Antifeedant activity of solvent extracts of neem seed kernel against Spodoptera litura F. and their persistency against sunlight through encapsulation

Abstract

Different solvent extracts of neem seed kernels were evaluated against Spodoptera litura F. on cauliflower, Brassica oleracea var. botrytis leaves. Based on this evaluation, aqueous extract was dissolved in ethanol, and methanol extract in ethanol, and dissolved parts were designated as fraction I and fraction II, respectively. The extracts having more antifeedant activity were encapsulated to achieve stability against the sunlight. Among the solvent extracts tested at 1.0% concentration, methanol extract provided maximum protection (100%) of the leaves followed by ethanol (98.39%) and aqueous (93.01%) extracts. Fraction I and fraction 11 were equally effective at 0.1 % concentration against S. litura larvae and checked more than 70% of leaf damage. However, such extracts were found to be unstable when exposed to sunlight. The pre‐gelatinized starch‐encapsulated products, viz. ρre‐gel I and pre‐gel II were quite stable and afforded more than 68.0% protection to the cauliflower leaves even after 6 days of exposure to sunlight.     

The antifeedant effect of neem seed kernel extract and azadirachtin on nymphs ofEyprepocnemis plorans

Acridids belonging to different species and families exhibit large differences in their response to neem components. In this context the antifeedant effect of a methanolic neem seed kernel extract (NSKE) and of azadirachtin (AZA) on fourth-instar nymphs of the acrididEyprepocnemis plorans Charpentier (Saltatoria:Acrididae) was investigated. Nymphs were offered either saccharose-impregnated filter paper disks or leaves of broad beans, treated with neem components. The amount of substrate consumed was determined by weighing the filter paper or by measuring the leaf area. On filter paper both NSKE and AZA were highly active down to the 10⁻⁴% treatment. In the leaf treatment, however, AZA was definitely more active than NSKE, with 100% deterrence at 10⁻⁴% and 10⁻²%, respectively. The methanolic NSKE was somewhat more active than the commercial preparation ‘Neemark’.     

Efficacy of crude seed extracts of Annona squamosa against diamondback moth,Plutella xylostella L. in the greenhouse

Experiments were conducted to assess the efficacy of crude seed extracts of Annona squamosa collected from Ambon (Maluku, Indonesia) against larvae of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella L., feeding on cabbage. Three greenhouse trials were carried out using aqueous seed extracts and an aqueous emulsion of ethanolic seed extracts. At a concentration of 0.5% (w/v), an aqueous emulsion of an ethanolic seed extract was 2.5 fold more effective than 1% rotenone, a commercial botanical insecticide. Crude aqueous seed extracts showed efficacy comparable to pyrethrum, the most widely used botanical insecticide. Seed extract of A. squamosa is a promising candidate for development as a simple botanical insecticide for local use in rural Indonesia.     

嗜线虫致病杆菌CB6菌株对小菜蛾幼虫生物活性的研究

用叶碟法测定了嗜线虫致病杆菌CB6菌株发酵液对小菜蛾幼虫的致死率、拒食活性以及对生长发育的影响。结果表明 ,其发酵液对幼虫有较高的生物活性 ,取食 3d后 ,1～3龄幼虫的校正死亡率分别为 84.75%、68.33%和 59.32%。 4龄幼虫取食量显著减少 ,选择性拒食率为 76.59% ,非选择性拒食率为 69.72%。 3龄幼虫取食发酵液处理的叶片后 ,生长极其缓慢 ,在 48h时体重抑制率达 100% ,化蛹率和羽化率均明显下降 ,其中化蛹率仅为 15.56% ,100%蛹不能羽化。     

草麻黄提取物对小菜蛾幼虫的拒食活性研究

用浸渍圆形叶碟法测定了草麻黄(Ephedra sinica Stapf.)不同溶剂提取的不同浓度提取液对小菜蛾幼虫的拒食活性。研究结果表明,除石油醚提取液拒食活性较弱外,甲醇、乙醇、丙酮和氯仿提取液对小菜蛾3龄幼虫拒食活性均较强;在选择性拒食试验和非选择性拒食试验中,拒食活性都是随提取液浓度的升高而增大。在高浓度处理下(干重500 g/L),选择性拒食试验中氯仿提取液的活性最强,24 h拒食率为95.48%;在非选择性拒食试验中乙醇提取液的活性最强,24 h拒食率为97.32%。     

The residual effect of a neem seed kernel extract sprayed on fodder beet against larvae ofSpodoptera littoralis

The residual effect of a dried methanolic extract of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) seed kernels was investigated with larvae of the Egyptian cotton leafworm,Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.), in field trials. Fodder beet was sprayed with 1% emulsions of the extract. The treated leaves were collected from the field 1, 3, 5 and 9 days after spraying and offered to the larvae for 48 h. Survival and mean weight of the larvae were recorded 2, 4, 6, 9 and 11 days from the start of exposure to the residues, and rate of pupation was calculated. The extract had a strong antifeedant effect and an intense insect growth-regulating (IGR) effect in field-treated leaves, especially with the 1- and 3-day-old residues. A positive correlation was found between the age of the residues and the mean percent of live larvae, larval weight and pupation rate of the larvae.     

Activity of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) seed kernel extracts against the mustard aphid,Lipaphis erysimi

An aqueous, an ethanolic and a hexane extract obtained from neem(Azadirachta indica A. Juss) seed kernels were tested for insecticidal activity against the mustard aphid,Lipaphis erysimi Kalt. The hexane extract, which exhibited a much higher activity than the two other extracts, had an LC50 of 0.674%. When the hexane extract was partitioned with ethanol, the ethanol-soluble fraction had an LC₅₀ of 0.328%, whereas the ethanol-insoluble part showed no activity even at 1%. Column chromatography of the ethanol-soluble fraction yielded eight compounds: nimbin, epinimbin, desacetylnimbin, salannin, desacetyl-salannin, azadirachtin and two unidentified compounds — a salannin derivative and a nonterpenoid. Of these, only five could be tested. Nimbin and epinimbin exhibited no toxicity at 0.3%, whereas salannin, a salannin derivative and the non-terpenoid gave LC₅₀ values of 0.055, 0.096 and 0.104%, respectively.     

Efficacy of Azadirachta excelsa vinegar against Plutella xylostella

The diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), is considered a major pest for crucifers in Malaysia. New control materials are constantly required as P. xylostella population develops resistance to most of the insecticides used against them. In this study, vinegar derived from Azadirachta excelsa (Jack) Jacobs was evaluated against the third-instar larvae of P. xylostella and an appropriate application dose required to control the pest was determined in the laboratory trial. Results indicated A. excelsa vinegar to be a useful control measure, significantly reducing P. xylostella leaf consumption and adult size of P. xylostella. Interestingly, mortality rate of larval, pupae and adult was significantly increased by the application of A. excelsa vinegar. An in-diet EC₅₀ of 80× against larvae was achieved, whilst obvious defects in adult moth were also recorded. The results indicate that A. excelsa vinegar exhibits potential to be used against P. xylostella.     

杠柳萃取物对小菜蛾幼虫的毒杀活性研究

以杠柳Periploca sepium Bunge的根为材料进行甲醇超声波提取,粗提物以水/氯仿(1:1,v/v)萃取获得杠柳根氯仿萃取物。测定了萃取物对小菜蛾Plutella xyllostellaL.3龄幼虫的胃毒和触杀活性。实验结果显示,在50μg/头剂量处理下24h和48h后,氯仿萃取物对小菜蛾3龄幼虫的胃毒死亡率分别为82.22%和92.59%,显著高于触杀死亡率58.89%和68.15%。这一结果表明,杠柳根中含有对小菜蛾幼虫具有较强胃毒作用的活性成分。     

Larvicidal activity against Plutella xylostella of cordycepin from the fruiting body of Cordyceps militaris

The insecticidal activities of methanol extracts of Cordyceps militaris Link (Ascomycotina: Clavicipitaceae) cultured on fresh pupae of Bombyx mori L against 3rd-instar larvae of Plutella xylostella L were examined using direct contact application. The larvicidal activity was more pronounced in an extract of C militaris fruiting body than in an extract of the pupae separated from the culture. The biologically active constituent of the Cordyceps fruiting body was characterized as cordycepin (3'-deoxyadenosine) by spectroscopic analysis. Responses varied according to dose, exposure time and application method. In a leaf-dipping test, cordycepin at 500 mg litre-1 caused no mortality at 1 DAT (day after treatment) but 78 and 100% mortality at 2 and 4 DAT, respectively, whereas 34 and 88% mortality at 3 and 5 DAT, respectively was observed at 300 mg litre-1. Cordycepin caused body colour change from pale green to dark brown and eventually body lysis. These results suggested that the larvicidal action may be attributable to a direct effect rather than an inhibitory action on chitin synthesis. There was a significant difference in insecticidal activity of cordycepin between leaf dipping (500 mg litre-1) with 100% mortality and topical application (10 micrograms per larva) with 0% mortality, suggesting that cordycepin has stomach action. Cordycepin merits further study as a potential P xylostella control agent or as a lead compound.     

Biological activity of neem against the red pumpkin beetle,Aulacophora Foveicollis

The biological activity of neem on the red pumpkin beetle,Aulacophora foveicollis Lucas, was studied. The effective concentration for 50% antifeedant activity was 0.01% methanolic neem seed kernel extract (NSKE) and 0.4% neem oil, using leaves of muskmelon as feeding substrate. No-choice feeding of adults for a period of 11 days on leaves of muskmelon treated with 0.5-2.0% NSKE led to nearly 50% mortality within 4-7 days, whereas there was no mortality of adults fed on as high as 2% neem oil. The antifeedant activity of NSKE was found to vary with curcurbitaceous hosts. Neem oil as a residual film had an LC₅₀ of 0.7%. Unlike most chemical insecticides, 1% aqueous NSKE was not phytotoxic to the 5-day-old cotyledon stage and to 15- and 35-day-old crop stages of muskmelon, whereas 1% neem oil was toxic to the 5-day-old cotyledon stage and 15-day-old crop of muskmelon, but not to the 35-day-old crop.     

Efficacy of diflubenzuron and neem seed kernel suspension against the tobacco caterpillar,spodoptera litura,in tobacco nurseries

Nursery tests showed that aqueous sprays of a 25% diflubenzuron (DFB) W.P. at 0.007%, 0.009%, 0.011% and 0.013% a.i., a 2% neem seed kernel suspension (NSKS) in water and a combination of 1% NSKS plus 0.0035% DFB protected tobacco seedlings from tobacco caterpillar (Spodoptera litura [F.]) damage up to 9 days after spraying. Weekly treatments in a bulk nursery with 0.009% DFB and 2% NSKS commencing 4 weeks after germination and continued for 7 weeks, offered significant protection and significantly reducedS. litura larval population compared with an unprotected nursery.     

Toxicity of neem (Azadirachta Indica) seed kernel extracts prepared with different solvents,on the spider chiracanthium mildei

The toxicity of neem seed kernel extracts prepared with different solvents against the predatory spider,Chiracanthium mildei L. Koch, was investigated. The order of toxicity of the 4% extracts was pentane < acetone < ethanol << methanol = water (nontoxic). All extracts were nontoxic at 2.5%.     

小菜蛾越冬生物学特性研究

研究了小菜蛾不同虫态的过冷却点,蛹的低温生存能力和越冬能力。小菜蛾的过冷却现象比较明显,蛹期过冷却点最低(-20.12℃),成虫次之(-16.56℃),幼虫期高(平均为-13.72℃),其中4龄幼虫过冷却点最高(-8.5℃)。表明在不同虫态中,蛹的抗低温能力最强。在-10、-5、0℃和5℃条件下,小菜蛾蛹的LT50、LT90、LT99.9随着温度的降低而缩短;蛹死亡99.9%需要的时间分别为10.29、21.68、27.77、41.39d,表明在冬季温度连续低于0℃时间超过28d的地区,小菜蛾不能越冬。连续两年冬天的埋蛹试验结果,蛹在北京4个地点的越冬死亡率均为100%。结合我国的气候区划分析,初步确定小菜蛾在北京地区野外不能越冬。     

Efficacy of neem seed derivatives against nematodes affecting banana

Soil applications of powdered neem seed or neem cake at 100 g/plant at planting and, subsequently, at 3-month intervals, reduced the populations ofPratylenchus goodeyi Sher & Allen andMeloidogyne spp. on par with Furadan 5G (carbofuran) applied at 40 g/plant at planting and then at 6-month intervals to banana plants grown in 100-/ containers with controlled levels of banana nematode infestations. Eight months after planting, banana plants treated with powdered neem cake, seed or kernel or with neem oil had 4 to 95 times fewer parasitic nematodes than the untreated control. However, only neem cake powder or neem seed powder applied to unpared banana plants kept the nematode population below the economic threshold.     

丙溴磷·高效氯氰菊酯混配制剂对小菜蛾幼虫室内毒力测定

采用Potter喷雾塔喷雾法测定丙溴磷与高效氯氰菊酯不同配比对小菜蛾的室内毒力,用孙云沛的共毒系数法评价了2种药剂的联合作用。结果表明,丙溴磷与高效氯氰菊酯制成的含量为42％丙溴磷·2％高氯(混配1)与40％丙溴磷·4％高氯(混配2)混剂在处理后24h和48h,表现出显著的增效作用。     

Effects of neem (Azadirachta indica) seed kernel extracts from different solvents on the carmine spider mite,Tetranychus cinnabarinus

Extracts of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) seed kernels prepared from various solvents affected the behavior and fecundity of the carmine spider mite,Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisd.). Bean leaf discs freshly sprayed with different concentrations of the extracts strongly repelled the females from the treated leaves and egg-laying was reduced. On the basis of EC 50s for both parameters, the order of effectiveness of the extracts was pentane > chloroform >n-butanol > acetone > methanol > H₂ 0 (inactive). The activity decreased with increasing dielectric constant of the extracting solvent. The chloroform and butanol extracts in the original solvents were phytotoxic. Bean leaf discs 7 days after spraying with the pentane and acetone extracts, still caused mortality and reduction in fecundity of adult females, but no repellency. The acetone and the pentane extracts sprayed directly on adult female mites on bean leaf discs, caused repellency and reduction of fecundity and also mortality of adults.     

球孢白僵菌生物学特性与其对小菜蛾致病力相关性分析

为明确球孢白僵菌的各项生物学指标与其对小菜蛾致病力间的相关性,对一株球孢白僵菌菌株GXU-Bb进行单孢分离,测定了菌株GXU-Bb及其分离子菌株GXU-Bb16、GXU-Bb10、GXU-Bb13和GXU-Bb05这5个菌株的生长速率、产孢量、孢子萌发率、胞外蛋白酶水平和几丁质酶水平等多项生物学指标。结果表明,各菌株间生长速率和孢子萌发率无显著差异;产孢量变化范围1.54×10^7-2.98×10^7个/ml;胞外蛋白酶水平变化范围1.04-1.19;几丁质酶水平变化范围1.05-1.14;各菌株间对小菜蛾二龄幼虫的致病力差异较大,校正死亡率变化范围为39.81%-83.79%。将各生物学指标与菌株对小菜蛾二龄幼虫的校正死亡率进行回归分析得出,球孢白僵菌对小菜蛾的致病力与菌株生长速率、孢子萌发率无显著相关关系;与产孢量、胞外蛋白酶水平呈极显著正相关关系;与几丁质酶水平呈显著正相关关系。     

华北白前生物碱对小菜蛾生物活性的研究

为明确华北白前生物碱对重要的鳞翅目害虫小菜蛾的生物活性,采用点滴法和叶碟饲喂法测定了从华北白前中提取的生物碱对小菜蛾的触杀、胃毒和生长调节作用。结果表明,白前生物碱浓度大于500 mg/kg时,对3龄小菜蛾幼虫触杀的死亡率达23.33%。叶碟饲喂小菜蛾结果显示,10 d内,白前浓度50mg/kg时无幼虫死亡,12 d后各浓度均表现出胃毒作用,但是死亡率不显著,500 mg/kg浓度的死亡率仅为30%;各处理小菜蛾幼虫的生长发育缓慢,体重均较对照低,幼虫生长受到显著抑制,抑制程度随生物碱浓度的增加而增加,药后12 d时生物碱对小菜蛾幼虫生长的抑制率在11.78%~92.20%之间。