外源NO对高温胁迫下姜叶片活性氧代谢的影响

为探讨姜对高温胁迫的生理响应特性,采用砂培法,研究了高温对姜叶片活性氧代谢的影响及培养液添加NO供体硝普钠（SNP）缓解高温胁迫的作用。结果表明,高温胁迫显著降低姜叶片色素含量,增加产生速率及H₂O₂和MDA含量;叶片SOD、POD、CAT等抗氧化酶活性在高温胁迫初期增强,随胁迫时间延长急剧下降;同时,AsA–GSH循环遭受破坏。外源添加0.1 mmol · L^-1 SNP能显著增强姜叶片的抗氧化酶活性,降低叶片ROS水平,减轻膜脂过氧化程度,维持AsA–GSH循环系统的稳定性;降低叶片色素降解,有效缓解高温对姜叶片造成的伤害,增强其耐热性。     

亚适温、弱光照及盐胁迫下辣椒叶片活性氧代谢特征

 测定了亚适温(18 ℃/10 ℃, 昼/夜) 、弱光(80μmol·m- 2 ·s- 1 ) 及盐胁迫(70 mmol· L ^-1 NaCl) 逆境下辣椒叶片抗氧化酶活性及活性氧、丙二醛(MDA) 含量等指标。整个试验期间(处理后1～15 d) , 亚适温、弱光与盐胁迫对SOD、CAT、GR活性均存在显著或极显著的互作效应, 试验前期(处理后1～9 d) 对APX、GPX活性及O₂^- 、H₂O₂含量存在显著或极显著的互作效应, 试验后期(处理后5～15 d) 对MDA含量存在显著或极显著的互作效应。亚适温主效应对辣椒叶片SOD、GPX、GR活性及O₂^- 、H₂O₂、MDA含量的影响大于弱光、盐胁迫主效应, 对APX、CAT活性影响较大的是盐胁迫主效应。     

外源褪黑素对硝酸盐胁迫条件下黄瓜幼苗抗氧化系统的影响

以‘津春4号’黄瓜为试验材料,采用灌根的方法研究了外源褪黑素（MT）对硝酸盐胁迫下幼苗抗氧化系统的影响,为MT在设施蔬菜生产中的应用提供参考。结果表明：硝酸盐胁迫处理后,黄瓜幼苗叶片中超氧阴离子（）产生速率、过氧化氢（H₂O₂）和丙二醛（MDA）含量显著增加;抗坏血酸（AsA）和谷胱甘肽（GSH）含量及活性均下降;超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）、谷胱甘肽还原酶（GR）活性在硝酸盐胁迫3 d时,过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性在胁迫6 d时,脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶（DHAR）活性在胁迫9 d时均达最高,之后又逐渐下降;单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶（MDHAR）活性则持续降低。MT处理可有效抑制硝酸盐胁迫条件下黄瓜幼苗中  的产生速率及H₂O₂和MDA的积累,提高AsA和GSH含量及活性,增强SOD、POD、CAT、APX、MDHAR、DHAR、GR活性,提高叶片的光合速率及干物质积累。这些结果说明,MT可减缓硝酸盐胁迫的危害,提高黄瓜幼苗对硝酸盐的耐性,且100 μmol · L^-1 MT处理效果最佳。     

ALA对干旱胁迫下绣球生理特性的影响

以绣球品种‘无尽夏’盆栽为试材，采用盆栽控水和叶面喷施（ALA）法，研究了不同质量浓度(0、25、50、75、100mg·L^-1)的ALA溶液对干旱胁迫下绣球叶片的可溶性糖含量、可溶性蛋白质含量、游离脯氨酸（Pro）含量、抗氧化酶(超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）)活性、丙二醛（MDA）含量、超氧阴离子■产生速率的影响，以期为研究外源ALA增强植物在干旱胁迫下的抗旱能力提供参考依据，为提高绣球对干旱胁迫环境的生理适应性提供可行性方案。结果表明：干旱胁迫下绣球叶片表型失绿、渗透调节物质大量积累、抗氧化酶活性增强，植物生长受到抑制；适宜浓度的ALA溶液可以提高干旱胁迫下绣球渗透调节物质含量、抗氧化酶活性，缓解活性氧伤害，降低干旱胁迫对细胞质膜抗氧化程度，外源ALA可以有效缓解干旱胁迫对绣球的伤害，增强绣球对干旱胁迫的适应能力。     

钙对盐胁迫下黄瓜幼苗抗氧化系统的影响

以黄瓜（Cucumis sativus L.）品种‘津春2号’为材料,采用Hogland营养液栽培研究了Ca2+对盐（NaCl）胁迫下黄瓜幼苗体内可溶性蛋白和丙二醛（MDA）含量、超氧阴离子（）产生速率以及超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性的影响。结果表明：盐胁迫处理下,黄瓜幼苗体内可溶性蛋白和MDA含量、产生速率以及抗氧化酶SOD、POD、CAT活性均高于对照;营养液中加入Ca2+（8 mmol • L-1）后,幼苗体内可溶性蛋白含量和SOD、POD、CAT抗氧化酶活性进一步提高,而MDA含量和的产生速率降低;而营养液缺钙处理下幼苗体内MDA和产生速率进一步提高,可溶性蛋白含量和抗氧化酶活性较盐胁迫降低。可见外源Ca2+可通过促进盐胁迫下黄瓜幼苗植株体内抗氧化酶活性的提高,降低膜脂过氧化水平,减缓盐胁迫对植株的伤害,从而增强对盐胁迫的适应性。     

茉莉酸合成基因LoxD参与调控番茄的抗旱性

为了研究茉莉酸(JA)调节番茄抗旱的机理,以番茄品种‘Castlemart’茉莉酸合成基因LoxD过表达植株(LoxD-oe)、LoxD点突变植株(spr8)以及对应的野生型(WT)为材料,进行自然失水处理,分析叶片相对含水量、可溶性糖、丙二醛含量、气孔开度和保卫细胞中H₂O₂含量,以及ABA信号通路和质膜相关离子通道基因等表达的变化。结果表明,LoxD受干旱胁迫诱导,过表达LoxD基因提高了叶片相对含水量和可溶性糖含量,降低了MDA的含量,上调了SnRK2-like、SLAC1、AtrbohD、CPK1表达,下调ABI2、KAT1表达,激活了保卫细胞中H₂O₂信号,气孔开度变小,从而减少了干旱胁迫下水分的散失。说明LoxD基因参与了番茄抗旱性的调控。     

番茄苗期耐盐性相关指标的筛选研究

研究了番茄苗期耐盐性相关的指标,测定不同NaCl胁迫下不同耐盐性番茄品种苗期盐害指数、相对电导率、游离脯氨酸含量、过氧化物酶活性、过氧化氢酶活性、叶绿素含量、可溶性糖含量和丙二醛含量.结果表明:盐害指数、相对电导率、脯氨酸含量、过氧化物酶活性和过氧化氢酶活性可以作为番茄耐盐性筛选的指标.     

红光和蓝光对葡萄叶片衰老与活性氧代谢的影响

为了明确红光和蓝光对葡萄叶片衰老与活性氧代谢的影响,以设施延迟栽培条件下叶片衰老速度不同的两个葡萄品种‘意大利’和‘无核白鸡心’为试材,分别进行补充红光和蓝光处理,以未补光处理作对照,研究其对功能叶片衰老期间叶绿素和可溶性蛋白质含量,净光合速率,丙二醛（MDA）含量,过氧化氢酶（CAT）、过氧化物酶（POD）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性及超氧阴离子自由基（）和过氧化氢（H2O2）含量的影响。研究结果表明：与对照相比,红光明显减缓了叶片中叶绿素和可溶性蛋白质含量以及净光合速率的下降,提高了CAT和SOD活性,减慢了MDA、、H2O2的上升速率,推迟了H2O2出现最大含量的时间,延缓了叶片衰老;蓝光处理下,叶片衰老前期的叶绿素含量、净光合速率、抗氧化酶活性均低于对照,加速了叶片的衰老进程,但在后期叶绿素含量、净光合速率和抗氧化酶活性逐渐高于对照,在一定程度上延缓了叶片衰老。两个品种间比较,‘意大利’叶片衰老缓慢,在生育后期仍能维持较高的抗氧化酶活性。     

ALA预处理缓解桃树幼叶低温伤害的效应

【目的】了解外源5-氨基乙酰丙酸（5-aminolevulinic acid,ALA）预处理对桃树幼叶低温胁迫的影响。【方法】以春季桃树幼叶为试材,用50 mg·L-1ALA溶液喷施叶片,然后于处理后3、6、9和12 d采集幼叶,置于-6℃低温冰柜中处理0、2、4和6 h,测定不同处理的叶片叶绿素快速荧光曲线,分析PSⅡ和PSⅠ反应中心最大光化学效率及其电子传递速率。选取ALA预处理6 d的叶片,测定相对电导率、渗透调节物质含量、抗氧化酶活性及丙二醛（MDA）含量,分析PSⅡ反应中心蛋白编码基因和脯氨酸代谢关键基因的相对表达量。【结果】与对照相比,ALA预处理6～12 d,可以显著抑制低温胁迫导致的桃树叶片叶绿素快速荧光诱导动力学曲线早期荧光上升和晚期荧光下降。方差分析表明,ALA预处理6 d时显著提高PSⅡ和PSⅠ反应中心最大光化学效率（分别为φPo和φRo）、PSⅠ反应中心被氧化的最大速率（VPSI）以及PSⅡ传递电子还原PSI反应中心的最大速率（VPSII-PSI）。生理生化分析表明,低温胁迫导致桃树叶片相对电导率上升,而ALA预处理显著抑制其上升幅度。ALA预处理提高了低温胁迫...     

MeJA与低温预贮对枇杷冷害和活性氧代谢的影响

 研究了低温预贮（10 ℃ 6 d）结合茉莉酸甲酯（MeJA 10 µmol · L^-1）处理对‘解放钟’枇杷果实冷害和活性氧代谢的影响。发现低温预贮与MeJA结合处理,能够有效降低冷藏枇杷的冷害指数,抑制果实硬度的上升和出汁率的下降;此外,显著减少枇杷果实中丙二醛（MDA）的积累并抑制细胞膜透性的升高,维持超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（AsA-POD）和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-POD）较高的活性,并降低超氧阴离子（）生成速率和过氧化氢（H₂O₂）含量。结果表明,低温预贮与MeJA结合处理可以维持枇杷果实活性氧代谢平衡,延缓膜脂过氧化进程,从而减轻枇杷在冷藏过程中的冷害症状,延长果实贮藏寿命。     

Effects of exogenous salicylic acid and nitric oxide on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme activities in leaves of Brassica napus L. under nickel stress

The effects of nickel in combination with salicylic acid (SA) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a donor of nitric oxide (NO) on 21-day-old canola plants were evaluated. Exposure to 0.5 mM NiCl₂·6H₂O for 10 days resulted in toxicity symptoms such as chlorosis and necrosis at leaves. Addition of 0.2 mM SA or 0.2 mM SNP slightly reduced the toxic effects of nickel. After application of both SA and NO, these symptoms considerably decreased. Treatment with Ni resulted in a decrease in dry weight of roots and shoots and chlorophyll content of leaves. In Ni-treated plants, level of lipoxygenase activity and malondialdehyde (MDA), H₂O₂ and proline contents significantly increased, while the activities of the antioxidant enzymes such as catalase, guaiacol peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase decreased in leaves. The results indicated that Ni caused an oxidative stress in canola plants. The Ni-stressed plants exposed to SA or NO, especially to SA + NO, exhibited an improved growth as compared to Ni-treated plants. SA or NO, especially both together considerably reduced root-to-shoot translocation of Ni and increased the activities of the antioxidant enzymes in leaves of Ni-stressed plants. Interaction of SA and NO improved the chlorophyll content and decreased the level of lipid peroxidation, H₂O₂ and proline accumulation in leaves. These results suggest that SA or NO in particular their combination counteract the negative effects of Ni on canola plants.     

Acetyl salicylic acid induces stress tolerance in tomato plants grown at a low night-time temperature

Summary

Abiotic stresses are becoming more prevalent as the intensity of agriculture and the demand for farmable land increase. Night-time temperature is one of the major environmental factors that influence plant metabolic processes. The permeability of cell membranes, levels of osmoregulatory substances, reproductive flowering stage, growth rate, and total anti-oxidant capacities of leaves were investigated in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum, formerly Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. ‘Liaoyuanduoli’) plants exposed to a low night-time temperature (LNT) of 9ºC or to an ambient night-time temperature (ANT) of 15ºC, with or without exogenous foliar spray treatment with acetyl salicylic acid (acetyl-SA). Three applications of 1.0 ml of 0.4 mM acetyl-SA made to 4-week-old tomato seedlings at 5 d intervals reduced the decline in fruit yield in the first and second fruit clusters due to LNT treatment by decreasing malondialdehyde (MDA) and increasing proline concentrations and total anti-oxidant capacity in tomato leaves. Under LNT stress, lipid peroxidation, measured in terms of MDA content, and hence membrane permeability were reduced by 0.4 mM acetyl-SA treatment. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POX) activities were increased by 0.4 mM acetyl-SA treatment. The accumulation of superoxide free radicals (O₂ ^?–) was inhibited, but H₂O₂ concentrations were increased by 0.4 mM acetyl-SA treatment. These results suggest that acetyl-SA could be used as a growth regulator to improve fruit yields and the tolerance of tomato plants exposed to LNT stress.     

拟南芥耐寒基因AtCOR15a在番茄中异源表达增强其耐寒性

拟南芥耐寒基因AtCOR15a由冷诱导启动子RD29A控制后,重组进双元表达载体,经根癌农杆菌介导,将该基因导入‘Ailsa Craig’番茄。研究发现,筛选出的3个高表达转基因株系的耐寒性比野生型显著增强;外源基因AtCOR15a的表达量在低温处理过程中呈现先增后降的变化趋势,且在处理6h达到最大值;在冷胁迫下,该基因的表达促进了转基因植株中SlDehydrin-like(Sl DEHL)和SlDehydrin Ci7(SlCi7)等内源冷诱导基因的表达,降低了细胞膜透性和丙二醛(MDA)含量,减少了活性氧H_2O_2和O_2~.的积累,增强了超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶等活性氧清除酶的活性,提高了游离脯氨酸含量。因此,AtCOR15a异源表达能够显著增强转基因番茄的耐寒性。     

转话TERF1糖橙耐旱性研究

对转TEBF1糖橙及其对照在干旱胁迫下的研究表明,随胁迫程度的加深,对照叶片出现萎蔫,光合作用能力下降,在重度胁迫（sRwc=10％）下,叶片脱落,生长趋于停止,叶绿素含量下降达50．0％。而转基因植株仅嫩叶轻度萎蔫,叶绿素含量下降25．9％;转基因植株脯氨酸（Pro）累积量增加明显,丙二醛（MDA）含量低于同期对照,保护性酶（CAT、POD、SOD）活力均强于同期对照植株。试验结果表明：转基因株系对干旱的抗性强于对照植株,其中转基因5号株系（TS）对干旱抗性最强。     

Effects of proline on antioxidant system in leaves of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) exposed to oxidative stress by H2O2

Although proline is one of the major computable organic solutes that accumulate in many plant species in abiotic stresses, a hot debate continues about whether proline accumulation is a reaction to abiotic stress, or a plant's response is associated with stress tolerance. The effects of proline on antioxidative system in grape leaves of Vitis vinifera L. cv., ‘Öküzgözü’ exposed to oxidative stress by H₂O₂ was investigated. Endogenous proline, hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations, percentage of electrolyte leakage (EL), and some of the antioxidant enzyme activities; such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and guaiacol peroxidase (POD) were measured spectrophotometrically. Inhibitory effect of H₂O₂ on antioxidant enzyme activities, MDA, and EL was found. In the presence of proline, SOD and CAT activities decreased, while POD and APX activities increased. Proline pre-treatment resulted in a decrease in cellular H₂O₂ content, MDA, and EL, while cellular concentration of proline increased. Based on the finding, it was suggested that proline and H₂O₂ could play an important role in oxidative stress injury of grapevine leaves grown in vitro culture. Also, proline might have a direct positive effect on antioxidant enzyme system, membrane phase change, MDA, and EL.     

硒对酥梨叶片衰老及抗氧化酶系统的影响

 研究喷施Na₂SeO₃对砀山酥梨（Pyrus bretschneider Rehd.‘Dangshan Suli’）叶片衰老及抗氧化酶系统的影响。结果表明：与对照相比,喷施低浓度的硒（5 mg · L^-1）,可明显延迟衰老叶片含水量、干样质量、叶绿素和可溶性蛋白含量的下降,显著提高SOD和GSH-Px活性,降低H₂O₂、和MDA含量,平均延迟落叶7.25 d;喷施中等（10 mg · L^-1）和高浓度（20 mg · L^-1）的硒对延缓叶片衰老的效果变差,且浓度越高,效果越差;叶面喷硒对POD活性具有抑制作用。硒延缓梨树叶片衰老存在浓度差异,低浓度的硒可能通过提高SOD、GSH-Px等酶的活性参与叶片衰老进程的调控,从而降低膜脂过氧化水平,延长叶片功能期。     

杧果采前喷施茉莉酸甲酯对其抗病性和采后品质的影响

 以‘台农1号’杧果（Mangifera indica L.‘Tainong 1’）为试材,研究了采前喷施茉莉酸甲酯（MeJA）处理对杧果抗病性和采后品质的影响及其相关机理。结果表明,与对照果实相比,50 μmol · L^-1 MeJA采前处理显著降低了采收时的病果率和贮藏期的病情指数,抑制了接种炭疽病菌果实的病斑直径;有利于杧果贮藏品质的保持,提高了果肉中维生素C含量,延缓了可溶性糖含量的升高和可滴定酸含量的降低;同时,采前MeJA处理可以提高杧果果皮中苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）、过氧化物酶（POD）、多酚氧化酶（PPO）和β–1,3–葡聚糖酶（GLU）等防御酶的活性,提高贮藏早期的过氧化氢（H₂O₂）水平,抑制贮藏后期H₂O₂和MDA含量的积累。这些结果表明,采前MeJA处理提高杧果抗病性和保持果实品质与激活杧果的防御系统及降低膜脂过氧化程度有关。     

Effect of CaCl2 treatment on the acclimatisation of mericlone seedlings of Cattleya and Phalaenopsis

Summary

To increase resistance to environmental stress during the acclimatisation of mericlone seedlings of Cattleya and Phalaenopsis, seedlings were treated with CaCl₂. The effectiveness of CaCl₂ treatment on acclimatisation was determined by investigating the levels of anti-oxidative enzyme activity and reactive oxygen species (ROS), the amounts of chlorophyll and malondialdehyde (MDA), the net rate of photosynthesis (A), and the area of leaf-burn caused by high temperature injury. The activities of four anti-oxidative enzymes [superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and peroxidase (POD)] in mericlone seedlings of Cattleya and Phalaenopsis increased with CaCl₂ treatment. The highest increase was in the treatment with 4 mM CaCl₂. Mericlone seedlings treated with 4 mM CaCl₂ had increased SOD, CAT, APX, and POD activities compared with the controls after 35 d of acclimatisation in a greenhouse. The levels of superoxide anions (O₂^?–) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) were also low. In line with this, any decrease in chlorophyll content, increase in MDA content, drop in A, or injury due to high temperature stress were mitigated by CaCl₂ treatment. These results show that CaCl₂ treatment is effective for the acclimatisation of mericlone seedlings of Cattleya and Phalaenopsis by increasing their resistance to environmental stress.     

草莓去果降低库力对叶片光合特性和光破坏防御系统的影响

 以‘甜查理’草莓（Fragaria ananassa Duch.‘Sweet Charlie’）为试验材料,研究了通过去果处理降低库力对草莓叶片光合作用、叶绿素荧光参数、抗氧化酶和抗氧化物质日变化的影响。与留果对照相比,去果处理的草莓叶片光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率明显降低,而胞间CO2浓度相对增高。去果明显降低了叶片光系统Ⅱ（PSⅡ）实际量子效率（ΦPSⅡ）、光化学猝灭系数（qP）和开放的PSⅡ反应中心激发能捕获效率（Fv’/Fm’）,但非光化学猝灭（NPQ）值却明显提高。去果处理叶片中过氧化氢（H2O2）、丙二醛（MDA）含量和超氧阴离子自由基火（）产生速率明显高于留果对照,说明去果处理使得草莓叶片受到了活性氧的伤害。去果后,抗氧化酶超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性以及抗氧化物质抗坏血酸（AsA）和还原性谷胱甘肽（GSH）含量较留果对照显著提高,说明植物体通过上调抗氧化酶活性和提高抗氧化物质含量来应对去果处理带来的活性氧的增加,以减轻活性氧带来的伤害。