数量分类学方法在曼陀罗属种子形态分类上的应用

用数量分类学的方法对35个来源的曼陀罗属和木曼陀罗属种子形态进行了聚类分析。结果表明,重瓣曼陀罗(Datura fastuosa)、毛曼陀罗(D.innoxia)、洋金花(D.Metel)和神圣曼陀罗(D.meteloides)在所选取的形态特征上表现出一致性;多刺曼陀罗(Datura ferox)和栎叶曼陀罗(Datura quercifolia)也表现出较高的形态一致性;无刺曼陀罗(Datura inermis)、勃哈蒂曼陀罗(Datura bernhadtii)、湿地曼陀罗(Daturaceratocaula)和曼陀罗(Datura Stramonium)等在形态上较相近。     

毒麦种子内生真菌Gloeotinia temulenta ITS序列分析

从国内采集了毒麦种子进行毒麦内生真菌Gloeotiniatemulenta的分离培养,没有能够成功分离到毒麦内生真菌的菌株,苯胺蓝染色镜检观察毒麦种子内的内生真菌带菌率为0~65.4%。直接从毒麦种子中挑取内生真菌菌丝,用基因释放剂(genereleaser,BioVenture)处理后扩增测序获得了毒麦内生真菌的ITS序列(DQ235697),经过相似性比对和分析,所得序列和GenBank中的内生真菌的序列同源性高达99.4%~100%,排除了毒麦种子表面真菌和毒麦种子序列的可能性。     

有害杂草曼陀罗属及其种子分类特征

本文简述了曼陀罗属的分类。针对国外大豆中有毒和有害杂草曼陀罗属种子鉴定易发生混淆的问题,在形态学特征上加以了描述和区分,对阿根廷大豆中的曼陀罗种子作了较为详细的描述,为准确鉴定曼陀罗属种子提供参考依据。     

新疆阿魏属及其相近属间的分类学研究

1、引言阿魏属(Ferula L)是Linnaeus于1753年建立的,全世界现有150余种,主要分布于地中海地区,非洲北部、西亚和中亚地区,我国有25种,主产新疆(20种)。按Drude建立的伞形科分类系统,阿魏属隶属于芹亚科、前胡族(Peucedaneac Drude)、阿魏亚族(Ferulinae Drude)。我国有阿魏亚族植物8属,新疆产6属,其中3属仅产新疆,它们是簇花芹属(Soranthus Ledb.),球根阿魏属(Schumannia Kuntz.)和伊犁芹属(Talassia Korov.)。簇花芹属和球根阿魏属均为单种属,生于沙地和沙丘,前者分布于苏联哈萨克斯坦和西西伯利亚地区,以及我国的新疆;后者分布于苏联中亚、伊朗、巴基斯坦,在我国也仅产新疆。伊犁芹属含2种,生长在山地,分布于苏联中亚地区,我国1     

中国鹤虱属(Lappula Moench)分子系统学研究

以黄花软紫草(Arnebia guttata Bunge)和双柱紫草(Coldenia procumbens L.)为外类群,用PAUP*4.0 对鹤虱属(Lappula Moench)13个代表种的核糖体ITS和叶绿体rpS16序列进行分子系统发育分析。采用最大简约法和最大似然法对获得的序列矩阵进行分析,得到一致性进化树。拓扑结构显示,Lappula为单系类群,前人对该属属下阶元的划分带有一定的人为主观性,不能完全真实反映其系统发育关系。结合形态学特征,得出该属植物大致沿着花由小型到大型,果实由同型到异型,小坚果边缘有瘤或刺到具翅这样的路线演化的。     

白花柽柳nrDNA的ITS序列片段研究

运用PCR直接测序法 ,对白花柽柳 (TamarixalbiflonumM .T .Liu .)的nrDNA的ITS区 (包括ITS -l,5 .8SrDNA和ITS - 2 )进行序列测定。结果表明 ,该植物的ITS序列和长穗柽柳 (Tamarixelongata)的序列差别不大 :ITS - 1片段的长度都是 2 5 9bp ;ITS - 2片段的长度同为 2 44bp ;G C百分含量仅相差 1% ;碱基差异共发生 18处。由ITS及 5 .8SrDNA序列分子证据看 ,白花柽柳更可能是长穗柽柳的变异。     

ITS—RFLP分析进行昆虫病原线虫斯氏属和异小杆属的分类鉴定

本研究通过PCR扩增和六种限制性内切酶（AluⅠ，HinfⅠ，MboⅠ，RsaⅠ，HaeⅢ和PvuⅡ）酶切，对国内害虫防治上常用的几种昆虫病原线虫，包括斯氏属S.car-pocapsae,S.feltiae和S.glaseri以及异小杆属H.bacteriophora,H.zealandica,H.indicus和H.megidis等8个品系rDNA-ITS进行分析。建立起可以区分各线虫种的标准RFLP图谱。该方法快速简便，稳定可靠，需要的样品量少。可以用于新鲜的，或冻存的样品，甚至分析单条的线虫，不仅可进行昆虫病原线虫的快速分类鉴定。而且进一步可以应用于线虫田间释放的辅助监测。实际田间感染率的测定和线虫毒力的比较。     

新疆木灵藓属Orthotrichum Hedw.植物的分类学研究

根据历年采自新疆各地区的350号木灵藓属Orthotrichum 植物标本,在查阅大量文献的基础上,通过经典分类学方法,对新疆木灵藓属植物进行了整理、鉴定和分类。结果表明：新疆有木灵藓属植物5亚属、17种,包括裸孔亚属subg. Gymnoporus (6种) 、直叶亚属subg. Orthophyllum (1种)、疣叶亚属subg. Pulchella (5种)、圆孔亚属subg. Phaneroporum (1种)、木灵藓亚属subg. Orthotrichum (4种),其中高山木灵藓Orthotrichum alpestre Hornsch. ex B.S.G为中国新记录种;中国木灵藓O. hookeri Wils. ex Mitt.、东亚木灵藓O. ibukiense Toy.、短丛木灵藓O. pumilum Sw. 和卷叶木灵藓O. revolutum C. Muell. 为新疆新记录种。通过对新疆新记录种的生境、识别特征、采集地点、地理分布、海拔等信息的整理分析,绘制了4个种的线条图,并编制了新疆木灵藓属植物的分亚属和分种检索表。     

基于形态学和ITS序列鉴定加拿大一枝黄花

加拿大一枝黄花（Solidago canadensis L.）是我国重要外来入侵植物,给我国生态、农业造成严重危害。加拿大一枝黄花与同属种形态特征相近,种间容易杂交形成复合群,难以准确鉴定,不能及时、有效开展防控工作。该文通过对加拿大一枝黄花与同属种的形态特征和ITS序列比较研究,明确加拿大一枝黄花与近似种可区分的关键形态特征。并根据该特征,确定采自我国宁夏隆德县的样品为加拿大一枝黄花。这是我国宁夏回族自治区首次发现加拿大一枝黄花。     

柽柳属植物镜下器官特征描述及分类学意义

新疆柽柳属植物为新疆重要的固沙植物,有１８种１变种。面积大（５５３万ｈｍ＾２）,分布广,由于花器小不易观察,种间易杂交,使本属植物成为有花植物中分类最为困难的属之一。为精确分类,为该属植物分类提供解剖学依据,本实验将新疆的１４种柽柳植物的叶、花、种子等器官在解剖镜下放大二十倍,进行观察描述,并对关键特征拍照。总结出结构典型、特征稳定、专属性强的识别特征,且易掌握、好记忆,使种间性状的相识性明显区分     

Genetic variation and demographic history analysis of Pestalotiopsis,Pseudopestalotiopsis, and Neopestalotiopsis fungi associated with tea (Camellia sinensis) inferred from the internal transcribed spacer region of the nuclear ribosomal DNA

To elucidate the demographic history within and among the genera Pseudopestalotiopsis, Neopestalotiopsis, and Pestalotiopsis and their genetic diversity, we studied internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA) with no saturation effects in 172 Pestalotiopsis-like fungal accessions isolated from Camellia sinensis planted in nine provinces in China (64 from Yunnan, 4 from Guangxi, 2 from Guizhou, 42 from Jiangxi, 3 from Sichuan, 3 from Zhejiang, 1 from Henan, 18 from Fujian, 12 from Chongqing, and 18 from other provinces) and in Japan (1), France (1), Turkey (1), and Thailand (2). Among these, 44 Pestalotiopsis-like isolates from Yunnan in this study formed a clade in phylogenetic trees with Pestalotiopsis accessions in GenBank, despite their cultural characteristics on potato dextrose agar displaying no genus specificity. Based on estimated sequence polymorphism parameters of average pairwise differences (K), haplotype diversity (H_d), nucleotide diversity (Pi), θ (per site) from η, and recombination event rate (R_m), we identified moderate genetic variation in these three genera. Molecular evolution analysis with neutrality tests and mismatch distribution demonstrated that Pseudopestalotiopsis and Pestalotiopsis ribosomal ITS sequences evolved under a neutral model. However, the recent demographic expansion of the three genera promoted geographical isolation but showed no clear geographical structure. Pairwise genetic divergences between haplotypes and a median-joining network revealed Yunnan or Jiangxi as a possible centre of origin, and that Pseudopestalotiopsis and Neopestalotiopsis may derive from Pestalotiopsis.     

假高粱及其近似种rDNA ITS序列同源性分析

根据高粱属核糖体基因转录间隔区(ITS)序列设计通用引物S9/S3,分别扩增了假高粱及其几个近似种的ITS区段,并对PCR产物进行了序列测定和分析.扩增的序列长度为559～564bp.序列分析的结果表明S. halepense、 S. silk、 S. vulgare×S. sudanense、 S. vulgare、高粱S. bicolor等属于同一聚类组,亲缘关系比较近,同源性为97.9%～100%.S. nitidum和S. versicolor属于另一个聚类组,亲缘关系比较近,同源性为97.7%.S. halepense和S. nitidum、S. versicolor ITS区序列差异大,亲缘关系较远,同源性仅为90.3%.序列分析结果支持S. nitidum属于Parasorghum区组.     

ITS序列及其SNP位点在外来入侵杂草长芒苋、西部苋和糙果苋物种鉴定中的应用

对于以种子形态为物种主要识别依据的口岸部门,外来入侵杂草长芒苋、西部苋和糙果苋一直是鉴定的难点。本文对34种苋属植物的ITS序列和26SrDNA进行分析,通过SNP变异位点及特异性引物,借助PCR-RFLP方法,对长芒苋、西部苋与糙果苋进行快速、准确的分类鉴定。ITS序列分析表明,长芒苋种内变异小,种间变异显著,可与其他苋属植物明显区分。西部苋与糙果苋之间ITS序列差异小,需依据SNP位点来区别。     

Genetic study of Mediterranean and South American populations of tomato leafminer Tuta absoluta (Povolny, 1994) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) using ribosomal and mitochondrial markers

BACKGROUND: Before its introduction into Europe at the end of 2006, Tuta absoluta (Povolny, 1994) was confined solely to South America. Currently, this invasive pest is well established in various European and Mediterranean countries, causing important economic losses to tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) crops. In order to study the genetic variability of this pest, 23 Mediterranean and ten native South American populations were analysed with nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA) and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) markers. RESULTS: The internal transcribed spacers 1 (ITS1) and 2 (ITS2) of rDNA and a fragment in the mtDNA gene encoding cytochrome oxidase I (COI) were PCR amplified and sequenced in T. absoluta. Sequence analyses consistently revealed neither intrapopulation nor interpopulation variation in either genomic region. CONCLUSIONS: High genetic homogeneity was detected in T. absoluta populations from the Mediterranean Basin and South America, based on mtCOI and ITS rDNA sequence analysis. A single genetic type was identified in this pest. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

扁穗冰草rDNA-ITS序列测定及分析

提取青藏高原环湖地区扁穗冰草35个样品的DNA,采用PCR产物直接测序的方法,对扁穗冰草rDNA的ITS区(包括ITS-4和ITS-5)进行序列测定.结果表明:扁穗冰草ITS序列总长度为649bp,其中有17个变异位点,扁穗冰草物种水平的Hd、Pi分别为0.916和0.00320,表明扁穗冰草物种水平上的遗传多样性相对较高.AMOVA分析表明,扁穗冰草大部分的遗传变异发生在居群内(77.62％),在系统发育树中,虽然4个地区样品聚为3支,但是每一支中不同地区的个体混杂在一起.     

少毛钝绥螨的生物学特性及rDNA ITS序列分析

少毛钝绥螨Proprioseiopsis asetus是在国内有分布的一种捕食螨,其研究尚不深入。为明确其生物学特性,在25℃室内条件下研究了少毛钝绥螨对芦笋蓟马1龄若虫、柑橘全爪螨低龄若螨、椭圆食粉螨1龄若螨和丝瓜花粉的食性。结果表明:少毛钝绥螨可以取食以上4种食物,其中对粉螨和芦笋蓟马的捕食量较大,对柑橘全爪螨捕食量较小。少毛钝绥螨及其近缘种的rDNA ITS序列在61~85、116~159、177~198、224~254、277~317、531~549、438~445 bp和580~594 bp等ITS区段存在差异性碱基。少毛钝绥螨及其近缘种分为两个组群。Proprioseiopsis、Neoseiulus、Amblyseius聚为一个组群(GroupⅠ),而Euseius单独聚为一个组群(GroupⅡ)。少毛钝绥螨与N.womersleyi和N.agrestis亲缘关系较近。     

Multiple introductions are responsible for the disjunct distributions of invasive Parthenium hysterophorus in China: evidence from nuclear and chloroplast DNA

Parthenium hysterophorus is an invasive weed native to tropical and subtropical America. Since its introduction into China in 1926, this weed has been limited to southern areas (18°–25°N). However, new populations were recently reported in Shandong (35°N). The origin of this geographically isolated population remains unclear. In this study, we used inter simple sequence repeat and chloroplast DNA sequence markers ( trnQ-5'rps16 ) to investigate the genetic structure of 18 invading populations of P. hysterophorus and to examine the genetic relationship of Shandong and southern populations. Our data show that Shandong population is genetically different and has apparently higher levels of genetic diversity than most populations in southern China. Both neighbour-joining clustering and principal coordination analysis clearly separated Shandong from other populations. Chloroplast DNA sequence analysis further confirmed that the Shandong population was characterised by a unique haplotype that was not found in southern populations. We conclude that the population in Shandong may have been independently introduced from areas outside China. As P. hysterophorus has a broad potential distribution in China, attention should be paid to both international and domestic quarantine to prevent new introductions and curtail the possible hybridisation and gene flow between populations in different regions.     

忍冬科的系统发育核糖体DNA ITS区序列证据

以败酱草科Valerianaceae的Centranthu rubber为外类群,使用Phylip 3.65软件对忍冬科Caprifoliaceae 12个属12个代表种的ITS区序列进行了系统发育分析.采用最大简约法分析获得了5个最简约树,步长为580,一致性指数(CI)和维持性指数(RI)值分别为0.783 2和0.741 5.利用5个最简约树获取严格一致树.结果表明:①荚蒾属Viburnum与接骨木属Sambucus是姐妹群,自展支持率100%;并与忍冬科内七子花属Heptacodium、锦带花属Weigela构成姐妹群,虽然自展支持率为60%,从遗传距离上可看出荚蒾属与忍冬科内其他属之间仍有较近的亲缘关系,所以支持荚蒾属和接骨木属置于忍冬科内.②忍冬属Lonicera与鬼吹萧属Leycesteria聚成一小支,并构成姐妹群,自展支持率为100%;并与毛核木属Symphoricarpos、莛子镳属Triosteum构成姐妹群,自展支持率为100%,故不支持将毛核木属置于北极花族内Linnaceae;北极花属Linnaea、六道木属Abelia、猬实属Kolkwitzia、双盾木属Dipelta聚成姐妹群,自展支持率为100%,说明四者亲缘关系较近,仍置于北极花族内.     

甘肃小麦禾谷孢囊线虫rDNA-ITS和28S rDNA-D2/D3区序列特征及ITS-RFLP分析

禾谷孢囊线虫是危害禾谷类作物的重要病原,严重威胁我国小麦主产区的小麦产量和品质。利用通用引物对甘肃、河南、安徽禾谷孢囊线虫群体28SrDNA-D2/D3区和rDNA-ITS区进行PCR扩增和序列测定,利用UPG-MA方法分析了甘肃省7个种群、河南1个种群、安徽1个种群的禾谷孢囊线虫群体D2/D3区和ITS区的系统发育关系;用9种限制性内切酶对7个甘肃禾谷孢囊线虫群体的rDNA-ITS区进行了RFLP分析。结果表明:中国甘肃的禾谷孢囊线虫rDNA-D2/D3区片段长度约为780bp,rDNA-ITS片段长度约为1040bp。7个甘肃禾谷孢囊线虫群体、1个河南安阳群体、1个安徽蚌埠群体的D2/D3区和新西兰的H.aucklandica群体亲缘关系很近;其ITS区同澳大利亚的H.australis、北京通州的H.avenae(AY148382)的亲缘关系很接近。RFLP分析表明,9种限制性内切酶酶切禾谷孢囊线虫群体的rDNA-ITS共产生了22个酶切片段,不同酶切的RFLP分布型在7个种群间没有差异。甘肃省禾谷孢囊线虫群体的rDNA-ITS区具有高度的保守性,与中国的C型群体相近,但不同于欧洲的A型群体和印度的B型群体。这是首次报道甘肃CCN种群分子特征。