Induction of antibodies in mice by a recombinant baculovirus expressing pseudorabies virus glycoprotein B in mammalian cells.

The glycoprotein gB of pseudorabies virus (PrV) was expressed in various mammalian cells by a recombinant baculovirus carrying the PrV gB gene under the control of the CAG promoter. When the recombinant baculovirus was inoculated into the stable porcine kidney cell line CPK, expression of PrV gB was detected by immunofluorescent antibody analysis and a 155 kDa of protein, which has the same molecular mass as the native PrV gB, was detected by Western blotting. High levels of expression of PrV gB were observed in BHK-21, HmLu-1 and SK-H cell lines. Furthermore, anti-PrV gB-specific antibodies against PrV gB protein were detected by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in mice inoculated the recombinant baculovirus. The recombinant baculovirus containing the PrV glycoprotein gB gene under the CAG promoter could be a candidate for a pseudorabies vaccine.     

Equine herpesvirus 1 glycoprotein D expressed in E. coli provides partial protection against equine herpesvirus infection in mice and elicits virus-neutralizing antibodies in the horse

The envelope glycoprotein D of EHV-1 (EHV-1 gD) is essential for virus infectivity and entry of virus into cells and is a potent inducer of virus-neutralizing antibody. In this study, truncated EHV-1 gD (gDt) was expressed with a C-terminal hexahistidine tag in E. coli using a pET vector. Western blot analysis using an anti-gD monoclonal antibody demonstrated the presence of gDt bands at 37.5, 36, 29.5 and 28 kDa. The immunogenicity and protective efficacy of partially purified gDt was compared with gD expressed in insect cells by a recombinant baculovirus (Bac gD) using a BALB/c mouse model of EHV-1 respiratory infection. The proteins were also compared in a prime-boost protocol following an initial inoculation with gD DNA. gDt elicited similar levels of gD-specific antibody and neutralizing antibody compared with Bac gD and also provided a similar level of protection against EHV-1 challenge in mice. Inoculation of horses with gDt elicited EHV-1 gD-specific antibodies including virus-neutralizing antibody, suggesting that despite the lack of glycosylation, E. coli may be a useful vehicle for large scale production of EHV-1 gD for vaccine studies.     

Expression of Recombinant bovine L-selectin in Escherichia coli and insect cells.

Bovine L-selectin was expressed in bacteria using pGEX vector and in insect cells infected with recombinant baculovirus in order to obtain recombinant protein for preparation of specific antiserum and its functional studies. In bacterial expression, L-selectin fusion protein with glutathione S-transferase was detected in the insoluble fraction with the expected molecular weight of 60 kDa by SDS-PAGE and reacted with anti-bovine CD62L monoclonal antibody in immunoblot analysis. In insect cells infected with recombinant baculovirus, a band corresponding to L-selectin was not observed in SDS-PAGE with protein staining, but they apparently reacted with anti-bovine CD62L monoclonal antibody in immunoblot analysis. Furthermore, the indirect immunofluorescence test revealed that bovine L-selectin was efficiently expressed on the surface of Sf9 cells infected with recombinant baculovirus, and flow cytometric analysis showed that the percentage of CD62L positive cells in bovine PBMC was about 66% and that most Sf9 cells infected with recombinant baculovirus had specific immunofluorescence.     

传染性喉气管炎病毒王岗株糖蛋白gB基因在重组杆状病毒中的表达

将克隆到pUC119中的传染性喉气管炎病毒（ILTV）糖蛋白gB基因，通过EcoRI位点克隆至杆状态病毒转移载体pVL1393中，构建成重组杆状病毒转移载体rpVLgB，将rpVLgB转移载体质粒与杆状态病毒DNA（Bac-N-Blue DNA)共转染Sf9昆虫细胞，经3轮蚀斑纯化，获得重组病毒并命名为rpVL－ILTVgB。PCR方法鉴定证明gB基因正确插入到杆状病毒基因组中，直接免疫荧光试验和Dot－ELISA结果均表明gB基因在重组杆状病毒感染的Sf9昆虫细胞保获得表达，表达的gB蛋白将作为鸡传染性喉气管炎的亚单位疫苗和诊断抗原。     

Expression of late viral proteins is restricted in nasal mucosal leucocytes but not in epithelial cells during early-stage equine herpes virus-1 infection

Equine herpes virus (EHV)-1 replicates in the epithelial cells of the upper respiratory tract and reaches the lamina propria and bloodstream in infected mononuclear cells. This study evaluated expression of the late viral proteins gB, gC, gD and gM in respiratory epithelial and mononuclear cells using: (1) epithelial-like rabbit kidney cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells infected with EHV-1 in vitro; (2) an equine ex vivo nasal explant system; and (3) nasal mucosa tissue of ponies infected in vivo. The viral proteins were expressed in all late-infected epithelial cells, whereas expression was not observed in infected leucocytes where proteins gB and gM were expressed in 60-90%, and proteins gC and gD in only 20% of infected cells, respectively. The results indicate that expression of these viral proteins during early-stage EHV-1 infection is highly dependent on the cell type infected.     

Mutations in the US2 and glycoprotein B genes of the equine herpesvirus 1 vaccine strain RacH have no effects on its attenuation]

The equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) modified live vaccine strain RacH is apathogenic for both laboratory animals and the natural host. The apathogenicity of RacH was caused by serial passages of the virus in heterologous cells. When compared to the virulent parental strain RacL11 several changes in the RacH genome occurred. Previous results have shown that the loss of the IR6 gene correlated with the loss of virulence. Additional important mutations were observed within the US2 gene which is directly adjacent to the IR6 gene and within the glycoprotein B (gB) gene. To answer the question whether these mutations contribute to the attenuation of RacH several recombinant EHV-1 were constructed: The mutated genes in RacH were replaced by the wild-type US2 gene or the wild-type gB gene, respectively. In addition, a RacL11 recombinant expressing the mutated (RacH) gB instead of the wild-type gene was generated. All recombinant viruses were tested for virulence using the EHV-1 mouse model. The results were as follows: i) The insertion of the RacL11 US2 gene into the RacH virus did not restore virulence and none of the infected mice showed typical signs of EHV-1-caused disease (symptoms and body weight loss). ii) Exchanging gB genes between RacL11 and RacH did not alter their virulence phenotypes remarkably either. Therefore, it is concluded that attenuation of the EHV-1 vaccine strain RacH is caused solely by the absence of the IR6 gene and protein.     

Prevalence of latent alpha-herpesviruses in Thoroughbred racing horses

The objective of this study was to detect and characterize latent equine herpes virus (EHV)-1 and -4 from the submandibular (SMLN) and bronchial lymph (BLN) nodes, as well as from the trigeminal ganglia (TG) of 70 racing Thoroughbred horses submitted for necropsy following sustaining serious musculoskeletal injuries while racing. A combination of nucleic acid precipitation and pre-amplification steps was used to increase analytical sensitivity. Tissues were deemed positive for latent EHV-1 and/or -4 infection when found PCR positive for the corresponding glycoprotein B (gB) gene in the absence of detectable late structural protein gene (gB gene) mRNA. The EHV-1 genotype was also determined using a discriminatory real-time PCR assay targeting the DNA polymerase gene (ORF 30). Eighteen (25.7%) and 58 (82.8%) horses were PCR positive for the gB gene of EHV-1 and -4, respectively, in at least one of the three tissues sampled. Twelve horses were dually infected with EHV-1 and -4, two carried a latent neurotropic strain of EHV-1, six carried a non-neurotropic genotype of EHV-1 and 10 were dually infected with neurotropic and non-neurotropic EHV-1. The distribution of latent EHV-1 and -4 infection varied in the samples, with the TG found to be most commonly infected. Overall, non-neurotropic strains were more frequently detected than neurotropic strains, supporting the general consensus that non-neurotropic strains are more prevalent in horse populations, and hence the uncommon occurrence of equine herpes myeloencephalopathy.     

牛疱疹病毒Ⅰ型gB、gE基因的克隆及其杆状病毒表达载体的构建

本试验用PCR方法扩增了牛疱疹病毒Ⅰ型(bovine herpesvirus-1,BHV-1)Bartha Nu/67株gB、gE基因片段,将其克隆到pGEM-T-easy载体。经转化、筛选、鉴定后将重组质粒经BamHⅠ和EcoRⅠ双酶切后,与经相同方法处理的杆状病毒转移载体pFastBacHTb连接,得到了重组质粒pFBHgB、pFBHgE。经酶切和测序鉴定后,将其转化入含穿梭载体Bacmid的感受态细胞DH10Bac,经抗性、蓝白斑筛选和PCR鉴定,得到了含gB、gE基因的重组穿梭载体。     

密码子优化型鹅细小病毒病毒样颗粒的表达与鉴定

根据昆虫细胞密码子的偏嗜性,对鹅细小病毒(Goose parvovirus,GPV)VP2基因的密码子进行优化,利用Bac-to-Bac表达系统构建了表达优化VP2基因的重组杆状病毒,通过感染昆虫细胞(Sf9)获得病毒样颗粒(virus-like particles,VLPs)。SDS-PAGE分析显示Sf9细胞中出现了65 kDa的蛋白条带,间接免疫荧光(indirect immunofluorescent assay,IFA)和Western blot结果均证实表达产物能与鼠抗GPV VP2抗体发生特异性反应,说明其具有良好的免疫反应性。同时,试验结果还证明,密码子优化后的GPV VP2基因在昆虫细胞中表达量得到了提高,明显高于野生型VP2基因。透射电镜观察纯化后的昆虫细胞表达产物,可见直径约30 nm的VLPs,表明密码子的优化并不影响VP2蛋白的组装。本研究为进一步研制诊断抗原以及新型GPV疫苗等奠定了基础。     

Expression and purification of recombinant swine interleukin-4

The swine interleukin-4 (SwIL-4) cDNA was cloned by RT-PCR. It was expressed using an expression vector pQE30 in E. coli, a baculovirus AcNPV vector pVL1392 in insect cells, and a pCAGGS vector in mammalian cells. The rSwIL-4 proteins expressed from bacteria and insect cells were purified using a chelating affinity column and a mAb-coupled immunoaffinity column. The amount of the products and their bioactivities were compared. All recombinant cytokines were efficiently reacted with the specific antibodies and the molecular weight of rSwIL-4 was approximately 16 kDa in E. coli, 15 and 18 kDa in insect cells, and 15 and 20 kDa in mammalian cells. Variations of molecular weight observed in insect and mammalian cells were probably due to different modification ways of glycosylation. All these recombinant proteins retained their antigenicity and were biologically active in inducing human TF-1 cell proliferation in vitro. The simple purification method will make it possible to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo effects of IL-4 in pigs.     

口蹄疫病毒P12X3C3D多基因编码蛋白在昆虫细胞中的表达与检测

利用杆状病毒表达系统构建了包含有口蹄疫病毒（FMDV）P12X3C3D多基因片段的重组杆状病毒。将该病毒感染Sf9细胞后，利用SDS—PAGE及夹心ELISA方法检测目的蛋白的表达。结果表明，重组杆状病毒能够表达FMDV目的蛋白，该表达产物能被FMDV阳性血清识别，具有一定的反应原性。     

Detection and quantification of equine herpesvirus-1 viremia and nasal shedding by real-time polymerase chain reaction.

Equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) infection is common in young horses throughout the world, resulting in respiratory disease, epidemic abortion, sporadic myelitis, or latent infections. To improve on conventional diagnostic tests for EHV-1, a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique was developed, using primers and probes specific for the EHV-1 gB gene. Amplification efficiencies of 100% +/- 5% were obtained for DNA isolated from a plasmid, infected peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), and nasal secretions from infected ponies. The dynamic range of the assay was 8 log10 dilutions, and the lower limit of detection was 6 DNA copies. Fifteen ponies, seronegative for EHV-1, were experimentally infected with EHV-1, and nasal samples were used to quantify shedding of virus by both virus isolation and real-time PCR analysis. Virus isolation identified nasal shedding of EHV-1 in 12/15 ponies on a total of 25 days; real-time PCR detected viral shedding in 15/15 ponies on 75 days. Viremia was quantified using PBMC DNA, subsequent to challenge infection in 3 additional ponies. Viremia was identified in 1/3 ponies on a single day by virus isolation; real-time PCR detected viremia in 3/3 ponies on 17 days. When real-time PCR was used to analyze PBMC DNA from 11 latently infected ponies (documented by nested PCR), EHV-1 was not detected. We conclude that real-time PCR is a sensitive and quantitative test for EHV-1 nasal shedding and viremia and provides a valuable tool for EHV-1 surveillance, diagnosis of clinical disease, and investigation of vaccine efficacy.     

Expression of a bioactive bovine interleukin-12 using baculovirus

Recombinant baculoviruses that express recombinant bovine interleukin-12 (rboIL-12) subunits, p35 and p40 subunits were constructed. A recombinant virus containing the p40 subunit gene expressed the p40 subunit as a 40kDa monomer and an 80kDa disulfide-linked homodimer in the infected insect cells and in the culture supernatant. The p35 subunit was expressed in a 30kDa monomer in the infected cells but not in the supernatant. Superinfection of both recombinant viruses into the cells in a spinner flask resulted in the formation of a 70kDa disulfide-bonded heterodimer detected in the supernatant by immunoblotting using anti-p40 and anti-p35 subunits antibodies. The superinfected culture supernatant showed induction of IFNgamma mRNA synthesis and IFNgamma production in bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Thus, the bioactive rboIL-12 was produced in large scale using a baculovirus expression system.     

Characterization of equid herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) related viruses from captive Grevy's zebra and blackbuck

Equid herpes virus 1 (EHV-1) related isolates from a captive blackbuck (strain Ro-1) and Grevy's zebra (strain T965) behaved similarly to EHV-1 and EHV-9 in respect to their host cell range. Restriction enzyme analysis and a phylogenetic tree confirmed that Ro-1 and T965 were identical and more closely related to EHV-1 than to EHV-9. Differences from EHV-1 became obvious firstly, by amino acid alignments revealing two unique substitutions in the gB protein of Ro-1 and T965. Secondly, an EHV-1 type-specific monoclonal antibody did not detect its antigen on Ro-1, T965 or EHV-9 infected cells by immunohistochemistry. The results support the view that Ro-1 and T965 isolates represent a distinct, previously unrecognized species of equid herpesviruses.     

禽马立克氏病毒糖蛋白B基因在家蚕中的表达

将马克克氏病毒（Marek'sdiseasevirus，MDV）糖蛋白B（gB）基因克隆入转移载体pBac－PAK8中，得到重组转移载体质粒pBacPAK（gB）。经限制性酶切图谱结合Southernblot分析鉴定表明，gB基因以正确方向插入转移载体，受多角体蛋白基因启动子控制。将此转移载体与经CvnI酶切线性化的亲本病毒Bm－BacPAK6DNA通过脂质体法共转梁家蚕细胞，只有发生重组的病毒才有复制增殖的能力。然后通过蓝白斑筛选、结合点杂交，纯化得到重组的空斑病毒vBM，用该重组病毒接种家蚕5龄幼虫，对表达产物进行SDS－PAGE分析，检测到gB基因在家蚕中高效表达，表达产物的分子量主要为97KD，表达量约为1mg／mL血淋巴。     

Construction and Identification of Recombinant Avian Adeno-associated Virus Oviduct-specific Expressing Human Lysozyme Gene

In order to produce recombinant avian adeno-associated virus (rAAAV) oviduct-specific expressing human lysozyme (hLYZ) by the baculovirus expression system, one pair of primers was designed according to the published sequences for hLYZ, the hLYZ gene was amplified by PCR and cloned into baculovirus expression vector, which contained the oviduct-specific expression cassette and the inverted terminal repeats of avian adeno-associated virus (AAAV), the resulted plasmid was named as pFB-AIOVLYZ.Then the recombinant vector pFB-AIOVLYZ was transformed into E.coli DH10Bac, and the positive recombinant bacmid rBacmid-AIOVLYZ was screened according to the resistant and the blue-white plague screening,rBacmid-AIOVLYZ was transfected into the Sf9 insect cells by liposome. Once the cytopathic effect was found, the rBac-AIOVLYZ could be harvested.Sf9 insect cells cultured in suspension culture were infected with three recombinant baculoviruses, rBac-AIOVLYZ, rBac-VP and rBac-Rep, at an MOI of 5. 72 h later, Sf9 insect cells were collected, and recombinant viral particles rAAAV-OVLYZ were purified by filtration, chloroform extraction and PEG precipitation. Electron microscopy showed a typical morphologic feature of Parvoviridae family with virus particle size of about 20 nm. PCR results indicated that the target gene existed in the viral genome. The in vitro cell expression test showed that rAAAV could mediate the specific expression of hLYZ in oviduct cells. These results indicated that the rAAAV oviduct-specific expressing hLYZ was successfully prepared by baculovirus expression system, which laid the foundation for the preparation of hLYZ.     

输卵管特异表达人溶菌酶基因重组禽腺联病毒的构建及鉴定

试验旨在利用杆状病毒表达系统制备输卵管特异表达人溶菌酶（hLYZ）的重组禽腺联病毒（recombinant avian adeno-associated virus,rAAAV）。参照已发表的hLYZ基因序列设计1对引物,PCR扩增hLYZ基因片段,亚克隆至含输卵管特异表达盒和禽腺联病毒（AAAV）两侧末端反向重复序列（inverted terminal repeat,ITR）的转移载体中,获得重组杆状病毒转移载体pFB-AIOVLYZ,将其转化到大肠杆菌DH10Bac感受态细胞中,经抗性和蓝白斑筛选,获得重组穿梭质粒rBacmid-AIOVLYZ,在脂质体介导下转染Sf9昆虫细胞,获得重组杆状病毒rBac-AIOVLYZ。将其与表达AAAV结构蛋白的重组杆状病毒rBac-VP及表达AAAV功能蛋白的重组杆状病毒rBac-Rep以感染复数（multiplicity of infection,MOI）为5感染Sf9昆虫细胞,72 h后收集细胞沉淀,并经滤膜过滤、氯仿抽提和PEG沉淀,即为rAAAV-OVLYZ。电镜结果显示,病毒粒子大小约为20 nm,形态结构与野生AAAV相似;PCR结果显示rAAAV含有目的基因;体外细胞表达试验说明rAAAV能介导hLYZ在输卵管细胞中的特异表达。结果表明,本研究利用杆状表达系统成功制备了输卵管特异表达hLYZ基因的rAAAV,为hLYZ的大量制备奠定了基础。     

Induction of a Th-1-biased IgG subclass response against equine herpesvirus type 1 in horses previously infected with type 4 virus

An immunoglobulin G (IgG) subclass response against equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) infection was investigated in horses that were na?ve to EHV-1/4 and those that had previously been exposed to EHV-4. The IgG subclass response was determined by an ELISA using EHV-1-specific recombinant gG protein as an antigen. In most horses na?ve to EHV-1/4, IgGa, IgGb, and IgG(T) were induced after experimental infection with EHV-1. In contrast, a subclass response dominated by IgGa and IgGb, with no apparent increase in IgG(T), was observed after EHV-1 infection in horses previously infected with EHV-4. Horses naturally infected with EHV-1 in the field showed similar responses. These results indicated that pre-infection with EHV-4 induced a Th-1-biased IgG subclass response against subsequent EHV-1 infection.