鸡场鸡粪的资源化利用技术及效果

为了解决中小型养鸡场对鸡粪的处理问题，依据物料发酵的特点设计了一种对鸡粪进行高温和常温2步发酵腐熟的方法，利用过磷酸钙、秸秆粉和米糠组成的辅料混合鸡粪，加入专门配置的菌剂，极大地缩短了鸡粪完成腐熟时长，并将鸡粪腐熟成为生物有机肥，既保证了鸡粪资源的利用价值，又降低了鸡粪的处理成本，减少了污染。     

鸡粪制饲料蛋白的研究

文章介绍了国内外对鸡粪饲料化的利用,并以大量事实和实例证明了鸡粪制饲料的养殖效果和经济价值.如何才能使湿鸡粪转化为可供利用的饲料呢,文章引证了国内各种加工方法,进行了讨论和比较,最后归纳出在湿鸡粪处理中关键工艺是发酵和烘干.湿鸡粪中含有大量致病菌,排出后在短时间内就会变质发臭,根据这一特点,本文论述了通过试验采取高温快速发酵的方法,以达到灭菌和除臭的目的,并探索出了一种特殊工艺,可以使湿鸡粪的发酵和干燥周期缩短,从而完全摆脱自然条件的限制,确保鸡粪饲料化处理形成工业化生产节奏.     

十种特殊的立体循环养殖新模式

1、鱼一桑一鸡。池塘内养鱼，塘四周种桑树，桑园内养鸡。鱼池淤泥及鸡粪用作桑树肥料，蚕蛹及桑叶喂鸡，蚕粪和鸡粪喂鱼。使桑、鱼、鸡形成良好的生态循环。试验表明，每500公斤桑叶喂蚕，蚕粪喂鱼．可增加鱼产量25公斤，桑园内养20只鸡，年产鸡粪1200公斤，相当于给桑园施氮肥18公斤，磷肥17．5公斤。2、鸡─猪用饲料喂鸡，鸡粪经发酵等再生处理后喂猪，猪粪是农田的良好肥料。一般情况下，每40只肉仔鸡1年的鸡粪可养1头肥猪（从仔猪断奶至育肥至75公斤左右）。3、鸡一猪一牛用饲料喂鸡，鸡粪再生处理后喂猪，猪粪处理后喂牛，牛粪作农田…     

立体循环养鱼模式

１ 鱼—桑—鸡 池塘内养鱼，塘四周种桑树，桑园内养鸡。鱼池淤泥及鸡粪用作桑树肥料，桑叶及蚕蛹喂鸡，蚕粪和鸡粪喂鱼，桑、鱼、鸡形成良好的生态循环。试验表明，每 ５００ｋｇ桑叶喂蚕，蚕粪喂鱼，可增加鱼产量 ２５ｋｇ。桑园内养２０只鸡，年屙鸡粪１２００ｋｇ，相当于给桑园施氮肥１８ｋｇ、磷肥１７．５ ｋｇ。２鸡—猪—鱼 用饲料喂鸡，鸡粪喂猪，猪粪发酵后喂鱼，塘泥作农作物的肥料，从而形成了良性循环的生物链，达到粮增产，猪、鱼饲料成本下降的目的。试验表明，以年养１００只鸡计算，将鸡粪喂猪，可增产猪肉１００ ｋｇ左…     

三斑海马的人工生态养殖

通过构建三斑海马的生态养殖环境、培育天然活体饵料,形成人工生态系统,提高了幼体的成活率.通过施用发酵鸡粪(即把备用的晒干鸡粪,加水发酵使其熟化)50 g/m3或尿素10 g/m3,5～7 d后,投放海马幼体200 ind/m3；放苗28 d后,栽培菊花江蓠(密度0.5～2 kg/m3)作为水质调控、遮光及养殖海马的缠绕...     

鸡粪配合饲料网箱养鲤效果对比试验

为了开辟饲料资源，去年我们承担了黔东南州科委的"鸡粪配合饲料网箱养鲤试验"课题，经一年来的试验取得较好的效果，现将试验情况总结如下：一、试验材料与方法（－）试验材料1．地点及面积：在凯里市里禾水库，设置4×4×2．5米3的网箱3只，面积48平方米。2．鱼种：由独山县水产站调进鲤鱼鱼种，根据试验需要投放入箱。3．鸡粪：由黔东南州畜禽品种改良站购进鸡粪经发酵晒干剔除杂物，粉碎装袋备用。4．添加剂：使用北京市水产科学研究所生产的产品。5．进口鱼粉、豆粕、菜枯、鼓皮、次粉等饲料原料分别由省、州饲料公司购进。6．颗粒饲料…     

沾化县水产专家帮民策划渔业生产

“根据当前你的虾池水质情况，我建议你马上肥水，用200kg鸡粪发酵10天，然后装袋均匀地分散在池子底部，可解决池子的水体营养不足的问题!”4月25日，沾化县海洋与渔业局副局长刘建玉带着渔技站3名水产技术工程师正在冯家镇大流村认真指导日本对虾养殖户。     

畜粪发酵膨化饲料养鱼获得成功

为了广辟饲料来源，中国水产科学研究院渔业机械仪器研究所和上海市农业科学院畜牧兽医研究所，于1980年同上海市嘉定县水产技术推广站合作，在嘉定县封浜公社水产大队机械化养鱼场开展利用畜粪发酵膨化饲料喂养鲤鱼、罗非鱼的研究。科研人员利用60％的猪粪或鸡粪，加上40％的糠麸和粗料，加工成畜粪发酵料。再以50％的畜粪发酵料，加上50％的精饲料，加工制成膨化颗粒饲料。三年来，共进行了四次小试和二次中试。1981年9月和1982年9月，组织了二次验收测定。     

鸡粪配成颗粒饲料养鱼试验

<正> 为了开辟养鱼饲料的新途径,1989年笔者与本县养鱼专业户余作文利用鸡粪制成颗粒饲料养鱼,取得了较好的效果。一、饲料配制及鱼种饲养 1.鸡粪加工成颗粒饲料的方法及配比。将鲜鸡粪掺入一定比例的猪粪,经充分发酵腐熟后,晒干、搓碎,加入适量的玉米粉、菜籽饼,米糠和下脚面粉(粘合剂)等。然后粉碎拌匀,用颗粒饲料机加工制成颗粒状饲料。饲料中各成份的配比为:鸡粪40％,猪粪10％,玉米粉12％,菜籽饼20％,米糠10％,下脚面粉6％,贝壳粉1％,食盐     

青蛤繁育及养殖技术(下)

2.基础饵料培养为使池塘养殖的青蛤能及时摄食到充足的饵料,应在池塘消毒处理后及时施肥,培育基础饵料,再播洒苗种。常用的肥料有鸡粪、牛粪及无机肥。每亩可施发酵鸡粪100千克左右。若自然海区水质较肥,单胞藻饵料丰富,可适当减少施肥量。3.贝苗播放选择投放1000粒/千克左右的     

Growth, feed utilization and carcass composition of catfish Clarias batrachus (Linn.) fingerlings fed on dried fish and chicken viscera incorporated diets

A 30‐day feeding trial was conducted to evaluate dried fish and chicken viscera, and a combination of oil cakes as complete substitutes for fish meal in the diet of catfsh Clarias batrachus (Linn.) fingerlings. Triplicate groups of fingerlings with a mean initial body weight of 2.0 g were each fed four isonitrogenous diets at 4% of wet body weight. Performance of the diets was judged on the basis of feed acceptability, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio and protein efficiency ratio. A significant increase (P < 0.05) in body weight gain, protein efficiency ratio and a decreased feed conversion ratio (P < 0.05) was observed in fish fed on fish meal, followed by fish viscera, chicken viscera and only plant protein incorporated diets. Although inferior to fish meal and dried fish viscera, growth and feed utilization responses of fingerlings fed on dried chicken viscera and plant protein diets were similar. The fish accumulated a significantly greater (P < 0.05) amount of fat (18.3%) in the body carcass when fish viscera was incorporated in the diet. The study revealed that satisfactory growth and feed utilization responses could be achieved through replacement of fish meal by dried fish and chicken viscera in the diet of catfish fingerlings.     

The fate of chlortetracycline residues in a simulated chicken–fish integrated farming systems

Two experiments were conducted at the Asian Institute of Technology, Pathumthani, Thailand to investigate the fate of chlortetracycline (CTC) residue in chicken manure and its effect on integrated chicken–fish farming system. During the first experiment, broiler chickens were raised and CTC residues in their manure were analysed. Chicken fed diets containing 0, 50, 200 and 800 CTC mg kg^?1 had CTC residue levels of 0, 0.9, 3.8 and 6.5 CTC ng g^?1. Once the diet containing CTC was withdrawn, CTC in the manure dropped to negligible amounts (0, 0, 0.2 and 0.5 CTC ng g^?1) within 1 day. Integrated chicken–fish farming systems were simulated during the second experiment to determine the fate of antibiotic residues in chicken manure in aquaculture environment. Chickens were fed a CTC‐free diet and a feed containing CTC at 200 mg kg^?1. Ten 4 m³ square concrete tanks (2 × 2 × 1 m) were used for the experiment. Five tanks were fertilized with CTC‐contaminated manure and the remaining five tanks were fertilized with CTC‐free manure at a rate of 100 kg dry matter ha^?1 day^?1. Sex‐reversed Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) was stocked at 12 fish tank^?1 on the 14th day after chicken manure application. The immuno‐radio microbial receptor assay (Charm II test) revealed that edible fish muscle, fish intestinal tract and sediment were contaminated by CTC at rates of 7.21, 22.104 and 1.788 ng g^?1, respectively, after 45 days. Chlortetracycline was detected on day 20 in the water column and gradually increased from 0.26 to 12.13 ng g^?1. Chlortetracycline residues were not detected in fish or the aquatic environment of the CTC‐free treatment. The results demonstrate the potential for antibiotic residue accumulation in fish and aquatic environment when CTC‐contaminated chicken manure is used for pond fertilization.     

Chironomid farming — A means of recycling farm manure and potentially reducing water pollution in Hong Kong

In Hong Kong, chironomid larvae are grown on chicken manure. The larvae are used in large quantities as live food for aquarium fish and carnivorous fish fry in fish culture. In this survey, the culture technique and yield of chironomid farming were studied. The technique is simple: at temperatures of 15–30°C the yield is about 140 kg in a 675 m² field per cycle of 50 days. Since a large quantity of chicken manure, about 1440 kg, is consumed in each cycle, and there is also the possibility of using other farm wastes to grow chironomid larvae, this highly profitable chironomid farming may be developed to reduce the problem of stream pollution due to the farm wastes.     

Effect of substitution of maize bran with chicken manure in semi-intensive pond culture of Tilapia rendalli (Boulenger)

An experiment was carried out to determine the effect of substituting maize bran with chicken manure on the production of Tilapia rendalli semi‐intensive pond culture. The experiment was carried out at Bunda College of Agriculture's fish farm, University of Malawi, where twelve 20 m² concrete ponds of 1 m depth were used for 3 months from October 2005 to January 2006. A thin layer of soil was spread at the bottom of all ponds to allow growth of natural food. Each pond was stocked with 3 fish m⁻² of 10.71 g average weight. Chicken manure was used as the organic manure applied at 1.6 kg 20 m⁻² and substituted for maize bran by 25%. All treatments were replicated three times. It was observed that fish growth was higher in the 3/4 maize bran+1/4 chicken manure with a final weight of 25.1 g, followed by 1/4 maize bran+3/4 chicken manure with a final weight of 21.6 g. The lowest final weight was 19.3 g in the chicken manure only, but did not differ significantly (P<0.05) from the maize bran treatment, which had a final weight of 19.7 g. This suggests that the use of chicken manure would produce better results and may increase yield when combined with supplementary feed like maize bran evidenced by high survival rates of 80% and above in all treatments.     

Effect of using different types of organic animal manure on plankton abundance, and on growth and survival of Tilapia rendalli (Boulenger) in ponds

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of using different types of organic manure on the plankton abundance, and growth and survival of Tilapia rendalli juveniles in ponds. Fish weighing 18.15±0.44 g were stocked into 12, 20 m² ponds at 2 fish m^?2 (40 fish pond^?1). There were three replicate ponds per treatment (chicken manure, cattle manure, pig manure, and no‐manure as a control). After 84 days the T. rendalli in the chicken manure treatment were significantly larger and had higher net annual yields than those in the cattle manure, pig manure and no‐manure treatments. The survival rates were not significantly different across the treatments. Significantly higher amounts of chlorophyll a and higher numbers of zooplankton were found in ponds fertilized with the chicken manure treatment. The overall results obtained in this study suggest that the use of chicken manure produces better results than cattle and pig manure treatments on unfertilized ponds.     

Evaluations of rum distillation wastes,pharmaceutical wastes and chicken feed for rearing Tilapia aurea in Puerto Rico

Rum distillation wastes (solubles and yeast), pharmaceutical wastes (spent beer and spent beer plus solids), and a locally manufactured chicken feed were evaluated for their potential use in the culture of Tilapia aurea in Puerto Rico. The experimental products were compared to three types of controls: a commercial fish feed, an inorganic fertilizer, and an unmanaged system. The yield trials were conducted for 120 days in 9.3 m plastic pools. Three replications were made of each treatment. Survival of fish in the various treatments ranged from 80 to 96.7%. The highest mean standing crop at harvest (690 kg ha^?1 equivalent) resulted from the fish receiving the commercial fish feed. This was followed by the fish from the spent beer treatment (643 kg ha^?1 equivalent), inorganic fertilizer (559 kg ha^?1 equivalent), distiller's yeast (454 kg ha^?1 equivalent), spent beer plus solids (429 kg ha^?1 equivalent), chicken feed (413 kg ha^?1 equivalent), distiller's solubles (347 kg ha^?1 equivalent), and the unmanaged system (145 kg ha^?1 equivalent). The average feed conversion values for the fish fed the commercial fish feed and chicken feed were 1.53 and 2.06, respectively. Dissolved oxygen levels in pools treated with rum distiller's yeast declined from approximately 8.0 to 0.4 p.p.m. following initial application of the product. Dissolved oxygen depletions occurred after each subsequent application. All other systems had waters with dissolved oxygen concentrations generally suitable for fishculture.     

我国饲料产业链价格传导与调控机制研究

本文依据2001—2009年饲料产业链上中下游产品价格的月度数据,使用Johansen模型、VEC模型等来研究猪、肉鸡和蛋鸡饲料产业链上中下游产品价格之间的长期协整关系和短期变动关系,并进行了Granger因果关系检验。研究表明,鱼粉、豆粕对于饲料价格波动的影响系数最大,但不同原料对于不同饲料的影响不一致。猪饲料是供给主导型的价格形成机制,大豆、鱼粉和玉米等都是猪肉饲料的Granger原因;肉鸡和蛋鸡饲料则是需求主导型价格形成机制,鱼粉和小麦麸是它们的Granger原因。     

Replacing fish meal with chicken offal silage in commercial Oreochromis niloticus (L.) feed

Four isocaloric isonitrogenous rations containing various levels (0,10, 15 and 20%) of chicken offal silage as a replacement for fish meal were fed to three replicate groups of Oreochromis niloticus (L.) fingerlings with a mean initial weight of 10.8g. Ten fish per tank were tested for 5 weeks in 40-1 aquaria. The aquaria were put together in a flow-through system utilizing underground water (24 ± 3°C). Weight gain, feed conversion, protein efficiency ratio and proximate body composition did not vary significantly between treatments. These results indicate that, on an isocaloric/ isonitrogenous basis, chicken offal silage can make up as much as 20% of O. niloticus commercial feed as a replacement for fish meal without any effect on growth or proximate body composition under the experimental conditions.     

鱼类CC趋化因子基因及其系统进化分析

CC趋化因子（CC Chemokine）是一类能够促进动物体内炎症部位的各种白细胞的补充、激活和黏附的趋化性细胞因子家族，是鱼类天然免疫系统的重要组成部分。趋化因子也是当今国际鱼类分子免疫学研究的热点之一。本研究通过比较基因组学和生物信息学的方法，分析了虹鳟（Oncorhynchus mykiss）、牙鲆（Paralichthys olivaceus）和斑点叉尾鮰（Ictalurus punctatus）等重要经济鱼类的CC趋化因子基因结构特点和功能，并采用Clustal X的NJ法对所有新的CC趋化因子和先前发表的鱼类趋化因子与其他动物的CC趋化因子进行系统进化分析，建立了3个独特的包含非鱼类OC趋化因子的直向进化同源组。第1个直向进化同源组建立于人的CCL27和CCL28，有丽鱼科（Cichlidae）Melanochromis auratus和Pamlabidochromis chilotes的SCYA101、SCYA101a、大西洋鲑（Salmo salar）的CB510320、斑马鱼（Danio rerio）的B1839410、虹鳟的CK11、斑点叉尾鮰的BM027974和BM029630；第2个直向进化同源组是以人类C／2L20建立的，包括虹鳟的CK8a、CK8b、斑点叉尾鮰的SCYA112和鸡（Callusgallus）从K84434，其中鸡的序列与人的CCL20最相近（与其他鱼类CC趋化因子相比）；第3个直向进化同源组是以鸡的XP-424980和蓝鮰（Ictalurus furcatus）的SCYA109建立的。所有其他鱼类CC趋化因子都没有归类到非鱼类CC趋化因子的同源组中。为了进一步分析鱼类CC趋化因子和哺乳类CC趋化因子间的关系，采用Clustal W的非自举检验（Bootstrapping）启发式搜索（heuristic search）比对法对这些OC趋化因子进行归类分析，结果得到7个潜在的直向进化同源组，包括含有4个鱼类OC趋化因子的CCL20直向进化同源组、5个鱼类CC趋化因子的CCL24直向进化同源组、8个鱼类CC趋化因子的CCL22直向进化同源组、4个鱼类CC趋化因子的CCL17直向进化同源组、15个鱼类CC趋化因子的CCL25直向进化同源组，7个鱼类CC趋化因子的CCL27／CCL28和17个鱼类CC趋化因子的CCL19／CCL21直向进化同源组。趋化因子的研究将有助于更好地了解鱼类抗病性与天然免疫性的关系。     

饲料中添加两种蛋白水解物对大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus L.)幼鱼生长性能及肠道组织学结构的影响

本研究共配制了3种等氮等脂的实验饲料,其中,对照组饲料使用15％鱼粉提供部分饲料蛋白,2个实验组饲料分别用鱼水解蛋白和鸡水解蛋白替代了饲料中10％的鱼粉蛋白.对初始体重为4.16g左右的大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus L.)幼鱼进行了为期12周的投喂,研究了其对大菱鲆生长性能及肠道组织学结构的影响.结果显示,鱼水解蛋白组(PHf)的特定生长率、饲料效率、蛋白效率比和蛋白质沉积率较对照组(FM)无显著差异(P＞0.05),但显著高于鸡水解蛋白组(PHc)(P＜0.05);3组实验鱼的摄食率无显著差异(P＞0.05);PHf和PHc组的鱼体蛋白含量显著高于FM组(P＜0.05),3组实验鱼的脂肪含量无显著差异(P＞0.05).PHf和PHc组的鱼体肌肉必需氨基酸含量显著高于FM组(P＜0.05).PHf和PHc组的前肠和中肠黏膜皱襞高度大于FM组,且PHf组较FM组差异显著(P＜0.05);3组实验鱼的前肠和中肠上皮细胞的高度无显著差异(P＞0.05);FM组前肠和中肠的肠壁厚度大于其他2组,且显著大于PHf组(P＜0.05).大菱鲆饲料中使用鱼水解蛋白替代部分鱼粉蛋白在生长性能及肠道组织学结构方面要优于使用鸡水解蛋白.