长期施用有机-无机肥对太湖流域土壤肥力的影响

通过长期田间定位试验研究了不同处理的有机无机肥施用对稻-麦轮作体系生产力和土壤肥力的影响.5年试验结果表明:施用有机肥和施用化肥体系均能达到较高的产量水平.单施N肥和NPK配合施用在试验前2年系统生产力(水稻+小麦) 没有显著差异.不同施肥处理对土壤养分有显著影响.施肥尤其是有机无机肥混施能显著增加土壤中碱解N、速效P和速效K含量.土壤中N以NO3--N形式存在,有机肥的施入显著降低了土壤中NH4+-N的含量.土壤速效K与速效P含量呈极显著相关,说明这些速效养分的同源性,可能是由有机肥施用带入土壤中的.土壤中碱解N与NO3--N含量呈显著的相关,而与NH4+-N含量没有关系,土壤速效P与有效态Fe含量呈显著相关.     

肥料与石膏配施对滨海盐土油菜生长及养分吸收的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究了肥料与石膏配合施用对滨海盐土油菜生长及养分吸收的影响,探讨了滨海盐土适宜的肥料品种。结果表明,肥料与石膏配合施用对滨海油菜生长有显著影响,在油菜干物质累积、油菜产量上均以有机无机复混肥、生物有机肥配合无机复混肥配施石膏效果最好。供试肥料品种间,油菜生长中后期在干物质累积、产量上均表现出有机无机复混肥(F2)、生物有机肥配合无机复混肥(F4)>无机复混肥(F1)>生物有机肥(F3)>对照,各肥料较对照分别增产195.6%、190.9%、117.0%和53.4%。在有机无机复混肥、生物有机肥配合无机复混肥的基础上增加石膏的施用量可明显改善油菜生长状况和产量,但在无机复混肥基础上增加石膏施用量会导致油菜干物质累积和产量的明显降低。肥料与石膏配合施用影响油菜对N、P、K养分的吸收,在油菜苗期养分吸收上,N、K以无机复混肥(F1)较高,P以有机无机复混肥(F2)较高,施用石膏可促进油菜对N、K的吸收,但会显著降低对P的吸收量。滨海盐土地区油菜栽培以有机无机复混肥(F2)、生物有机肥配合无机复混肥(F4)配合石膏(B2)施用较为适宜。     

大棚栽培番茄不同施肥条件下土壤养分和盐分组成与含量的变化

试验选择具有3年棚龄的大棚和砂壤质地的旱耕人为土,进行不同施肥条件下,土壤养分与盐分变化的冬春两茬西红柿栽培小区试验,对施肥引起的土壤养分与水溶性盐分含量及盐基离子组成的变化进行了系统的定量分析。试验结果表明,在整个生育期采用地膜覆盖的条件下,施用尿素可以快速增加土壤速效N素的含量和水溶性铵盐的含量水平。羊圈厩肥的P、K、Ca和Mg等元素含量较高,其施用会很快增加土壤速效态P、K的含量和土壤水溶性K 、Ca2 、Mg2 等盐基离子的含量。回归分析显示,施用1kg尿素N或1t羊圈厩肥引起土壤电导率增加量分别为6.45×10-4mS/cm和5.45×10-3mS/cm。土壤盐基离子含量的增加,主要由于水溶性NH4 、K 、Ca2 、Mg2 含量的增加而引起。施用尿素不但增加土壤水溶性NH4 的含量,而且通过NH4 的交换作用增加了土壤K 、Ca2 和Mg2 的含量水平。     

苏丹草-黑麦草轮作制中氮磷钾肥施用对饲草产量和养分吸收的影响

利用盆栽试验研究了苏丹草-黑麦草轮作中N、P、K肥施用对饲草的产量、养分吸收及土壤性质的影响.结果表明:N、P、K肥的施用可分别使饲草鲜草产量提高6.1倍、1O.6倍和O.6倍,各处理差异均达显著水平.N肥施用后饲草对N、P和K的吸收量与不施N处理相比分别提高6.9倍、3.5倍和4.7倍;P肥施用后饲草对N、P和K的吸收量与不施P处理相比分别提高5.9倍、23.2倍和7.3倍;K肥施用后饲草对N,P和K的吸收量与不施K处理相比分别提高O.3倍、O.7倍和7.4倍.N、P、K肥的施用可相互促进肥料表观利用率的提高.P、K肥的施用有利于缓解土壤酸化,轮作后各处理土壤有机质含量无显著差异,缺P处理的土壤NH4 -N含量明显较高,施N处理土壤中P含量明显降低,缺N、缺P处理轮作后土壤K含量明显高于其他处理.     

氯化钾肥对淮北地区砂姜黑土油菜产量和品质的影响

淮北砂姜黑土上连续三年的试验结果表明,施用氯化钾肥可提高油菜籽粒产量和含油率,但对油菜籽粒蛋白质含量影响不明显。施用氯化钾肥提高了油菜中期茎叶氯、钾离子浓度及成熟期茎叶和籽粒的钾离子浓度,同时增加了油菜对N、P、K养分的吸收总量。对于中等钾含量水平的土壤,施钾(K2O)80kghm-2难以维持土壤钾素养分平衡,当其用量达到160kghm-2以上时,基本能满足作物高产对钾素的需求,并且土壤速效钾含量水平缓慢提高。     

黄花菜配方施肥技术研究

通过对黄花菜盆栽砂培试验、田间正交和氮磷肥单因素试验,研究了黄花菜配方施肥技术。结果是:黄花菜对N∶P2O5∶K2O三要素的最佳比例为2∶1∶2;对N、P、K三要素的总量以每亩40kg为宜(包括土壤供给量)。对不同肥力的土壤,每亩施用量的计算公式是:土壤中黄花菜可利用速效养分含量-每亩土壤速效性养分含量×黄花菜根系实际占用营养面积/栽培面积;在试验土壤条件下,要求施入N素9.5~1 3.5kg,P2O56.6~8.4kg;N、P单独施用,应酌量增加;N、P配合施用应适当减少;最佳的施肥时期是三月下旬一次施入。     

不同钾镁比对缺镁土壤上两种柑橘砧木生长和养分吸收的影响

土壤缺镁日益成为制约我国柑橘生产的重要因素,土壤中过量的钾可通过钾镁拮抗作用进一步降低根系镁素吸收和转运,进而导致柑橘地上部镁素不足而影响生长。为此,在盆栽模拟条件下设置了高钾(300 mg·kg-1)、适宜钾(150 mg·kg-1)2个施钾水平及5个施肥钾镁比(K/Mg,4∶0,4∶1,4∶2,4∶3,4∶4),并研究了两种典型柑橘砧木——香橙(Citrus junos Sieb. ex Tanaka)和枳[Poncirus trifoliata(L.)Raf.]在上述条件下的生长及养分吸收差异,为明确适宜的土壤K/Mg和平衡施肥提供依据。与适宜钾处理相比,高钾处理的香橙、枳株高分别降低7.7和11.7 cm,地上部和根系生物量及钾、镁累积量均显著降低。当施肥K/Mg从4∶0减少到4∶4,土壤交换性镁含量从61增加至166 mg·kg-1,叶片镁含量从1.09增加至4.14 g·kg-1,生物量先增加后减少。回归方程表明,施肥的K/Mg介于4∶1～4∶2时,两种砧木的生物量和各部位干重最大。镁过量导致土壤K/Mg和地上部K/Mg降低,进而抑制柑橘砧木的生长。高钾和适宜钾处理下,枳根中镁含量/地上部镁含量均显著低于香橙。在酸性缺镁土壤上施用过量钾肥会加剧柑橘缺镁症状,将土壤K/Mg维持在1.5～2.0之间有利于柑橘生长;相比香橙,枳对缺镁的耐受性更强,能把更多的镁转运到地上部。综上,在合理施用钾肥的基础上,注重钾镁平衡施用和选择合适的砧木品种可以缓解柑橘生产中镁缺乏的问题。     

CO2浓度升高、氮和水分对春小麦养分吸收和土壤养分的效应

研究了 2种CO2浓度水平 ,2种土壤水分处理和 5种N肥施用水平对春小麦 (TriticumaestivumL cv DingxiNo. 8654)养分吸收和土壤速效养分的影响。结果表明 ,高CO2浓度 (700 molmol-1)明显降低春小麦对氮(N)的吸收 ,低N时降低更为明显 ,但对磷 (P)、钾 (K)吸收的影响不明显。小麦对N、P、K吸收 ,干旱处理明显比湿润处理低。CO2浓度增高对土壤速效N的影响与土壤水分状况有关。湿润处理 ,CO2浓度增加的处理速效N量比当前CO2浓度的处理低 ;而干旱处理 ,施N 50、100、150mgkg-1时 ,速效N则较高。高CO2 浓度对土壤速效P、K量的影响不明显 ,而低N和水分不足 ,土壤速效P、K量较高     

不同氮肥对油菜生长和养分吸收的影响

利用盆栽试验研究了潮土中不同氮肥对油菜生长和N、P、K、Ca、Mg等养分吸收的影响,结果表明:不同氮肥对油菜生长和养分吸收的影响以生长初期(5周时)差异最显著。生长初期,除硝酸钙外,不同氮肥均显著抑制油菜的生长,氯化铵>硫酸铵、尿素>硝酸铵;对N、K、Ca、Mg的吸收,氯化铵、硫酸铵和尿素表现显著的抑制作用,且氯化铵和尿素有大于硫酸铵的趋势,而硝酸钙表现显著的促进作用,硝酸铵大多情况下作用不明显;对P的吸收,各氮肥均表现显著的抑制作用,且氯化铵>尿素>硫酸铵、硝酸铵和硝酸钙。但随着时间推移,各氮肥最终均显著促进油菜生长和养分吸收,且不同氮肥的差异也逐渐减小。     

油菜氮磷钾元素的需肥规律和施肥研究

试验研究了油菜生长过程中干物质积累过程 ,及油菜生长过程中N、P、K三大元素的需肥规律和油菜各器官中N、P、K元素的含量。每生产 1 0 0kg油菜籽粒吸收氮 9.4 8kg ,磷3.61kg ,钾 8.89kg ,氮、磷、钾比为 1 :0 .38:0 .94 ;同时根据需肥规律研究了适宜的钾肥用量。适宜的钾肥用量为 1 35kg/hm2 。     

Effect of calcium/potassium ratio ammonium supply on nutrition and yields of cucumber plants

A greenhouse experiment was conducted in order to study the influence of two calcium/potassium (Ca/K) ratios (0.75 and 0.33) and ammonium supply (0 and 1 mmol/L) in the nutrient solution on nutrient uptake, mineral composition, and productivity of cucumber plants grown in sand culture. There were not significant differences in nitrate consumption between the four treatments. Calcium and potassium consumptions were directly related with the Ca/K ratio in the nutrient solution. The treatment with Ca/K = 0.75 and ammonium supply, that showed the lowest potassium and nitrogen plant levels and the highest calcium uptake and concentration in plant, offered the highest yields.     

Einfluss der Kaliumdynamik im wurzelnahen Boden auf die Magnesiumaufnahme von Pflanzen

Influence of potassium dynamics at the soil-root interface on magnesium uptake of plants At the soil-root interface potassium concentration of the soil solution can be depleted by potassium uptake of the plant. The influence of this effect on the magnesium uptake of ryegrass, barley, maize and rape was studied in pot experiments with luvisols from loess. The results have shown that the rate of magnesium uptake was doubled when the potassium concentration at the root surface decreased below 20 μmol K/1. Magnesium uptake is therefore inhibited by K concentrations above this limit. Application of potassium fertilizer increases the potassium concentration of the soil solution. However, via exchange of adsorbed Mg ions from the soil matrix, K application also increases magnesium concentration of the soil solution. As a result of K application magnesium uptake increases in this case if K concentration of the soil solution at the root surface is kept below 20 μmol K/1 by K buffering or K uptake. Magnesium uptake decreases however, if K concentration exceeds 20 μmol/1 soil solution because the inhibitory effect of potassium on Mg uptake is stronger than the favourable influence of Mg concentration.     

Dry matter and nitrogen accumulation are not affected by superoptimal concentration of ammonium in flowing solution culture with pH control

While it is known that superoptimal concentrations of the nitrate (NO3-) ion in solution culture do not increase NO3- uptake or dry matter accumulation, the same is not known for the ammonium (NH4+) ion. An experiment was conducted utilizing flowing solution culture with pH control to investigate the influence of superoptimal NH4+ concentrations on dry matter, nitrogen (N), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) accumulation by nonnodulated soybean plants. Increasing the NH4+ concentration in solution from 1 to 10 mM did not affect dry matter or N accumulation. Accumulations of K, Ca, and Mg were slightly decreased with increased NH4+ concentration. The NH4+ uptake system, which is saturated at less than 1mM NH4+, is able to regulate uptake of NH4+ at concentrations as high as 10 mM.     

根系高效铵吸收系统是玉米获取氮素的重要补充机制

【目的】本研究旨在通过对植株根系铵吸收特征研究,揭示旱地玉米的氮素营养特征,研究结果为玉米补充氮素营养提供了一定的理论依据。 【方法】以玉米高产品种“郑单 958”为供试材料,采用水培试验模拟了玉米植株生长中的氮素营养环境,研究了玉米幼苗生长对不同氮素形态的反应;采用非损伤微测技术 (NMT),重点研究了不同供氮状况下玉米根系对 NH₄+ 的吸收特征,并与其吸收硝态氮的规律进行了比较;利用实时定量 PCR 技术,初步揭示了玉米根系中的铵吸收蛋白 (AMT) 基因对铵的响应特征。 【结果】单一供应铵态氮条件下,玉米地上部鲜重、全株干重及根系含氮量与纯硝态氮条件下相近,表明铵态氮也可作为玉米的有效氮源。非损伤微测研究结果表明,玉米幼苗根系铵吸收过程呈典型的高亲和吸收特征 (表观 Km 值约为 60 μmol/L),推测这一过程是由高亲和的转运体蛋白介导。氮饥饿预处理使根系的铵吸收速率 Vmax 和 Km 值分别降低了约 3 倍和 1 倍。这一现象与水稻等作物不同,暗示玉米的铵吸收过程可能不存在反馈抑制现象。另外,介质中硝态氮的存在对根系的铵吸收具有显著抑制作用 (抑制效果 > 20%);在供试微摩尔浓度范围内,根系对 NO₃– (100 μmol/L) 的吸收速率显著低于对相同浓度 NH₄+ 的吸收。进一步对主要在玉米根系中表达的铵吸收蛋白基因 ZmAMT1;1a 和 ZmAMT1;3 的定量 PCR 分析表明,上述基因在维持供铵状态下的表达量较缺氮处理均有显著提高,与铵吸收测定结果相符。 【结论】玉米根系中保留着高效铵吸收系统,在低硝态氮浓度下,该系统对铵态氮的高效吸收可作为其获取足够氮源的一个重要的机制。高硝态氮则抑制玉米根系对铵态氮的吸收,以避免氮素吸收利用系统在功能上的冗余。     

Root-zone acidity affects relative uptake of nitrate and ammonium from mixed nitrogen sources

Soybean plants (Glycine max [L.] Merr. cv Ransom) were grown for 21 days on 4 sources of N (1.0 mM NO3-, 0.67 mM NO3- plus 0.33 mM NH4+, 0.33 mM NO3- plus 0.67 mM NH4+, and 1.0 mM NH4+) in hydroponic culture with the acidity of the nutrient solution controlled at pH 6.0, 5.5, 5.0, and 4.5. Dry matter and total N accumulation of the plants was not significantly affected by N-source at any of the pH levels except for decreases in these parameters in plants supplied solely with NH4+ at pH 4.5. Shoot-to-root ratios increased in plants which had an increased proportion [correction of proporiton] of NH4(+)-N in their nutrient solutions at all levels of root-zone pH. Uptake of NO3- and NH4+ was monitored daily by ion chromatography as depletion of these ions from the replenished hydroponic solutions. At all pH levels the proportion of either ion that was absorbed increased as the ratio of that ion increased in the nutrient solution. In plants which were supplied with sources of NO3- plus NH4+, NH4+ was absorbed at a ratio of 2:1 over NO3- at pH 6.0. As the pH of the root-zone declined, however, NH4+ uptake decreased and NO3- uptake increased. Thus, the NH4+ to NO3- uptake ratio declined with decreases in root-zone pH. The data indicate a negative effect of declining root-zone pH on NH4+ uptake and supports a hypothesis that the inhibition of growth of plants dependent on NH4(+)-N at low pH is due to a decline in NH4+ uptake and a consequential limitation of growth by N stress.     

水稻-油菜轮作模式下秸秆还田替代钾肥的效应

【目的】研究稻-油轮作条件下秸秆还田配施钾肥对水稻和冬油菜产量、 地上部钾素累积量、 钾肥利用率以及土壤钾素含量的影响,明确长期秸秆还田替代钾肥的效果,为秸秆还田下稻-油轮作中钾肥的合理施用提供科学依据。【方法】2011~2014年在湖北省粮油主产区-江汉平原选择土壤供钾能力较高的农田,布置水稻-冬油菜轮作定位试验。试验共设7个处理,分别为: 1)CK(-K); 2)+K; 3)+S; 4)S+1/4K; 5)S+1/2K; 6)S+3/4K和7)S+K。其中K和S分别表示钾肥和还田秸秆,K2O用量为90 kg/hm2。【结果】 1)与不施钾(-K)相比,施用钾肥和秸秆还田均不同程度地增加了水稻和冬油菜年均产量和钾素吸收量,尤以秸秆还田配施钾肥处理(S+K)的水稻和冬油菜产量和地上部钾素吸收量最高,与对照(-K)相比增产率分别为12.8%和19.1%; 地上部钾素(K2O)累积吸收量增幅分别达到35.7%和79.3%。2)在当前推荐钾肥用量条件下,秸秆还田对水稻和冬油菜的钾肥吸收利用率没有显著影响,但均使两种作物的钾素吸收利用率显著降低。与秸秆不还田相比,秸秆还田后水稻季的钾肥与钾素农学利用率明显降低,而冬油菜季则分别显著提高与持平; 秸秆还田后,水稻季的钾素农学利用率显著降低,而冬油菜季则持平。3)通过对秸秆还田条件下钾肥用量与增产率、 地上部吸钾量增幅的相关分析得出秸秆还田后当前的推荐钾肥用量偏高。根据肥效模型并结合实际产量和农田钾素养分平衡拟合得出,水稻和冬油菜的年均适宜钾肥用量分别为52.0和61.9 kg/hm2,比推荐用量可分别减少42.2%和31.2%。【结论】在土壤钾素含量较高的情况下,稻-油轮作区开展连续秸秆还田不仅能够降低钾肥投入量,获得较高的粮油经济产量,还可以提高土壤有效钾含量并维持农田系统养分平衡以及秸秆钾素资源的良性循环。     

烤烟-油菜轮作体系的钾肥效应

采用田间裂区试验研究不同钾肥用量对烤烟-油菜轮作体系中作物产量、钾素吸收量以及钾肥利用率和后效的影响。结果表明:烤烟季产量随着钾肥施用量的增加呈现先增加后平衡的趋势,以K450处理的烤烟产量最高,达到2 067.64 kg/hm~2,比不施钾处理显著增产261.07 kg/hm~2,与K375处理产量差异不显著。与油菜季不施钾处理相比,油菜当季施钾(K_2O)75 kg/hm~2增加油菜干物质量1 223.58~1 468.78 kg/hm~2,其中油菜籽增产244.84~345.85 kg/hm~2,钾素吸收量增加5.2%~8.4%,以K375处理最高;烤烟季钾肥当季利用率22.27%~29.08%,残留利用率为10.52%~12.63%,累积利用率为32.79%~40.09%,烤烟季残留在土壤中钾肥的后效与钾肥用量显著正相关。在烤烟-油菜轮作系统中,推荐烤烟季施钾肥K_2O 375 kg/hm~2,油菜季充分考虑烤烟季钾肥后效的基础上少施钾(K_2O)16.92~21.90 kg/hm~2,烤烟、油菜增产效果好。     

用阳离子交换树脂膜法和传统化学提取法评估土壤有效钾

Four testing methods using cation exchange membrane (CEM),ammonium acetate,ASI(0.25mol L^-1 NaHCO3 0.01mol L^-1 EDTA 0.01 molL^-1 NH4F) and 1.0molL^-1 boiling nitric acid,respectively,were used to evaluate soil available K.The soil K tested by CEM was significantly correlated with that by the other (conventional)methods(r^2=0.43^**-0.95^***).The soil K tested by CEM saturated with NH4HCO3(15min extraction)was most closely correlated with that by the other methods(r^2=0.60^**-0.95^***),Potassium availability,as predicted by soil test,was comparable to actual K uptake by canola and wheat grown on the soils in growth chamber.Regression analyses showed that plant K uptake was more closely correlated wiht K extracted by CEM(r^2=0.56^**-0.81^***)than that by the conventional methods(r^2=0.46^***-0.81^***),most colsely correlated with that by NH4HCO3-saturated CEM for 15 min (r^2=0.81^***).and worst correlated with that by HNO3(r^2=0.45^**-0.72^***)     

阳离子交换膜技术的评估及钾临界值的估测

Soil and tissue analyses are usually used in identifying potassium(K) deficiencies and predicting K fertilizer requirements of crops.The critical levels of both soil and fresh leaf tissue at seventh leaf stage were developed and assessed for canola,chickpea and sunflower grown on two saskatchewan,soils,with six rates of K fertilizer supply.in a growth chamber experiment.The available potassium in soils was detemined by two methods:1)resin strip extraction,and 2)NH4OAC extraction.The potassium in fresh leaves was determined at seventh leaf stage by a simple procedure using a common garlic press and injector to extract the plant sap and testing the sap with a handheld ion selection electrode meter,The results showed significant relationships between the resin strip extractable K and NH4OAC extractable K,and between the plant uptake of total K and the supple of available K in the soils determined by the two methods.Good relationships were also found between the potassium in fresh leaves and the plant uptake of totak K for canola,chickpea and sunflower.The resin strip extraction for K was calibrated using common NH4OAC extraction,and recommended for routine analyses because of its simplicity and sensitivity.