Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Evaluation of fungicides to control Petri disease pathogens in the grapevine propagation process

The efficacy of fourteen selected fungicides against Phaeomoniella chlamydospora and Phaeoacremonium aleophilum was evaluated in vitro by mycelial growth and conidial germination assays. Azoxystrobin, carbendazim and tebuconazole were the most effective fungicides against P. chlamydospora, while carbendazim and didecyldimethylammonium chloride were the most effective against P. aleophilum. An assay was also conducted with cubiet, hydroxyquinoline sulphate and didecyldimethylammonium chloride to determine their potential to prevent infections caused by these pathogens during the hydration stage in grapevine propagation. The results of this experiment demonstrated that P. chlamydospora and P. aleophilum were able to infect healthy cuttings during the hydration stage and showed that didecyldimethylammonium chloride was consistently the best treatment as a disinfectant soak for grapevine cuttings. Additionally, semi-commercial trials were conducted in two grapevine nurseries to evaluate the effectiveness of several strategies with carbendazim, flusilazole and hydroxyquinoline sulphate at different nursery stages. Soaking planting material in carbendazim during the hydration stage was the most effective treatment since neither P. chlamydospora nor P. aleophilum were isolated from planting material in either nursery.     

Protease inhibitor activity is associated to a basic chitinase from potato but not to an acidic one

Summary Several pathogenesis-related proteins, which are produced in plants submitted to stress, have been identified as chitinases. We have previously described that a potato basic chitinase strongly inhibited the activity of an aspartic protease isolated from the same source. In this work, we have tested the activity of two potato chitinases as protease inhibitors. A basic chitinase (ChiB) inhibited trypsin, chymotrypsin, subtilisin, proteinase K and a serine protease ofFusarium sp. An acidic one (ChiA) did not show inhibitory activity. The kinetics of trypsin inhibition by ChiB revealed different patterns of inhibition with azocasein and BAPNA. Metal ions affected differentially both activities, suggesting that ChiB is a bifunctional protein. These results and those reported by other authors suggest a new physiological role for pathogenesis-related proteins. However, results presented in this paper suggest that the protease inhibitor activity is not a general characteristic of potato chitinases.     

A method of assessing potato seedling progenies for resistance to the white potato cyst nematode

Summary The resistance expressed by progenies of potato seedlings to the white potato cyst nematode (Globodera pallida) has been assessed on bulk sowings of seedlings and on individual plants raised from tubers, and a positive correlation between the seedling and plant tests has been established. The use of such a seedling test as an addition to other methods of screening is discussed.     

几种生物制剂对小麦根腐病菌的毒力

为探索生物制剂对小麦根腐病的防控效果,采用菌丝生长法测定了6种生物制剂对禾谷镰刀菌、刺腐霉菌和小麦离蠕孢菌的毒力。结果表明,申嗪霉素、乙蒜素和春雷霉素具有良好的抑菌效果,其中申嗪霉素的毒力最强,对禾谷镰刀菌、刺腐霉菌和小麦离蠕孢菌的EC₅₀值分别为0.350 2 mg·L^-1、0.864 5 mg·L^-1和0.134 1 mg·L^-1,乙蒜素对刺腐霉菌和小麦离蠕孢菌的EC₅₀值分别为2.957 3 mg·L^-1和2.342 7 mg·L^-1,春雷霉素对刺腐霉菌和禾谷镰刀菌的EC₅₀值分别为0.864 5 mg·L^-1和5.090 9 mg·L^-1。室内盆栽试验表明,申嗪霉素和乙蒜素对禾谷镰刀菌的防治效果显著优于春雷霉素,防治效果分别为75.73%和74.68%;乙蒜素对刺腐霉菌的防治效果最好,防效为86.28%;申嗪霉素和乙蒜素对离蠕孢菌的防效分别为87.68%和83.25%。综上所述,申嗪霉素和乙蒜素能有效抑制禾谷镰刀菌、刺腐霉菌和小麦离蠕孢菌三种病原菌的生长,对小麦根腐病防治具有很大应用潜力。     

Lightning damage to potatoes

Summary Two distinct round patches were observed in a potato field where the haulm showed symptoms like those of blackleg. The remainder of the field was in vigorous growth. Affected stems had long cracks andErwinia carotovora var.atroseptica was isolated from some. This had probably developed subsequently on damaged tissue and no rotting was apparent below soil level. Most of the tubers were decayed but noErwinia and only green pseudomonads were detected. Local meteorological records showed that thunderstorms occurred on only one day (1 August) in the six weeks before observation of the field symptoms. It was concluded from all evidence that the condition described was caused by a lightning strike on that day.     

Differential resistance to tuber late blight in potato cultivars without R-genes

Summary In 1983 and 1984 there were reports in Norway of more severe late blight infection than usual on tubers of cv. Pimpernel, a cultivar without R-genes known to be somewhat resistant to both haulm and tuber infection. Results from routine tests confirmed earlier experience that cv. Pimpernel shows stable resistance to tuber late blight, although the ranking of cultivars may vary between years. In experiments during three harvest seasons tubers of different cultivars were inoculated with isolates ofP. infestans obtained from stocks of cv. Pimpernel with severe tuber late blight and with other isolates. In these experiments the isolates from cv. Pimpernel caused more rot on tubers of Pimpernel than did other isolates.     

Laboratory screening for resistance to gangrene and toFusarium dry rot in potato

Summary For laboratory screening for resistance to gangrene andFusarium dry rot, the ‘scrape and paint’ method was compared to a ‘prick and paint’ method. In the latter method the potatoes were wounded before inoculation by rolling them over a group of nail points. The disease scores increased when the length of the nail points was increased from 2 to 6 mm, but the scores were lower than for scraped potatoes. For the 10 cultivars used, the results for the pricked and the scraped potatoes correlated equally well with the results from a ‘field inoculation’ method. The two laboratory methods discriminated equally well between resistant and susceptible cultivars. However, pricking is much less laborious than scraping. In routine tests with the ‘prick and paint’ method, differences between cultivars were highly significant over three years for resistance to gangrene but less significant forFusarium dry rot.

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Zusammenfassung Für die Laborprüfung auf Resistenz gegenPhoma-Faule (Phoma exigua var.foveata) undFusarium-Trockenf?ule (Fusarium solani var.coeruleum) wurde die ‘scrape and paint’-Methode von Wiersema (1977a) mit einer ‘prick and paint’-Methode verglichen, wobei Kartoffeln vor Inokulation durch Rollen über eine Gruppe von Nagelspitzen, 1 cm auseinander und von einer h?lzernen Basis aufw?rtsweisend, besch?digt wurden. Für beide Krankheiten stieg der Krankheitsindex an, wenn die L?nge der Nagelspitzen von 2 auf 4 und 6 mm anstieg, war im Ganzen jedoch niedriger als bei geschürften Kartoffeln (Tabellen 2 und 4). Für die zehn für jeden Erreger in den Versuchen verwendeten Sorten korrelierten die Ergebnisse bei ‘prick’ (Rollen über Nagelspitzen) und ‘scrape’ (Schürfen) gleichermassen mit einem vermutlich besser zu verwirklichendem Feld-Inokulationstest (Bjor, 1980), dessen Ergebnisse in Tabelle 1 dargestellt sind. Die Unterscheidung von Sorten unterschiedlicher Resistenz war mindestens so deutlich beim ‘prick’ — wie beim ‘scrape’-Test, wie die F-Werte für Sorten in der Varianzanalyse zeigen (Tabellen 2 und 4). Darüberhinaus ist die ‘prick’-Methode betr?chtlich weniger arbeitsaufwendig als die ‘scrape’-Methode. Die ‘prick and paint’-Methode mit 4 mm-Nagelspitzen ergab Unterschiede zwischen 14 Standard-Sorten in Routinetests aus drei verschiedenen Jahren beiPhoma-F?ule, aber nicht so gut beiFusarium-Trockenf?ule (Tabelle 6). Die Korrelation zwischen den Ergebnissen nach der ‘prick and paint’-Methode und dem Feld-Inokulationstest bei den 14 Sorten warr=0,86 undr=0,71 beiPhoma-bzw.Fusarium-F?ule. Allerdings war die Variation innerhalb der Sorten bei Resistenz gegenPhoma-F?ule betr?chtlich gr?sser als die bei Resistenz gegenFusarium-Trockenf?ule.

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Résumé Le criblage au laboratoire pour la résistance à la gangrène (Phoma exigua var.foveata) et à la pourriture sèche fusarienne (Fusarium solani var.coeruleum) est réalisé selon deux méthodes. La méthode du ‘grattage et du badigeonnage’ est comparée à celle de la ‘piq?re et du badigeonnage’ où les pommes de terre sont blessées avant l'inoculation en les faisant passer sur un groupe de 10 clous distants de 1 cm, orientés vers le haut et fixés sur un support de bois. Pour les deux maladies, la note de maladie augmente quand la longueur de la pointe des clous passe de 2 à 4 et 6 mm, mais les tubercules blessés par piq?res sont moins malades que ceux ayant subi des égratignures (tableaux 2 et 4). Pour les 10 cultivars inclus dans les expériences pour chacune des maladies, les résultats des tubercules blessés par chacune des 2 méthodes sont également corrélés avec ceux d'un test ‘inoculation au champ’, plus s?r (Bjor, 1980) figurant au tableau 1. Le classement des cultivars de différents niveau de résistance est aussi clair à partir des tubercules blessés par piq?re que ceux blessés par grattage comme le montre la valeur du F pour les cultivars, des analyses de variance (tableaux 2 et 4). De plus, la méthode des piq?res est beaucoup moins fastidieuse que la méthode par égratignures. La méthode des piq?res avec des pointes de clous de 4 mm reproduit les différences entre 14 cultivars de référence inclus dans des tests de routine depuis 3 ans pour la gangrène, mais de fa?on moins nette pour la fusariose (tableau 6). La corrélation entre les résultats obtenus avec la méthode des piq?res et le test ‘d'inoculation au champ’ pour les 14 cultivars estr=0,86 etr=0,71, respectivement pour la gangrène et la fusariose. En outre, la variabilité des cultivars pour la résistance à la gangrène est considérablement plus grande que celle vis-à-vis de la fusariose (Figure 1).

     

Resistance to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Potato virus Y</Emphasis> in a Multitrait Potato Breeding Scheme without Direct Selection in Each Generation

In an experimental breeding scheme to improve late blight (Phytophthora infestans) and white potato cyst nematode (Globodera pallida) resistance of tetraploid potato over three generations of crossing and selection, 15 clones survived the final selection, and these were derived from 15 great-grandparents. There was no direct selection for resistance to Potato virus Y (PVY), but 14 out of the 15 great-grandparents were resistant to PVY and three had extreme resistance. Thirteen of the 15 descendants had PVY resistance and one extreme resistance. This was within the range expected for a random (unselected) sample from the genotypes of the great-grandparents. Hence, we found no evidence for any positive or negative association between PVY resistance and the attributes selected. The conclusion is that laborious selection is not required in every generation when many parents have PVY resistance, including some with more than one copy of a PVY resistance gene or resistance at more than one locus. However, in the future, determining the major virus resistance genes present in potential parents in each generation using diagnostic molecular markers would prevent susceptible × susceptible crosses being made and maximise the number of resistant × resistant ones.     

Screening for resistance to early blight (Alternaria solani) in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) using toxic metabolites produced by the fungus

Summary The phytotoxic components of the culture filtrate of the fungusAlternaria solani Sor, which causes early blight in potato, were used in this study to differentiate between resistant and susceptible genotypes selected to represent a range of reactions when screened in the field. Detached leaflet assays, using spores and toxic metabolites from the culture filtrate, were compared with field ratings and a whole-plant glasshouse test. Rank correlations between several detached leaflet tests were highly significant (P<0.01) but the correlations between these tests and the glasshouse and field tests were poor. The disease ratings obtained in the various tests were clustered into four groups and assigned to resistance classes. For many of the genotypes there was a good correspondence between resistance classes for all test methods. Divergent results between tests were associated with foliage maturity characteristics of the genotypes. Contribution no. 3879050 of the Lethbridge Research Station.     

Damage to potato tubers caused by fumigation with 2-aminobutane

Summary Sunken, irregular shaped lesions on the surface of tubers of Pentland Squire and to a lesser extent Pentland Dell, were associated with damaged tubers and with very high residue levels of 2-aminobutane. Severely affected tubers did not grow when chitted at 20°C and a considerable loss in weight occurred.     

A glasshouse progeny test for resistance to gangrene (Phoma foveata)

Summary Tubers were obtained from 80 glasshouse-grown seedlings of each of twelve progenies, inoculated withPhoma foveata Foister, and the mean percentage of infected tubers recorded. There was a good correlation (r=0.798) between this assessment and that made previously on field-grown tubers of eleven of the progenies. A gangrene test on glasshouse-grown tubers is suggested as a more rapid means of identifying progenies with useful levels of resistance.     

The effect of the moisture level of potting compost on the susceptibility of glasshouse-grown tubers to late blight

Summary The effect of the moisture level of potting compost at harvest on the susceptibility of tubers of three cultivars to late blight was investigated in the glasshouse in three successive years. Three moisture regimes (dry, moist, wet) were imposed at flowering time, the tubers harvested 3 weeks later and immediately dipped in a zoospore suspension ofPhytophthora infestans. Tubers from dry compost were significantly more susceptible than those from wet or moist compost, which showed similar levels of susceptibility.     

Assessing progenies of potato for resistance to early blight

Summary Progenies from crosses between cultivars varying widely in resistance to early blight (Alternaria solani Sor.), were assessed for resistance as true seedlings in a glasshouse in Scotland. The resistance of a representative sample of surviving genotypes from each progeny was compared with samples of the same progenies not previously exposed to the fungus, both in the glasshouse in Scotland and in the field in Israel. The exposed population was more resistant. Resistance was identified more effectively in adult plants from tubers in the glasshouse than in true seedlings and agreement between glasshouse and field assessment was better when progenies were compared rather than individual genotypes. The mid parent and progeny mean scores of the unexposed population were correlated at both sites, thus confirming that the resistance is heritable. Selecting resistant individuals at the seedling stage is suggested as a useful tool for resistance breeding, having first chosen the best parents for crossing.     

Potential use of Asteraceae extracts to control Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and selectivity to their parasitoids Trichogramma pretiosum (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) and Telenomus remus (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae)

Extracts of 12 Asteraceae were tested on Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and on their parasitoids Telenomus remus (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) and Trichogramma pretiosum (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). The plants Lychnophora ericoides and Trichogonia villosa were toxic for 97.7 ± 0.15% of one-day-old eggs of S. frugiperda and Lepidaploa lilacina for 72.0 ± 2.50% for two-day-old eggs of this insect. Extracts of Vernonia holosenicea, Lychnophora ramosissima and Chromolaena chaseae had higher impact on S. frugiperda, while those of Eremanthus elaeagnus and L. ericoides were more selective to T. pretiosum and T. remus. Asteraceae extracts present potential for integrated pest management programs of S. frugiperda.     

河南省3种麦田阔叶杂草对苯磺隆的抗性

为明确河南省冬麦田3种阔叶杂草猪殃殃、播娘蒿、牛繁缕对苯磺隆的抗性水平和分布现状,在温室中采用整株剂量-反应测定法测定了3种杂草的40个种群对苯磺隆的敏感性。结果表明,河南省3种阔叶杂草已普遍对苯磺隆产生抗性,所测样本中,抗性种群27个,占总采样数的67.50%,其中牛繁缕抗性水平最高,猪殃殃居中,播娘蒿最低。豫中和豫南地区3种杂草的整体抗性水平较高,豫西和豫西南抗性水平相对较低。     

Correlation between resistance to late blight in foliage and tubers in potato clones from parents of contrasting resistance

Summary The relationship between resistance to late blight in foliage and tuber was examined on 50 clones of each of five progenies from crosses where one parent was resistant in both foliage and tuber and the other susceptible. Foliage resistance was assessed in a field trial and tuber resistance in a laboratory test on glasshouse-grown tubers. The genetical and environmental components of variance and the phenotypic and genetical correlations between foliage and tuber blight scores were determined for each progeny. Foliage and tuber resistance were correlated, indicating either that both are determined by the same genes or by different linked genes. The environmental component of variation was greater for tuber blight than foliage blight. We suggest that the most effective way of selecting for resistance to both aspects of the disease in a breeding programme is to select those resistant in the foliage and then screen them for tuber resistance.     

Evaluation of diploid potato clones for resistance to tuber soft rot induced by strains ofErwinia carotovora subsp.atroseptica,E. carotovora subsp.carotovora andE. chrysanthemi

Summary Tubers of clones from a diploid hybrid population ofSolanum phureja andS. stenotomum were screened for resistance to tuber soft rot caused by strains ofErwinia carotovora subsp.atroseptica (Eca),E. carotovora subsp.carotovora (Ecc) andE. chrysanthemi (Ech). Significant, positive correlations between resistance to the different strains and species were observed, indicating that screening for resistance to tuber soft rot could be accomplished by using just one of the three pathogens. Strains of Ecc and Ech were found to be much more virulent than strains of Eca. Inoculating with Ecc and Ech resulted in more distinct differences among susceptible, moderately resistant and resistant clones than inoculating with Eca.     

Synergy of cymoxanil and mancozeb when used to control potato late blight

Summary Synergism between fungicides could be used to reduce the application dosage. Synergism between cymoxanil and mancozeb was studied using potted potato plants under field conditions. In three experiments the preventive efficacy of the fungicides and fungicide mixtures in the treatments were studied using a bio-assay. Potato plants were sprayed with the fungicides or fungicide mixtures. Leaves were picked from the potato plants with regular intervals after fungicide application. The efficacy of the fungicides was studied in a bioassay by inoculating the leaves withPhytophthora infestans zoosporangia. The Abbot method was used to show synergistic effects of the cymoxanil/mancozeb mixtures tested. In two of three experiments synergy of the fungicide mixtures was found.