Comparison of whole blood dried on filter paper and serum for measurement of the temporal antibody response to avian infectious bronchitis virus by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

Two methods for collecting specimens for measuring sequential antibody activity of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) were compared. Whole blood was collected on filter-paper strips, dried for 2 hr at 37 C, and then stored in plastic bags at 4 C or eluted overnight and tested immediately. Eluates of whole blood were paired with serum samples and tested for IBV antibody activity by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) at four weekly intervals. Both sampling methods yielded ELISA antibody levels that were detectable at 7 days postinfection (PI), peaked at 21 days PI, and then began to decline by 28 days PI. The paired samples showed no significant difference (P less than 0.05) between ELISA titers at any time tested. Whole blood dried on filter paper could be stored sealed in plastic bags at 4 C for at least 2 weeks with no appreciable loss of antibody titers. Virus-neutralizing antibodies, measured in serum only, were not detectable until 14 days PI but then continued to rise through 28 days PI. It was concluded that eluates of whole blood dried on filter paper may be used as an alternative to sera in ELISA for measuring IBV antibodies.     

Comparison of filter-paper-eluted whole blood with serum in fowl cholera serology using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

Two methods for collecting blood for measuring antibody activity of Pasteurella multocida were compared. Whole blood was collected on filter-paper strips, dried for 48 hr at room temperature, and then stored in sealed plastic bags at 4 C. Blood was also collected in the usual manner with a needle and syringe, and serum was harvested and stored at -20 C until tested. Eluates of whole blood, obtained by overnight elution of two 4.8-mm discs in 200 microliters of buffered saline at 4 C, were compared with conventionally harvested serum for antibody activity by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Paired samples, taken from the same bird at the same time, showed no significant difference (P less than 0.05) in antibody activity as measured by absorbance when the disc-elution process itself was considered to be a 1:20 dilution. It was concluded that eluates of blood, derived from whole blood dried on filter-paper strips, may be used as an alternative to sera in ELISA for measuring P. multocida antibody activity.     

Antibody response to experimental Salmonella typhimurium infection in chickens measured by ELISA

An indirect ELISA has been developed to detect Salmonella typhimurium antibodies in chicken sera, using whole bacterial cell protein, flagellar protein or lipopolysaccharide as antigens. In experimental infections high concentrations of S typhimurium-specific IgG persisted after the faecal excretion of S typhimurium had ceased, whereas the specific IgM response was transitory. Some uninfected chickens placed in contact with experimentally infected birds developed high IgG titres in the absence of detectable faecal excretion. Other S typhimurium strains, which varied in their invasive abilities, also induced high titres of IgG. The ELISA allowed chickens infected experimentally with S typhimurium to be differentiated from chickens infected with 10 other serotypes, including S enteritidis. The use of whole blood in place of serum in the ELISA reduced the titres slightly. The storage of serum dried on to filter paper strips for four weeks produced little change in ELISA antibody titre, and the treatment of such strips with phenol or chloroform vapour had little or no effect on the antibody titre.     

Inconsistencies in the absorptive capacities of Schirmer tear test strips

The absorptive capacities of 4 commercially available tear test strips were determined and compared with 5-mm X 40-mm strips of #41 filter paper. Significant differences in the absorption of water over a given time interval were found in 3 of the groups tested. Major inconsistencies were found only within 1 lot of tear test strips from a single manufacturer. Tear test strips from this lot consisted of 2 distinct populations that were distinguishable by transillumination. Strips with widely spaced horizontal lines had the same absorptive capacity as the filter paper, whereas those with fine lines consistently absorbed less water. The clinical importance of this discrepancy was verified by comparing measurements of tear production in 6 normal dogs.     

Characterisation of an antiserum and development of an ELISA for glutathione peroxidase

Sheep red blood cells were fractionated by ion exchange and gel filtration chromatography to yield glutathione peroxidase approximately 99% pure. An antiserum against glutathione peroxidase was raised in the rabbit. The antiserum has been shown to cross-react with both bovine and human glutathione peroxidase by double diffusion.An enzyme linked immunosorbent assay has been developed for glutathione peroxidase which detected 6.15×10^–5 IU of the enzyme. The antiserum has also been shown to be effective in the detection of glutathione peroxidase immobolised on strips of nitrocellulose, subsequent to sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, by second antibody conjugate. Avidin-biotin was also used to detect nitrocellulose immobolised enzyme. These techniques provide an alternative highly sensitive and specific means of assaying glutathione peroxidase which is not dependent on the lability of enzymatic activity nor the chemical specificity of the assay.     

Characterisation of an antiserum and development of an ELISA for glutathione peroxidase

Sheep red blood cells were fractionated by ion exchange and gel filtration chromatography to yield glutathione peroxidase approximately 99% pure. An antiserum against glutathione peroxidase was raised in the rabbit. The antiserum has been shown to cross-react with both bovine and human glutathione peroxidase by double diffusion. An enzyme linked immunosorbent assay has been developed for glutathione peroxidase which detected 6.15 X 10(-5) IU of the enzyme. The antiserum has also been shown to be effective in the detection of glutathione peroxidase immobolised on strips of nitrocellulose, subsequent to sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, by second antibody conjugate. Avidin-biotin was also used to detect nitrocellulose immobolised enzyme. These techniques provide an alternative highly sensitive and specific means of assaying glutathione peroxidase which is not dependent on the lability of enzymatic activity nor the chemical specificity of the assay.     

Comparison of blocking dot ELISA and competitive ELISA, using a monoclonal antibody for detection of bluetongue virus antibodies in cattle.

A blocking (B) dot enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), using a monoclonal antibody (mAb) against a group specific antigen of bluetongue virus (BTV) is described for the detection of BTV antibodies to BTV in cattle sera. Dots of BTV antigens were adsorbed to nitrocellulose (NC) strips and/or NC mounted in the windows of dipsticks. After blocking the remaining sites of the NC paper with milk powder solution and immersion in the test sample, the NC strips and dipsticks were exposed to mAb. Bound mAb was detected with peroxidase conjugated anti-mouse IgG (H and L). In the absence of anti-BTV antibody in the test sample, BTV antigen sites were reactive with mAb as indicated by a brown colored dot in the presence of the enzyme substrate, hydrogen peroxide and diaminobenzidine. In the presence of sufficient anti-BTV antibodies no color reaction was observed. The performance of these assays in detecting anti-BTV antibody in field blood eluate samples, prepared from whole blood dried on filter paper, from 395 bluetongue-free cattle in Canada and 635 sentinel cattle in Florida, USA, was evaluated and compared with the standard competitive (C) ELISA. The specificity of the dipstick B-dot ELISA was identical to that of the C-ELISA in testing of BT-free Canadian cattle but not in the testing of samples from the sentinel cattle in Florida, resulting in values of 100% diagnostic and 88.9% relative specificity, respectively. Based on the C-ELISA, the specificity of the NC strip B-dot ELISA was low and in the same order as that of the dipstick assay.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

The occurrence of Fusarium varieties and their mycotoxins on silo corn. 1. A method for the determination of zearalenone in corn and corn silage by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection

A method for the determination of zearalenone in maize and maize silage was developed which distinguishes itself by the effective and fast cleaning of the extracts with the help of a silica gel minicolumn. The samples were extracted with chloroform/methanol (9 + 1) and cleaned on a silica gel minicolumn after acid-base partition. The zearalenone was quantitatively determined optionally by means of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection (excitation wavelength 236 nm, emission filter 418 nm) or thin-layer chromatography (TLC), p-methoxybenzene diazonium fluoroborate and aluminium chloride were used as detection chemicals. The limits of detection are 0.01 mg/kg (HPLC) and 0.1 mg/kg resp. (TLC), the average recovery is 81%. The method was used for the determination of zearalenone in grain maize, CCM silage and silage from whole maize plants.     

猪圆环病毒2型胶体金抗体检测方法的建立

为建立检测猪圆环病毒2型(PCV2)胶体金检测方法,本研究对SPA蛋白进行胶体金标记,并喷涂于玻璃纤维上制备金标垫,分别以重组PCV2 ORF2蛋白和猪IgG作为检测线和质控线,制作PCV2抗体检测胶体金免疫层析试纸条。检测结果表明,试纸条操作简单,肉眼于10 min内可以判定结果,对PCV2免疫血清具有高度特异性,与猪其它病毒免疫血清无交叉反应,检测灵敏度与ELISA相近。试纸条在室温保存6个月,其特异性及灵敏度无明显变化。对临床采集的324份血清样品进行检测,结果与ELISA试剂盒总符合率为98.77%。表明本研究建立的PCV2抗体免疫层析检测方法具有特异、敏感、稳定、操作简单快捷等特点,适合于PCV2抗体的现场检测。     

Use of tears for diagnosis of feline leukemia virus infection

A comparison was made of the use of serum, tears, and saliva for the detection of feline leukemia virus (FeLV) infection in cats. Cotton swabs were used to collect saliva, and tear-test strips were used to collect tears. Specimens were analyzed by a commercially available ELISA. Using a 10- to 15-minute specimen incubation period, FeLV was detected in 70% of the saliva specimens and in 73% of the tear specimens from viremic (serum-positive) cats. Feline leukemia virus antigen was not detected in saliva and tear specimens from serum-negative cats. The sensitivity of the tear assay was improved by increasing the incubation time to 24 hours. Tear strips could be air-dried and stored at room temperature for up to 7 days without any appreciable loss of activity. Client-owned and experimentally infected laboratory cats were tested for FeLV, using air-dried tear-test strips and a 24-hour incubation period. Tears were positive (contained FeLV antigen) in 65 of 72 (90%) serum-positive cats and did not contain antigen in 46 of 46 (100%) serum-negative cats. Results of ELISA obtained from serum and tears also were compared with results obtained from indirect fluorescent antibody testing of blood smears. Results of indirect fluorescent antibody and ELISA compared favorably with each other and with the results of tear testing.     

犬C-反应蛋白荧光定量免疫层析检测方法的建立与应用

试验开展了犬C-反应蛋白(C-CRP)荧光微球免疫层析定量方法的研究,旨在研制一种操作简易、灵敏度高,用于快速定量检测C-CRP荧光免疫层析试纸条。采用双抗体夹心法和荧光免疫层析技术,以羧基荧光微球标记的抗C-CRP单克隆抗体及羊抗鸡IgY为标记抗体,抗C-CRP单克隆抗体和鸡IgY分别作为检测线和质控线制备荧光免疫层析试纸条。结果显示,所制备C-CRP检测试纸条的检测范围为0.5～250mg/L,检测限为0.5mg/L,批内和批间变异系数(CV)分别为0.68%～6.94%和0.89%～8.79%,平均回收率为98.15%～101.19%,试剂与9种干扰物质无交叉反应。加速破坏稳定性试验表明试纸条可以常温放置24个月。临床样本测试发现,其与I-CHROMA试剂盒检测结果相关性良好(R2=0.995)。综上所述,该荧光免疫层析试纸条灵敏度、特异度较高,且操作简单、快速,可用于宠物犬临床检测。     

Predatory capability of the nematophagous fungus Arthrobotrys robusta preserved in silica gel on infecting larvae of Haemonchus contortus

Biological control of gastrointestinal nematodiasis in ruminants is an alternative to reduce the number of infective larvae. The fungal isolates predatory activity preservation is a basic requirement for the success of this control type. The aim of this work is to evaluate the predatory capacity of the fungus Arthrobotrys robusta (isolate I-31), preserved on silica gel on infective larvae of Haemonchus contortus under laboratory conditions on 2 % water agar (2 % WA). In this essay, A. robusta storage on silica gel showed successful predatory activity on H. contortus L₃ larvae (p?<?0.01) compared to the control group. Nematophagous fungi were not observed in the control group during the experiment. There was a significant reduction (p?<?0.01) of 73.84 % in the means of H. contortus (L₃) recovered from treatment with isolate I-31 compared to the control without fungi. Results indicate that A. robusta (I-31) could survive stored on silica gel for at least 7 years and keep its predatory activity on H. contortus (L₃).     

Schistosoma mansoni antibodies in tissue specimens demonstrated by a diffusion-in-gel ELISA technique.

A modification of the diffusion-in-gel enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DIG-ELISA) for analysis of antibodies in tissue fragments has been elaborated. In this technique, tissue specimens are placed on top of a thin gel layer covering a plastic surface coated with an antigen preparation. The gel thus serves as a medium through which diffusion of antibodies contained in tissue samples may occur. Specimens from skin, lung, liver, kidney, heart and skeletal muscle as well as blood serum and blood sampled onto filter paper were successfully used for analysis of the antibody response to two different antigens (soluble adult worm antigen and soluble egg antigen) during experimental infection of mice with the helminth parasite Schistosoma mansoni. It was concluded that skin and lung tissue reflected the serum antibody response more closely than the other tissues tested, although zone sizes were slightly smaller than those registered for corresponding serum samples. The DIG-ELISA reaction zone size was, as expected, shown to be dependent on the weight (size) of the tissue specimen. The variability of the modified technique was comparable to that found for analysis of serum by the conventional DIG-ELISA technique. It is concluded that the described technique may be used for serological analysis when blood samples cannot be easily obtained, e.g. at examination of animal carcasses or single organs.     

莱克多巴胺胶体金免疫层析法快速检测试纸条的研制

为研制一种快速、简便的基于胶体金免疫层析法的试纸条,快速检测猪尿中莱克多巴胺（ractopamine,RAC药物残留）,采用柠檬酸钠还原法制备胶体金颗粒,标记莱克多巴胺单克隆抗体并喷于玻璃纤维上制备胶金垫,RAC-BSA偶联抗原和羊抗鼠IgG分别结合于硝酸纤维膜上,依次将样品垫、胶体金垫、硝酸纤维素膜和吸水纸组装并切割成莱克多巴胺胶体金免疫层析快速检测试纸条。试验结果表明该快速检测试纸条的检测限为5 ng/mL,可在8~10 min内完成测试,肉眼即可判断,无需其他检测设备。该试纸条灵敏度、特异性、稳定性和重复性均达到临床使用要求,适用于现场快速检测和筛选工作。     

Bovine herpesvirus-1 infection of cattle: kinetics of antibody formation after intranasal exposure and abortion induced by the virus

The kinetics of antibody formation in Holstein heifers after primary and secondary intranasal inoculation of bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1) and after BHV-1-induced abortion was determined. Sera were fractionated by gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography. The antibody activity within serum immunoglobulin (Ig) isotypes was assessed, using a plaque-reduction neutralization assay. The primary immune response to BHV-1 infection was characterized by the appearance of IgM and IgG antibodies in serum by postinoculation day (PID) 7. Maximal IgG antibody activity occurred at PID 35 in nonpregnant heifers and at PID 14 in pregnant heifers. Thereafter, IgG antibody activity declined slowly in both groups of heifers. Maximal IgM antibody activity occurred at PID 14 in both groups of heifers and declined rapidly thereafter. The IgG antibody activity during primary immune responses was restricted to the IgG1 subclass. Secondary responses were characterized by anamnestic IgG antibody responses. Antibody activity was present within the IgG1 and IgG2 subclasses during secondary immune responses, but the increase in antibody activity during this period was primarily in the IgG2 subclass. Secondary IgM antibody formation was elicited by abortion induced by the intra-amniotic inoculation of BHV-1, but not by reexposure by the intranasal route. Abortion occurred in 1 heifer 28 days after intranasal BHV-1 inoculation. Abortion in this heifer was not associated with a secondary antibody response. The nature of BHV-1 antigenic exposure in the bovine determined the relative distribution of anti-BHV-1 antibody activity in serum IgM, IgG1, and IgG2. The formation of IgM antibody, with the exception of secondary intranasal exposure, indicated recent BHV-1 antigenic exposure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

桑枝中氧化白藜芦醇的分离与鉴定

氧化白藜芦醇具有抑制酪氨酸酶活性的作用。为了从桑枝中有效提取这一生物活性物质,采用乙醇提取法获得桑枝粗提液,通过硅胶柱、葡聚糖柱柱层析法分离制备桑枝氧化白藜芦醇样品。运用核磁共振、HPLC-MS等方法鉴定样品的化学结构和分子质量,证实制备样品为氧化白藜芦醇,通过高效液相色谱检测其质量分数大于99%。研究结果为从桑枝中分离提取氧化白藜芦醇提供了一种简便有效的方法。     

超干及老化处理对紫花苜蓿种子活力和生理变化的影响

以陇东紫花苜蓿为研究对象,采用室温硅胶干燥法对种子进行不同时间的超干处理,测定室温贮藏与高温老化处理后不同含水量种子的活力及生理变化.结果表明:5.72%含水量的超干处理综合表现最优,该处理下室温贮藏种子的发芽率、发芽势和活力指数分别较对应CK(室温贮藏的未超干种子)高28.91%、30.02%和66.06%,可溶性糖含量、APX活性高22.85%、76.21%,而MDA含量仅为CK的50.15%,TTC相对减少量为CK的95%;老化种子的发芽率、发芽势和活力指数较对应CK(老化处理未超干种子)高26.31%、23.19%和67.09%,可溶性糖含量、APX活性分别高39%、115.27%,MDA含量仅为CK的52.32%,TTC相对减少量为CK的93.05%.说明5.72%种子含水量的超干处理可使苜蓿种子活力保持在较高状态,对苜蓿种子的长期保存和利用有积极作用.     

柞蚕微孢子虫胶体金免疫层析检测法

利用柞蚕微孢子虫孢子液直接免疫家兔获得柞蚕微孢子虫多克隆抗体后,分别采用双抗夹心法和竞争法制作胶体金免疫层析试纸条,建立能简便、快捷、准确诊断柞蚕微粒子病的柞蚕微孢子虫胶体金免疫层析检测法。双抗夹心法和竞争法分别是将柞蚕微孢子虫多克隆抗体与25 nm和17 nm的胶体金颗粒结合并固定在金标垫上,然后均将羊抗兔二抗包被在硝酸纤维素膜上作为质控点(C),但是2种方法制作的胶体金免疫层析试纸条的反应模式不同:前者是以柞蚕微孢子虫多克隆抗体作为检测点(T),而后者以柞蚕微孢子虫孢壁蛋白作为检测点(T)。2种方法制作的胶体金免疫层析试纸条的检测时间均为10 min,检测灵敏度为0.8×107个/mL,与柞蚕血淋巴无交叉反应,特异性强,操作简单,其中,以双抗夹心法制作的试纸条显色更清晰,结果更可靠,更具实用价值。     

Purification of the alpha toxin of Clostridium perfringens type A by ultrafiltration and gel chromatography

Clostridium perfringens type A toxin produced in Jayko & Lichstein medium was subjected to various concentration and purification procedures. The results obtained with 3 different ultrafiltration membranes followed by gel filtration showed that by using Millipore PSED OHV10 and Amicon XM-100 filter membranes in combination, a three-hundred-and-fivefold purification could be achieved as against a twelvefold increase obtained with ammonium sulphate/acetone precipitation. The lecitovitelin test was more sensitive than the haemolytic activity in determining the alpha toxin activity. The optical density, measured at 280 nm, did not reveal any alpha toxin activity in the relevant toxic fractions.     

Improved filter system for an equine artificial vagina

A polyester filter to separate the gel from the gel-free portion of the ejaculum is part of many equine artificial vaginas. The filter itself retains many spermatozoa. Therefore, filters fabricated from nylon, micromesh cloth with pore sizes of 30 or 37 m were evaluated together with a conventional polyester filter. Five ejaculates were collected from each of six stallions using each filter. Both nylon filters were effective in retaining gel. More spermatozoa were retained in the polyester filter than in the 30- or 37-m nylon filters (2.5, 0.5 and 0.6 × 10⁹ sperm; P less than 0.05). Because of the absorption of fluid and retention of spermatozoa by the polyester filter, with samples devoid of gel the polyester filter retained a number of spermatozoa about equal to the number recovered in the semen. Use of a nylon filter allowed recovery of more spermatozoa in the semen for ejaculates without gel and caused no greater loss of spermatozoa from samples with gel. We recommend that a 37 μm nylon filter be used rather than a polyester filter.