Partially Molten Middle Crust Beneath Southern Tibet: Synthesis of Project INDEPTH Results

INDEPTH geophysical and geological observations imply that a partially molten midcrustal layer exists beneath southern Tibet. This partially molten layer has been produced by crustal thickening and behaves as a fluid on the time scale of Himalayan deformation. It is confined on the south by the structurally imbricated Indian crust underlying the Tethyan and High Himalaya and is underlain, apparently, by a stiff Indian mantle lid. The results suggest that during Neogene time the underthrusting Indian crust has acted as a plunger, displacing the molten middle crust to the north while at the same time contributing to this layer by melting and ductile flow. Viewed broadly, the Neogene evolution of the Himalaya is essentially a record of the southward extrusion of the partially molten middle crust underlying southern Tibet.     

Seismic images of crust and upper mantle beneath Tibet: evidence for Eurasian plate subduction

Seismic data from central Tibet have been combined to image the subsurface structure and understand the evolution of the collision of India and Eurasia. The 410- and 660-kilometer mantle discontinuities are sharply defined, implying a lack of a subducting slab beneath the plateau. The discontinuities appear slightly deeper beneath northern Tibet, implying that the average temperature of the mantle above the transition zone is about 300 degrees C hotter in the north than in the south. There is a prominent south-dipping converter in the uppermost mantle beneath northern Tibet that might represent the top of the Eurasian mantle lithosphere underthrusting the northern margin of the plateau.     

Internal structure and early thermal evolution of Mars from Mars Global Surveyor topography and gravity

Topography and gravity measured by the Mars Global Surveyor have enabled determination of the global crust and upper mantle structure of Mars. The planet displays two distinct crustal zones that do not correlate globally with the geologic dichotomy: a region of crust that thins progressively from south to north and encompasses much of the southern highlands and Tharsis province and a region of approximately uniform crustal thickness that includes the northern lowlands and Arabia Terra. The strength of the lithosphere beneath the ancient southern highlands suggests that the northern hemisphere was a locus of high heat flow early in martian history. The thickness of the elastic lithosphere increases with time of loading in the northern plains and Tharsis. The northern lowlands contain structures interpreted as large buried channels that are consistent with northward transport of water and sediment to the lowlands before the end of northern hemisphere resurfacing.     

Seismic imaging of the downwelling Indian lithosphere beneath central Tibet

A tomographic image of the upper mantle beneath central Tibet from INDEPTH data has revealed a subvertical high-velocity zone from approximately 100- to approximately 400-kilometers depth, located approximately south of the Bangong-Nujiang Suture. We interpret this zone to be downwelling Indian mantle lithosphere. This additional lithosphere would account for the total amount of shortening in the Himalayas and Tibet. A consequence of this downwelling would be a deficit of asthenosphere, which should be balanced by an upwelling counterflow, and thus could explain the presence of warm mantle beneath north-central Tibet.     

The geological evolution of the Tibetan Plateau

The geological evolution of the Tibetan plateau is best viewed in a context broader than the India-Eurasia collision zone. After collision about 50 million years ago, crust was shortened in western and central Tibet, while large fragments of lithosphere moved from the collision zone toward areas of trench rollback in the western Pacific and Indonesia. Cessation of rapid Pacific trench migration ( approximately 15 to 20 million years ago) coincided with a slowing of fragment extrusion beyond the plateau and probably contributed to the onset of rapid surface uplift and crustal thickening in eastern Tibet. The latter appear to result from rapid eastward flow of the deep crust, probably within crustal channels imaged seismically beneath eastern Tibet. These events mark a transition to the modern structural system that currently accommodates deformation within Tibet.     

Seismic detection of the summit magma complex of kilauea volcano, hawaii

Application of simultaneous inversion of seismic P-wave arrival time data to the investigation of the crust beneath Kilauea Volcano yields a detailed picture of the volcano's heterogeneous structure. Zones of anomalously high seismic velocity are found associated with the volcano's rift zones. A low-velocity zone at shallow depth directly beneath the caldera coincides with an aseismic region interpreted as being the locus of Kilauea's summit magma complex.     

INDEPTH Wide-Angle Reflection Observation of P-Wave-to-S-Wave Conversion from Crustal Bright Spots in Tibet

Three-component wide-angle seismic data acquired in southern Tibet during Project INDEPTH show strong P-to-S converted reflections from reflectors that are aligned at a depth of approximately 15 kilometers beneath the northern Yadong-Gulu rift. These converted reflections are locally higher in amplitude than the corresponding P-wave reflections. Modeling of reflection mode conversion as a function of incidence angle indicates that this condition obtains for a reflector that is a solid over fluid interface; it is not typical of a solid-solid interface. The likely candidates for a fluid trapped within the crystalline crust of southern Tibet are granitic magma and water (brine).     

Bright Spots, Structure, and Magmatism in Southern Tibet from INDEPTH Seismic Reflection Profiling

INDEPTH seismic reflection profiling shows that the decollement beneath which Indian lithosphere underthrusts the Himalaya extends at least 225 kilometers north of the Himalayan deformation front to a depth of approximately 50 kilometers. Prominent reflections appear at depths of 15 to 18 kilometers near where the decollement reflector apparently terminates. These reflections extend north of the Zangbo suture to the Damxung graben of the Tibet Plateau. Some of these reflections have locally anomalous amplitudes (bright spots) and coincident negative polarities implying that they are produced by fluids in the crust. The presence of geothermal activity and high heat flow in the regions of these reflections and the tectonic setting suggest that the bright spots mark granitic magmas derived by partial melting of the tectonically thickened crust.     

Earthquakes beneath the Himalayas and Tibet: evidence for strong lithospheric mantle

Eleven intracontinental earthquakes, with magnitudes ranging from 4.9 to 6, occurred in the mantle beneath the western Himalayan syntaxis, the western Kunlun Mountains, and southern Tibet (near Xigaze) between 1963 and 1999. High-resolution seismic waveforms show that some focal depths exceeded 100 kilometers, indicating that these earthquakes occurred in the mantle portion of the lithosphere, even though the crust has been thickened there. The occurrence of earthquakes in the mantle beneath continental regions where the subduction of oceanic lithosphere ceased tens of millions years ago indicates that the mantle lithosphere is sufficiently strong to accumulate elastic strain.     

Simultaneous miocene extension and shortening in the himalayan orogen

The South Tibetan detachment system separates the high-grade metamorphic core of the Himalayan orogen from its weakly metamorphosed suprastructure. It is thought to have developed in response to differences in gravitational potential energy produced by crustal thickening across the mountain front. Geochronologic data from the Rongbuk Valley, north of Qomolangma (Mount Everest) in southern Tibet, demonstrate that at least one segment of the detachment system was active between 19 and 22 million years ago, an interval characterized by large-scale crustal thickening at lower structural levels. These data suggest that decoupling between an extending upper crust and a converging lower crust was an important aspect of Himalayan tectonics in Miocene time.     

Electrical conductivity in the precambrian lithosphere of western canada

The subcrustal lithosphere underlying the southern Archean Churchill Province (ACP) in western Canada is at least one order of magnitude more electrically conductive than the lithosphere beneath adjacent Paleoproterozoic crust. The measured electrical properties of the lithosphere underlying most of the Paleoproterozoic crust can be explained by the conductivity of olivine. Mantle xenolith and geological mapping evidence indicate that the lithosphere beneath the southern ACP was substantially modified as a result of being trapped between two nearly synchronous Paleoproterozoic subduction zones. Tectonically induced metasomatism thus may have enhanced the subcrustal lithosphere conductivity of the southern ACP.     

甘肃白银绿色农业示范区规划及布局

按照自然资源条件、产业基础以及发展潜力,将白银市绿色农业示范区由北向南依次划分为北部沙漠边缘生态绿色农业区、高扬程提灌粮经牧综合绿色农业区、黄河沿岸及城郊高效绿色农业区、南部干旱半干旱生态绿色农业区4个各具特色的绿色农业优势区,并就它们的基本状况、优势产业以及开发措施作了描述。     

Seismic structure of the southern East pacific rise

Seismic data from the ultrafast-spreading (150 to 162 millimeters per year) southern East Pacific Rise show that the rise axis is underlain by a thin (less than 200 meters thick) extrusive volcanic layer (seismic layer 2A) that thickens rapidly off axis. Also beneath the rise axis is a narrow (less than 1 kilometer wide) melt sill that is in some places less than 1000 meters below the sea floor. The small dimensions of this molten body indicate that magma chamber size does not depend strongly on spreading rate as predicted by many ridge-crest thermal models. However, the shallow depth of this body is consistent with an inverse correlation between magma chamber depth and spreading rate. These observations indicate that the paradigm of ridge crest magma chambers as small, sill-like, midcrustal bodies is applicable to a wide range of intermediate- and fast-spreading ridges.     

西藏色季拉山急尖长苞冷杉林粗木质残体储量与倒木分解研究

粗木质残体是森林生态系统重要的组成部分,在生态系统的结构组成和功能发挥中扮演着重要角色。采用典型样地法对色季拉山急尖长苞冷杉（Abies geoegei var.smithii）原始林下的粗木质残体进行调查,估算林内粗木质残体的储量,并比较不同腐烂等级及不同类型粗木质残体储量的大小,分析南坡与北坡2种不同环境下倒木分解速率的差异。结果表明,色季拉山南北坡急尖长苞冷杉的粗木质残体的储量分别为84.245 t·hm^-2和60.363 t·hm^-2,两者储量在不同类型的分布上均表现为倒木>枯立木>树桩>大枯枝;在不同腐烂等级分布上,南坡粗木质残体储量表现为Ⅰ级>Ⅳ级>Ⅱ级>Ⅲ级>Ⅴ级,北坡粗木质残体储量表现为Ⅰ级>Ⅱ级>Ⅲ级>Ⅳ级>Ⅴ级。色季拉山南北坡急尖长苞冷杉林倒木的分解均符合单指数衰减模型,南北坡的分解常数分别为0.014 a^-1(R²=0.870 3)、0.02 a^-1(R²=0.846 5)。南坡倒木分解50%和95%所需时间分别为29 a和193 a,北坡分解50%和95%所需时间分别为41 a和156 a,两者分解均呈现先快后慢的趋势。     

Seismic Evidence for a Detached Indian Lithospheric Mantle Beneath Tibet

P-to-S converted teleseismic waves recorded by temporary broadband networks across Tibet show a north-dipping interface that begins 50 kilometers north of the Zangbo suture at the depth of the Moho (80 kilometers) and extends to a depth of 200 kilometers beneath the Bangong suture. Under northern Tibet a segmented south-dipping structure was imaged. These observations suggest a different form of detachment of the Indian and Asian lithospheric mantles caused by differences in their composition and buoyancy.     

Detection of widespread fluids in the Tibetan crust by magnetotelluric studies

Magnetotelluric exploration has shown that the middle and lower crust is anomalously conductive across most of the north-to-south width of the Tibetan plateau. The integrated conductivity (conductance) of the Tibetan crust ranges from 3000 to greater than 20,000 siemens. In contrast, stable continental regions typically exhibit conductances from 20 to 1000 siemens, averaging 100 siemens. Such pervasively high conductance suggests that partial melt and/or aqueous fluids are widespread within the Tibetan crust. In southern Tibet, the high-conductivity layer is at a depth of 15 to 20 kilometers and is probably due to partial melt and aqueous fluids in the crust. In northern Tibet, the conductive layer is at 30 to 40 kilometers and is due to partial melting. Zones of fluid may represent weaker areas that could accommodate deformation and lower crustal flow.     

Surface Deformation and Lower Crustal Flow in Eastern Tibet

Field observations and satellite geodesy indicate that little crustal shortening has occurred along the central to southern margin of the eastern Tibetan plateau since about 4 million years ago. Instead, central eastern Tibet has been nearly stationary relative to southeastern China, southeastern Tibet has rotated clockwise without major crustal shortening, and the crust along portions of the eastern plateau margin has been extended. Modeling suggests that these phenomena are the result of continental convergence where the lower crust is so weak that upper crustal deformation is decoupled from the motion of the underlying mantle. This model also predicts east-west extension on the high plateau without convective removal of Tibetan lithosphere and without eastward movement of the crust east of the plateau.     

2012年夏季西太副高对西藏降水的影响特征分析

[目的]研究2012年西藏地区降水的时空特征以及夏季(6～9月)降水与西太副高的关系。[方法]利用西藏地区2012年39个测站1～12月的降水资料以及常规的各种气象资料,采用气候诊断方法,统计分析西太副高脊线、北界位置与西藏夏季降水之间的关系。[结果]西太副高脊线、北界位置与西藏夏季降水之间均存在密切的关系。当西太副高脊线南北移动时高原上的降水随之产生差异,脊线位置偏北、偏西时西藏夏季降水偏少,除西藏中部和南部有降水外,其余地区基本无降水;脊线位置偏南、偏东时,降水偏多,此时高原上除阿里地区和那曲西部降水过程较少,其余地区均处于降水过程较频繁时期。在西藏夏季降水过程中,52%的区域性强降水是直接受西太副高位置影响,西太副高脊线和北界位置造成了降水的落区和强度不同。[结论]该研究为西藏夏季降水的相关预报预测提供科学依据。     

SSR分子标记研究进展

SSR标记广泛分布于基因组中,呈孟德尔遗传,多态性丰富,信息量大,已被作为一种理想的分子标记之一而广泛应用。文中重点介绍了SSR标记的开发和SSR技术试验体系的研究进展,旨在为SSR分子标记的研究与应用提供参考信息。     

Global distribution of neutrons from Mars: results from Mars odyssey

Global distributions of thermal, epithermal, and fast neutron fluxes have been mapped during late southern summer/northern winter using the Mars Odyssey Neutron Spectrometer. These fluxes are selectively sensitive to the vertical and lateral spatial distributions of H and CO2 in the uppermost meter of the martian surface. Poleward of +/-60 degrees latitude is terrain rich in hydrogen, probably H2O ice buried beneath tens of centimeter-thick hydrogen-poor soil. The central portion of the north polar cap is covered by a thick CO2 layer, as is the residual south polar cap. Portions of the low to middle latitudes indicate subsurface deposits of chemically and/or physically bound H2O and/or OH.