水力侵蚀对土壤碳循环及土壤微生物多样性影响的研究进展

[目的] 针对水力侵蚀对土壤碳循环"源汇"效应争议,综述水力侵蚀对土壤有机碳矿化作用和土壤微生物多样性的影响机制,提出未来定量研究的方向与注意事项。[方法] 在提出水力侵蚀对土壤碳循环"源"汇"效应概念和理论的基础上,分析现阶段研究中水力侵蚀对土壤碳循环"源汇"效应争议的核心问题,进而探讨水力侵蚀导致不同种类土壤微生物多样性变化的差异及其作用机制。[结果] 水力侵蚀过程导致土壤有机碳矿化作用形成碳循环中的"源"效应,而沉积过程导致有机碳迁移至低洼处固存形成碳循环中的"汇"效应,微生物的呼吸和分解作用可能解释土壤碳循环中消失的碳"汇"问题;水力侵蚀过程削弱细菌群落结构复杂性,而沉积过程可增加细菌群落结构的复杂性,但侵蚀和沉积过程都可能降低土壤真菌的α多样性和群落结构复杂性;水力侵蚀过程通过影响土壤有机碳含量、植被覆盖度和土壤pH等因素间接影响土壤微生物多样性。[结论] 未来研究应强化不同尺度水力侵蚀过程对土壤碳循环的影响机制、水力侵蚀过程与土壤微生物多样性的相互作用机制及水力侵蚀过程中土壤微生物对碳循环的影响机制相关量化研究。     

冀西北栗钙土有机碳、酶活性及土壤呼吸强度特征研究

土壤有机碳(质)水平的高低是评价土壤肥力高低的重要指标之一,如何提高土壤有机碳(质)研究一直是国内外土壤科学工作者关注的课题。近年来,随着全球环境变化对陆地生态系统的影响,土壤有机碳逐渐成为公众和科学界关注的热点[1]。研究陆地碳循环机制及其对全球变化的响应,是预测大气CO2含量及气候变化的重要基础,这已引起科学界的高度重视[2]。目前,有关土壤碳循环研究主要集中在大气CO2浓度升高对土壤酶活性、有机物料分解、土壤微生物、土壤有机质、腐殖质组成、农作物养分利用、植物生长、光合作用、根系生长及其分泌物等生理生态方面的影响[3～12],以及施肥对农田土壤碳循环、微生物及酶活性的影响[13～16],     

中国亚热带稻田土壤碳氮含量及矿化动态

Dynamics of soil organic matter in a cultivation chronosequence of paddy fields were studied in subtropical China. Mineralization of soil organic matter was determined by measuring CO2 evolution from soil during 20 days of laboratory incubation. In the first 30 years of cultivation, soil organic C and N contents increased rapidly. After 30 years, 0-10 cm soil contained 19.6 g kg^-1 organic C and 1.62 g kg^-1 total N, with the corresponding values of 18.1 g kg^-1 and 1.50 g kg^-1 for 10-20 cm, and then remained stable even after 80 years of rice cultivation. During 20 days incubation the mineralization rates of organic C and N in surface soil （0-10 cm） ranged from 2.2% to 3.3% and from 2.8% to 6.7%, respectively, of organic C and total N contents. Biologically active C size generally increased with increasing soil organic C and N contents. Soil dissolved organic C decreased after cultivation of wasteland to 10 years paddy field and then increased. Soil microbial biomass C increased with number of years under cultivation, while soil microbial biomass N increased during the first 30 years of cultivation and then stabilized. After 30 years of cultivation surface soil （0-10 cm） contained 332.8 mg kg^-1 of microbial biomass C and 23.85 mg kg^-1 of microbial biomass N, which were 111% and 47% higher than those in soil cultivated for 3 years. It was suggested that surface soil with 30 years of rice cultivation in subtropical China would have attained a steady state of organic C content, being about 19 g kg^-1.     

土壤有机碳和活性碳的梯度分布及其对环境变化的反应

Based on data from a field survey in 2001 along the Northeast China transect （NECT）, a precipitation gradient, and a short-term simulation experiment under ambient CO2 of 350μmol mol^-1 and doubled CO2 of 700μmol mol^-1 with different soil moisture contents of 30%-45%, 45%-60%, and 60%-80% soil water holding capacity, the distribution of soil organic carbon and labile carbon along the NECT, their relationships with precipitation and their responses to CO2 enrichment and soil moisture changes were analyzed. The results indicated that the soil labile carbon along the gradient was significantly related to soil organic carbon （r = 0.993, P 〈 0.001）. The soil labile carbon decreased more rapidly with depth than organic carbon. The soil organic and labile carbon along the gradient decreased with decrease in longitude in both the topsoils and subsoils, and the coefficient of variation for the labile carbon was greater than that for the organic carbon. Both the soil organic carbon and labile carbon had significant linear relationships with precipitation, with the correlation coefficient of soil organic carbon being lower （0.677 at P 〈 0.001） than that of soil labile carbon （0.712 at P 〈 0.001）. In the simulation experiment with doubled and ambient CO2 and different moisture contents, the coefficient of variation for soil organic carbon was only 1.3%, while for soil labile carbon it was 29.7%. With doubled CO2 concentration （700μmol mol^-1）, soil labile carbon decreased significantly at 45% to 60% of soil moisture content. These indicated that soil labile carbon was relatively more sensitive to environmental changes than soil organic carbon.     

近地层臭氧浓度升高对稻田土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响

利用中国臭氧FACE(Free-Air O3 Concentration Enrichment,开放式空气臭氧浓度增高)试验平台,研究了近地层臭氧浓度升高条件下,2009年和2010年的稻田土壤微生物功能多样性的响应规律。结果发现,1.5倍当前臭氧浓度下稻田土壤水溶性有机碳含量从100.0～110.9μg g-1降低至81.3～94.5μg g-1。臭氧浓度升高下BIOLOG平均吸光值(AWCD)有低于对照的趋势。多样性指数结果表明,臭氧浓度升高50%对稻田土壤微生物丰富度、优势度及均一度无显著影响。2010年碳源底物利用的主成分分析显示,1.5倍当前臭氧浓度下稻田土壤微生物对碳源底物的利用方式发生变化。本研究揭示近地层臭氧浓度升高可能对稻田土壤微生物产生积累效应,并通过微生物碳源底物有效性的改变最终影响土壤微生物的功能多样性。     

侵蚀影响下土壤碳和养分空间变化及其过程模拟

通过小区采样并进行了机械组成和化学分析，认为侵蚀过程导致的土壤颗粒坡面分布变化点在0.2mm左右，同时认为侵蚀是坡面土壤碳和养分再分布过程分布差异的主要因素，当其它条件一致时，侵蚀和堆积决定了特定点或区域的土壤碳和养分含量的高低，通过建立土壤碳和分变化模型及侵蚀模型，在IDRISIW的支持下对侵蚀条件下流域各地块土壤碳和养分含量变化过程进行了模拟和长期预测，并得到了引起土壤碳和养分含量降低的最低侵蚀模数阈值。     

土壤活性有机碳不同组分对保护性耕作的响应

为分析保护性耕作措施对旱作农田土壤活性有机碳的影响以及对土壤有机碳的敏感响应指标进行归纳总结,探讨适合西南丘陵区紫色土农田生态系统在保护性耕作下的有机碳分组方法和活性碳有效指标提供科学依据,进而为土壤固碳减排、提高土壤质量奠定理论基础。在重庆北碚西南大学试验农场对平作(traditional tillage,T)、垄作(ridge tillage,R)、平作+秸秆覆盖(traditional tillage+straw mulching,TS)和垄作+秸秆覆盖(ridge tillage+straw mulching,RS)4种处理下、西南紫色土丘陵区"旱三熟"种植模式下的土壤总有机碳(Total soil organic carbon,TOC)、颗粒有机碳(Particulate organic carbon,POC)、水溶性有机碳(Dissolved organic carbon,DOC)、易氧化有机碳(Readily oxidized organic carbon,ROC)、可矿化有机碳(Mineralized organic carbon,MOC)以及微生物量有机碳(Microbial biomass carbon,MBC)进行了测定和分析。结果表明,秸秆覆盖不仅增加了表层土壤的TOC,也有利于20cm以上的耕层TOC的增加,而垄作对TOC的影响很小。秸秆覆盖处理下各土层POC均显著高于传统耕作,而单纯的垄作处理对5cm以下土层的POC没有影响,却显著地降低了0-5cm土层POC含量。DOC含量随土层的加深逐渐降低,且不同处理的差异主要出现在表层0-5cm土壤中,5cm以下土壤的DOC含量不易受到耕作措施的影响。TS、RS与对照相比均显著提高0-5cm土层的ROC含量,R与T之间差异不显著,秸秆覆盖只对土壤表层ROC影响很大。T、R、TS、RS处理全年日均土壤呼吸分别为1.84,1.65,2.22,2.21μmol/(m2·s),年土壤呼吸总量分别为696.31,624.41,840.12,836.33g/m2。与对照相比,垄作对土壤呼吸的影响不大,秸秆覆盖加速了土壤呼吸速率。秸秆覆盖处理显著提高了MBC含量,而垄作处理的影响不大。MBC与土壤呼吸速率呈显著正相关,R2介于0.756~0.919之间,P0.05。通过对土壤总有机碳及各组分之间的相关分析分析结果显示,TOC、POC、DOC和ROC在0-5cm土层表现显著的正相关,其他土层没有明显的规律。TOC、POC、DOC、ROC和MBC对耕作措施的响应变化基本一致,表现为对垄作处理的响应不显著,而受秸秆覆盖的影响很大,其中颗粒有机碳占总有机碳的35.74%~49.66%,二者显著正相关,可以作为反映土壤有机碳变化的敏感指标。     

保护性耕作对土壤易氧化和总有机碳的影响

以11年的不同耕作方式的长期试验为基础,在甘肃省定西试验站研究了在两种轮作序列下传统耕作不覆盖(T),免耕+秸秆还田(NTS),免耕+不覆盖(NT)和传统耕作+秸秆覆盖(TS)四种耕作方式对土壤总有机碳和易氧化有机碳的影响。研究结果表明:在两种轮作序列下,种植豆科作物,秸秆覆盖和切碎还田都能增加土壤有机碳总量,其中,切碎还田(TS)效果最为明显;种植豌豆、免耕、秸秆还田等处理都能提高易氧化有机碳含量,其作用的大小为TSNTSNT;与传统耕作相比,秸秆覆盖和免耕均有利于黄绵土表层有机碳和易氧化有机碳的积累,尤其是保护性耕作对0~10 cm土层总有机碳有重要影响。     

神农架大九湖亚高山典型泥炭湿地土壤养分特征分析

基于湖北省神农架国家公园大九湖亚高山典型泥炭湿地土壤总有机碳、总氮、总磷、铵态氮、有效磷、速效钾养分含量进行时间(春、夏、秋、冬)和空间(表层15 cm、中层30 cm、底层45 cm)特征分析。结果表明:(1)该区域土壤各样分以及pH、Eh、容重均满足正态分布,其中有效磷、速效钾为中强变异性,均值为31.33,71.2 mg/kg,总有机碳、总磷、铵态氮、pH、Eh、容重为中弱变异性,均值为419.2,1.56 g/kg和67.57 mg/kg, 5.33,104.4,0.155 g/kg,总氮为弱变异性,均值为20.13 g/kg。(2)土壤总有机碳在季节以及深度变化上均不存在显著差异,总氮与总磷在首层与其余2层存在显著差异,在季节上总氮在首层存在季节差异,总磷在首、中层存在显著差异,土壤养分仅速效钾与首层和其余2层存在显著差异。(3)土壤有机碳、总磷、铵态氮与总氮、速效钾、总磷与铵态氮呈显著正相关,总有机碳与土壤容重、有效磷与Eh,pH与Eh呈显著负相关。(4)研究区土壤总有机碳与总氮较高于我国其余泥炭湿地,随着纬度升高土壤有机碳含量呈现降低的趋势。     

土壤微生物多样性实验研究方法概述

对有关土壤微生物多样性,包括微生物类群多样性、群落结构多样性、功能多样性以及基因多样性等的描述与表征方法进行了探讨,同时,对当前国内外土壤微生物多样性的一些实验研究方法,包括土壤微生物分离培养方法、Biolog 微平板方法、FAME 分析方法和分子生物学方法等进行了介绍和评述。并指出在土壤微生物多样性研究中,如果可能的话,需要将各种方法结合起来使用,方可得到有关土壤生物多样性的较为全面的信息和理解。     

土壤微生物群落多样性研究方法及进展

微生物多样性是指群落中的微生物种群类型和数量、种的丰度和均度以及种的分布情况。研究土壤微生物群落多样性的方法包括传统的以生化技术为基础的方法(直接平板计数、单碳源利用模式等)和以现代分子生物技术为基础的方法(从土壤中提取DNA,进行G C%含量的分析,或杂交分析,或进行PCR,产物再进行DGGE/TGGE等分析)。现代生物技术与传统微生物研究方法的结合使用,为更全面地理解土壤微生物群落的多样性和生态功能提供了良好的前景。     

Spatial-temporal dynamics of organic carbon in soddy-podzolic soils of postagrogenic biogeocenoses

The organic carbon content in developed soddy-podzolic soils increased during the overgrowing of abandoned plowland with meadow and forest vegetation. The highest carbon content was recorded at the stage of 40–50-year-old forest, which was related to the largest input of organic matter into the soil and the intense litter decomposition during this period. A decrease in the soil carbon content was observed during the development of forest vegetation on the long-term hayfields in place of the former croplands, because the humus content in the lower part of the old-arable horizon decreased significantly. The spatial variability in the distribution of organic carbon in the soils increased with the development of forest biogeocenoses.     

Determination of sampling volumes needed for representative analysis of alpine soils

Alpine soils are characterized by a high variability of chemical and physical parameters. The spatial inhomogeneity of a specific parcel must be regarded as a nuisance factor for representative soil sampling. The only way to reduce the effect of the variation between the samples is to combine several samples taken within an area of a few square meters. The presented approach shows how much soil material has to be taken in order to obtain representative values of soil properties such as soil density, the proportion of soil skeleton and fine earth, organic C, N, and the root content. Bulk density can be determined with an error ≤ 10% by sampling c. 6300 cm³ of soil within an area of 6 × 4.5 m for 0—20 cm sampling depth. With the same volume, the accuracy of soil skeleton measurement is ≤ 20%. In our case study, the determination of organic C in the fine earth of the whole soil profile needs a sample volume of 15,800 cm³ in order to reduce the error tolerance below ± 10%. In 0—20 cm soil depth, the error tolerance of ± 10% is achieved with c. 4000 cm³ for N and c. 6300 cm³ for organic C. Nearly 16,000 cm³ were needed to determine the soil root mass in the top 20 cm of a soil with an accuracy of ± 10%. In order to yield reasonable results, large sampling volumes are needed for soils in alpine areas. These volumes depend on the parameters to be investigated. Our investigation makes an initial attempt at optimizing the sampling strategy within an area of a few square meters in order to overcome this nuisance factor variation.     

A comparison of wet oxidation methods for determination of total phosphorus in soils

For 15 soils with widely different extractability of phosphorus (P) two newly introduced digestion techniques for determining total P (P_t) were compared with the standard perchloric acid digestion procedure. The two digestion techniques were: (1) concentrated H₂SO₄ plus 30 % H₂O₂ at 360 °C, (2) concentrated HCl plus concentrated HNO₃ in the ratio 3:1 (aqua regia) at 140 °C. Almost equal amounts of P_t were extracted by the two methods (mean = 188.7 mg kg^—1 for H₂SO₄/H₂O₂ and 188.4 mg kg^—1 for aqua regia) which were slightly higher than the standard method (mean = 183.8 mg kg^—1). However, there is no statistical difference among the three digestion methods, suggesting that the tested methods should be useful for estimating P_t in soils with high content of organic C, eliminating the danger of explosion when hot concentrated HClO₄ is used.     

Organic amendments decomposability influences microbial activity in saline soils

Organic amendments with contrasting biochemical properties were investigated by conducting an incubation experiment in soils irrigated with different levels of saline water. Soil samples were taken from a long-term experimental field plots irrigated with normal water and saline water having electrical conductivity (EC) 6 and 12 dS m^?1, respectively. Finely ground biochar, rice straw (RS), farm yard manure (FYM) and glucose were added at two rates (1% and 2.5% carbon basis) and incubated for 8 weeks at 25°C. Cumulative respiration (CR), microbial biomass carbon and available nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) were negatively correlated with EC, irrespective of the source and amount of added carbon (C). Compared with non-saline soil, at EC 12, relative decrease in CR was lowest with glucose (21.0%) followed by RS (32.0%), FYM (46.0%) and biochar (55.0%). Dissolved organic carbon was positively correlated with salinity and its concentration was higher in treatments with higher rate of C addition (2.5% C). This study showed decomposability of organic amendments and their rate of addition determines microbial activity in saline soils. Further, lower nitrogen (N) release from amendments under saline conditions limits microbial ability to utilize available C for satisfying their energy needs.     

三江平原不同土地利用方式下沟渠沉积物可溶性有机碳含量和分布

研究了三江平原3种土地利用方式下沟渠沉积物DOC含量和分布,探讨了3种土地利用方式对沟渠沉积物DOC含量和分布的影响。结果表明,三江平原沟渠系统虽然都是在湿地的基础上开挖而成,但是分散于3种土地利用方式下的沟渠沉积物DOC含量及其分布发生了明显变化。湿地开垦为农田利于沟渠各层沉积物DOC的累积,水田和旱田相比,旱田更有利于沟渠各层沉积物DOC的累积;沟渠沉积物DOC垂直分布随土地利用方式不同发生了明显的变化,穿过型沟渠和边界沟渠相比,边界沟渠沉积物DOC垂直分布显示出更强的沉积特点。挖沟排水和土地开垦耕作,不仅导致大量DOC向沟渠迁移并沉积在沟渠中,而且最终导致不同沟渠沉积物中DOC的含量和分布产生了明显的差异性。     

上海市绿地表层土壤有机碳储量的估算

本文调查了上海市472个绿地土壤样点,通过对其土壤有机碳含量、密度等指标进行测定分析,最终估算出上海市绿地土壤表层有机碳储量,同时为预测上海市未来十几年的碳库变化提供数据支撑。研究结果表明:①上海市绿地表层(0～20 cm)土壤有机碳空间分异性较大,土壤有机碳含量和密度表现为西高东低,且自中心向四周逐渐增高。②不同绿地类型土壤有机碳含量大小依次为:公园绿地>公共绿地>道路绿地;有机碳密度的大小依次为:公共绿地>公园绿地>道路绿地。不同绿地类型土壤有机碳含量和密度差异显著,其中,城区不同绿地类型土壤有机碳含量和密度差异显著(P<0.05),但郊区不同绿地类型土壤有机碳含量和密度差异不显著(P>0.05)。③2015年上海市绿地表层土壤有机碳储量约为4.26×106 t。预计到2035年,上海市绿地表层土壤有机碳储量约可达到1.53×107 t。     

煤矿区土壤有机碳含量的遥感反演与分布特征

高光谱数据与多光谱影像结合能实现区域高精度、大面积的土壤有机碳含量反演。以山东省鲍店矿区表层0-20cm土壤有机碳含量为研究对象,采用波段平均法把高光谱的窄波段拟合成GF-1 WFV影像的宽波段,建立土壤有机碳含量的高光谱模型,进而通过比值订正法,将最优高光谱模型校正到多光谱模型并通过决策树分类获取土壤有机碳含量空间分布状况,结合土地利用现状分析土壤有机碳含量分布特征。结果表明:(1)通过波段拟合和比值订正获得的多光谱模型,检验决定系数为0.76,可以稳定实现矿区土壤有机碳含量的反演。(2)研究区土壤有机碳含量范围为0.71~38.15g/kg,均值为14.12g/kg,总体上处于中等水平;区域内土壤有机碳含量以11.60~17.40g/kg为主,其次是5.80~11.60g/kg,分别占据48%,29%。(3)采矿区和部分道路、居民点的有机碳含量偏高,耕地处于中等水平,林地和草地含量较低;塌陷地形成的水域周围有机碳含量明显偏低。     

海南岛红树林湿地土壤有机碳分布规律及影响因素研究

以海南岛为例,选择环岛东、西、南、北四个方向的典型红树林群落,对土壤进行取样,测定土壤有机碳含量,计算土壤有机碳密度。通过对比群落结构、土壤理化性质、不同区域的自然条件,探讨红树林土壤有机碳的分布规律以及影响碳储量的主要因素。研究表明,土壤有机碳分布特征在垂直方向上差异显著,土壤有机碳含量最大值出现在20~40 cm,土壤有机碳密度最大值出现在0~20cm;不同群落类型土壤有机碳含量存在明显差异,以东寨港红树林为例,海莲群落土壤有机碳含量最高,为20.89±6.75 g kg-1,人工无瓣海桑林最低,为12.71±3.62 g kg-1,进一步相关分析显示,土壤有机碳含量与群落植株胸径和基盖度呈显著正相关,与株高无关;在空间分布上,表现为东方四泌湾文昌清澜港儋州新英湾海口东寨港三亚湾。最后结合海南岛红树林面积,得出海南岛红树林土壤有机碳总储量为2.39×106t。     

锡林河流域土壤有机碳空间变异分析

为了探索锡林河流域土壤有机碳的空间变异规律,基于半方差函数理论和普通克里格插值研究了0-10 cm,20-30 cm,40-50 cm土壤有机碳变异特征及分布格局。结果表明,（1）0-10 cm,20-30 cm,40-50 cm层土壤有机碳的最优拟合模型依次是高斯模型、高斯模型、指数模型。（2）随着土层深度的增加,土壤有机碳空间分布相关性增强,0-10 cm层土壤有机碳存在中等空间分布相关性,20-30 cm与40-50 cm层土壤有机碳具有强烈的空间分布相关性,自相关距离分别为25.81 km,20.26 km,45.00 km。（3）各向异性分析表明:各方向土壤有机碳变异程度随着土层深度增加而减弱,同层不同方向半方差变化明显,各向异性显著,不同层西南-东北45°方向以及东南-西北135°方向半方差变化最为明显,而各层45°方向变异程度却表现出相似性。（4）各层土壤有机碳分布具有一致性,流域南部边缘到东部以及东北部为土壤有机碳含量较高区域,北部、西北部以及上游的中南部是全流域土壤有机碳含量最低的区域,西部以及西南部土壤有机碳含量处于相对中等水平,流域地形与植被分布特征决定了土壤有机碳这种分布特点。