及Dyar法则推断蜂巢小甲虫幼虫龄期数为3龄。1、2、3龄幼虫头壳宽度的平均值分别为265.37±1.62、441.41±3.67和709.74±4.63μm,触角间距的平均值分别为173.78±0.94、298.61±2.34和441.88±2.23μm。经Crosby法则、线性回归、二次多项式回归和指数回归的方法验证,结果均表明该幼虫分为3龄是合理的,头壳宽可作为龄期划分的最优形态特征指标,体长和体宽变异性较大,不宜作为幼虫龄数划分的标准。     

寄生不同龄期草地贪夜蛾的斑痣悬茧蜂生长发育表现

草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda(J. E. Smith),又称秋黏虫,是新入侵我国的外来物种。为探究本土天敌斑痣悬茧蜂寄生不同龄期草地贪夜蛾幼虫后的生长发育表现,本研究检测了斑痣悬茧蜂寄生2龄、3龄和4龄草地贪夜蛾幼虫后子代蜂幼虫发育历期、茧历期、羽化率、茧重、成蜂个体大小和成蜂寿命。结果表明,寄主龄期对子代蜂的幼虫发育历期、茧历期和成蜂寿命存在显著影响。与寄生4龄幼虫的子代蜂相比,寄生2龄和3龄幼虫的子代蜂幼虫发育历期分别平均延长了2.08 d(z=5.42,P0.05)和1.64 d(z=4.23,P0.05);寄生2龄幼虫的子代蜂茧历期平均延长了0.46 d(z=3.51,P0.05),但寄生4龄幼虫的子代蜂茧历期与寄生3龄幼虫的子代蜂茧历期无显著差异。4龄幼虫体内羽化的子代蜂成蜂寿命比在2龄和3龄幼虫体内羽化的子代蜂成蜂寿命分别平均延长了1.46 d(z=-2.60,P0.05)和1.68 d(z=-2.98,P0.05)。寄主龄期对子代蜂羽化率、茧重和成蜂个体大小无显著影响。随寄主龄期增大,子代蜂的发育速度加快,但寿命缩短。研究结果将为揭示斑痣悬茧蜂与寄主草地贪夜蛾的互作关系提供参考。     

大黑和暗黑蛴螬危害花生的防治指标研究

花生种苗期大黑蛴螬和花生生长期大黑、暗黑蛴螬的虫口密度(X)与减产率(Y)呈明显的直线正相关,其相关式苗期网池接虫为Y=0.7245 0.004X±3.3957(r=0.9520,n=39);同步模拟为Y=0.4452 0.0040X±1.3959(r=0.9661,n=28);接虫示范为Y=0.1360 0.0074X±1.5888(r=0.9800,n=4);生长期接大黑金龟甲卵为Y=1.2927 0.0042X±3.2704(r=0.8993,n=36);接暗黑金龟卵为Y=0.7308 0.0042X±2.1344(r=0.9568,n=32)。研究分析提出花生种苗期防治指标为三龄大黑蛴螬每平方米2头;生长期防治指标为每平方米大黑卵3粒,暗黑卵5粒。     

菜蛾绒茧蜂生物学研究

菜蛾绒茧蜂(Apanteles plutellae Kurbjumov)是小菜蛾(plutella xylo-stella L.)幼虫非群栖性的寄生蜂。在杭州室内条件下,每年发生15代。以预蛹越冬。除越冬代外,发育历期与日平均温度的回归式为Y=52.4-1.5x±2.4(天)产卵期最长17天。能寄生各龄小菜蛾幼虫,但以2～3龄为宜。每雌最大有效子蜂数235头,日出茧量最高38头。周年雌雄性比1:0.8。孤雌生殖后代纯为雄蜂。田间最高自然寄生率59.4％。莱蛾啮小蜂(Tetrastichus sokol-owskii)是最重要的重寄生物,又是小菜蛾幼虫到蛹的寄生蜂。     

前裂长管茧蜂个体发育研究

前裂长管茧蜂Diachasmimorpha longicaudata(Ashmead)是许多双翅目实蝇类害虫的重要寄生性天敌。在实验室条件下,以桔小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis(Hendel)为繁育寄主,系统观测了前裂长管茧蜂个体发育过程中各虫态的特征及其相应的发育历期。观察结果表明,前裂长管茧蜂整个生活史由卵、幼虫、蛹及成虫四个阶段组成。其幼虫可划分为四个龄期,一龄幼虫具几质丁的坚硬头壳和镰刀状的颚,形态特征与行为习性与二、三、四龄幼虫完全不同。前裂长管茧蜂约需20天完成世代发育。卵、一龄幼虫、二龄幼虫、三龄幼虫及四龄幼虫的历期依次为1.91、2.02、1.75、2.04和2.31d;蛹的历期介于8~10d,雌性个体发育时间长于雄性。前裂长管茧蜂通常比未被寄生的寄主迟3~5d羽化,雌、雄蜂在羽化后即能交配、产卵,被寄生的桔小实蝇幼虫体表上会留下明显的深褐色产卵孔,寄主化蛹后产卵孔仍保留在其蛹壳上。     

赤斑白条天牛幼虫龄期划分指标的筛选

为了明确赤斑白条天牛幼虫的龄期和最佳分龄指标,为预测预报及防控提供理论依据,对幼虫的头壳宽、体长、体宽等3个外部形态指标进行测量,运用频次分布、Dyar定律、Crosby指数、Brook指数和回归分析对测量的数据进行统计分析。结果表明,赤斑白条天牛幼虫可分为6龄,头壳宽是判定龄期数的最佳形态指标,1～6龄头壳宽度平均值分别为2.08、3.27、4.74、6.51、7.73、9.25 mm;此外,体长和体宽均可作为判定龄期数的辅助指标。在确定幼虫龄期的基础上,对各龄期幼虫排出的木屑长度和宽度进行测量,回归分析表明,幼虫所排木屑长度和宽度也可作为估计幼虫龄期的重要指标,该指标有直观、易观察等优点,适合在监测与防治中推广应用。     

白蜡虫产卵期雌虫密度与黑缘红瓢虫发育历期和捕食作用的关系

本文研究了白蜡虫Ericerus pela Chvannes产卵期雌虫密度对黑缘红瓢虫Chilocorus rubidus Hope发育历期的影响。结果表明,黑缘红瓢虫1-4龄幼虫发育历期与白蜡虫产卵期雌虫密度呈幂函数关系：Y=aX^-b,相关系数达极显著。经回归系数显著性检验,对白蜡虫被捕食率造成显著影响的因子主要有白蜡虫密度(X1)、黑缘红瓢虫3、4龄幼虫和成虫密度(X4、X5、X6)。白蜡虫产卵期雌虫、黑缘红瓢虫各龄幼虫和成虫自身的交互作用均达显著水平,但这些因子之间的交互作用均未达显著水平。剔除不显著因子后的优化模型为：Y=0．7438-0．0625X1 0．0517X4 0．0708X5 0．0483X6-0．0817X^21-0．0392X^22-0．0257X^23-0．0392X^24-0．0392X^25-0．0392X^26。     

桔小实蝇幼虫龄期鉴别初步研究

为明确桔小实蝇幼虫龄期的鉴别依据和划分标准。本研究将桔小实蝇幼虫置于25±1℃、60%~70%RH条件下饲养,幼虫发育历期约为6~8 d,观察各龄幼虫的前气门、后气门、头咽骨和口钩等形态特征,并对桔小实蝇幼虫口钩长、口钩宽、体长和体宽4个形态指标进行测量。桔小实蝇幼虫分为3个龄期,各龄幼虫在形态特征上存在明显差异,口钩长度和宽度在龄期之间存在显著差异,1、2、3龄幼虫口钩平均长度分别为0.0846±0.0005 mm、0.1512±0.0013 mm、0.2913±0.0015 mm,口钩平均宽度分别为0.0116±0.0003 mm、0.0308±0.0007 mm、0.0677±0.0013 mm,皆明显分为3个范围且互不重叠,口钩长和口钩宽与龄数之间符合指数回归模型,口钩长符合y=0.045e~(0.6182x),口钩宽符合y=0.005e~(0.8816x)。因此口钩可作为幼虫龄期鉴别和划分的重要形态特征,幼虫体长、体宽因重叠严重、变异性大,不适合作为龄期划分的标准。     

不同食料植物对安婀珍蝶幼虫生长发育影响

恒温条件下用薇甘菊、香泽兰、野茼蒿、菜苔和青菜为食料饲养安婀珍蝶,测定各龄幼虫的体长、体重和头壳宽度,研究不同食料植物饲养对安婀珍蝶幼虫生长发育的影响。结果表明:安婀珍蝶取食野茼蒿、菜苔和青菜虽然程度有不同,但生长发育受到影响,高龄幼虫体长、体重和头壳宽度明显低于薇甘菊饲养的试虫,不能完成生活世代。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.