Effect of pantothenic acid on disposition kinetics and tissue residues of sulphadimidine in chickens

Sulphadimidine was administered to chickens via the intracrop route to determine plasma concentrations of the unchanged sulphonamide and its acetylated derivatives, kinetic disposition, tissue residues and acetylation. The sulphadimidine was given alone (group 1) at a dose of 200 mg kg-1 bodyweight. Pantothenic acid was given via the intracrop route at a dose of 100 mg kg-1 bodyweight one hour before (group 2) and six hours after (group 3) sulphadimidine administration (200 mg kg-1 bodyweight intracrop). The highest plasma concentrations of sulphadimidine in groups 1, 2 and 3 were reached in 1.73, 1.62 and 1.71 hours, respectively, following intracrop administration. In birds of groups 1, 2 and 3 no sulphadimidine was detected at 72, 24 and 48 hours, respectively, following its administration. Estimation of sulphadimidine in most of the body tissues revealed that all tissues examined had lower concentrations than plasma. In chickens given pantothenic acid (groups 2 and 3) before and after sulphadimidine administration, an increase in the concentration of N4 acetylated derivatives of sulphadimidine was observed compared with birds given sulphadimidine alone (group 1).     

Influence of the duration of nitrovin medication on weight gains in chickens of different ages

In chickens aged from 1 to 7 weeks a growth promoting effect of nitrovin at levels of 12 and 120 ppm in the food was confirmed. Irregularities in weight gains were found between medicated groups (120 and 240 ppm) and controls. No difference was found in weight gains after a long-term medication and after a medication lasting only 3 days. The different dosage levels (120 and 240 ppm) did not result in any great difference in the residues of nitrovin in the liver and muscle; the age of the birds had no evident influence on residues.     

Effect of fasting and refeeding on blood glutathione and lipid peroxide concentration of cockerels and pullets

Changes of reduced glutathione (GSH) and TBARS (thiobarbituric acid-reactive products of lipid peroxidation) concentrations and activity of gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT, EC 2.3.2.2) in the blood of Lohman brown cockerels and pullets in response to 48 hour food deprivation and 24 hour refeeding were examined. The experiment was performed on 61-day-old chickens. Blood samples ware collected from the wing vein (v. brachialis) in heparinized tubes for three times: control sampling before fasting, then after 48 hour food deprivation and after refeeding for 24 hours. Blood GSH concentration after refeeding in cockerels was significantly higher compared with prefasting and fasting values. The concentration of GSH in female chickens was significantly lower after fasting as well as after refeeding compared with control values. In addition to that, in pullets GSH concentration in refeeding was higher than in fasting conditions. The level of TBARS in blood in female and male chickens after fasting and refeeding were significantly lower than the prefasting values. The GGT activity on cockerels after 48 hour food deprivation was significantly higher compared with control sampling and in chickens refeed for 24 hours, whereas in pullets significant difference was exhibit compared only with control values. Concentration of GSH in control sampling in cockerels compared with those in pullets was significantly lower. After 48 hours of fasting, the level of GSH was significantly higher in the cockerels than in the pullets. Results of TBARS concentration in the pullets were higher of control and fasting values than in the cockerels. The GGT activity of control sampling was significantly higher in male chicken. Lipid peroxidation in chickens of both sexes decreased with fasting, but prooxidative-antioxidative processes were more intensive in female chickens, probably because they were not reach sexual maturity.     

Weight increase following administration of insulin to rats with reduced feed intake]

Young male Wistar rats, adapted to single daily administration of feed (from 8.00 to 10.00 a.m.) were studied for the intake of feed, weight gains, and feed consumption per weight gain unit after administration of Superdep insulin in the dose of 10 u kg-1 of body weight. The time limitation of access to food reduced the over-all intake of feed and weight gains and adversely affected the utilization of feed, expressed as consumption per 1 g of weight gain. The administration of insulin partly compensated the adverse effect of the reduced feed intake; this was manifested by better utilization of feeds by the experimental group, in comparison with the control animals.     

Haematological and febrile response to Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide in 12‐week‐old cockerels of genetically diverse layer lines fed diets with increasing L‐arginine levels

Due to its decisive function in the avian metabolic, endocrine and immune system L‐arginine (Arg) is dietary indispensable for chickens. In 12‐week‐old cockerels of two high‐ and two low‐performing purebred layer lines, the effects of increasing dietary Arg on the haematological and febrile response were studied over 48 h after single lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection. The offered diets contained Arg equivalent to 70%, 100% and 200% of recommended supply. Pathophysiological alterations in weight gain, feed intake, body temperature and differential blood count were examined in comparison with their physiological initial values. Within the first 24 h after LPS injection, cockerels reduced feed intake and lost body weight subsequently. Thereby, low‐performing genotypes lost body weight to a lesser extent than high‐performing ones. The loss of body weight was further intensified by deficient dietary Arg. Within the following 24 h, cockerels recovered by improving feed intake and weight gain. Furthermore, LPS induced genotype‐specific fever response: both brown genotypes showed initial hypothermia followed by longer lasting moderate hyperthermia, whereas the white genotypes exhibited biphasic hyperthermia. Fever response was accompanied by significant changes in differential blood counts. Characterized by lymphopenia and heterophilia, a severe leucopenia was observed from 4 to 8 h after LPS injection and replaced by a marked leucocytosis with longer lasting monocytosis up to 48 h after LPS injection. Under given pathophysiological conditions, deficiently Arg‐supplied cockerels showed higher total leucocyte counts than adequately and excessively Arg‐supplied cockerels. However, deficient and surplus dietary Arg tended to cause higher ratios between heterophils and lymphocytes. To conclude, present results confirmed that LPS induced numerous immunological changes in 12‐week‐old cockerels and emphasized that chicken's genotype is a source of variation to be considered for immunological studies. Deficient dietary Arg intensified acute changes in differential blood counts and weight gain during LPS‐induced inflammation.     

Plasma concentrations of luteinising hormone and body weights during somatic maturation in intact and castrated Australorp cockerels from a line of hens selected for increased ovulation rate

1. Plasma concentrations of luteinising hormone (LH), comb size and body weight were measured between 46 and 208 d of age in intact and castrated cockerels from lines of selected and control Australorp domestic chickens. The selected line had been selected for increased rate of lay by reducing oviposition intervals within sequences. The cockerels were reared and maintained on 15.25 h light/d. 2. Concentrations of plasma LH in the intact control cockerels were low in the 'immature' phase (less than 100 d old) and increased during the 'mature' phase (older than 175 d) with a peak occurring when the testes are beginning to grow at the onset of the 'mature' phase. In comparison with the control line of cockerels, the selected line had significantly higher plasma LH concentrations at the onset of the 'mature' phase. Selection had no effect on the mean concentration of plasma LH in either the immature phase or a few weeks after the onset of the mature phase. 3. There was no effect of selection in sibling females for higher rates of lay on changes in comb size or body weight during sexual maturation in the intact cockerels. 4. Castration at 45-46 d of age resulted in increased plasma LH concentrations and no comb growth. Plasma LH concentration increased progressively between 40-208 d. There was no difference between the two lines of cockerels in plasma LH concentration or rate of body growth after castration. 5. It is concluded that selection of females for a change in the rate of egg production has resulted in increased plasma LH concentrations in sibling males around the onset of sexual maturation. Selection appears to have caused this effect by altering an unidentified component of the inhibitory feedback mechanism which controls the tonic secretion of LH.     

优力安肽对黄羽肉鸡生长性能及血液生化指标的影响

选择1日龄健康北方3号公鸡450羽,随机分成6组,每组设3个重复,试验Ⅰ组为对照组,试验II、III、IV、V、Ⅵ组分别添加20、40、60、80、100 mg/kg的优力安肽,在同一鸡舍中用围栏将各组鸡隔开（温度、湿度、光照均满足正常生产需要）,自动饮水,自由采食。分别于14、28、42、56、63日龄称重、采血,并于63日龄每重复取3只鸡进行屠宰。结果表明,日粮中添加60 mg/kg优力安肽的处理组与对照组相比,日增重提高了13.98%,料重比降低了3.43%（P<0.05）;试验鸡血液神经肽Y含量随日粮中优力安肽添加水平的增加而升高;试验鸡的日增重与血液生长激素含量呈强正相关（r=0.712）,与胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ呈正相关（r=0.812）;料重比与胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ呈强负相关（r=-0.796）。北方3号公鸡日粮中添加60 mg/kg的优力安肽,生产性能和经济效益最佳。     

Susceptibility of Local Nigerian and Exotic Chickens to Infectious Bursal Disease by Contact Exposure

One hundred 6-week-old susceptible cockerels were inoculated with a pathogenic strain of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) and kept in the same pen as 100 each of 6-week-old pullets, local chickens and broilers. The cockerels developed depression and diarrhoea on day 3 post inoculation (PI) and most of the pullets and some of the local chickens and broilers showed similar signs on day 4 PI. Loss in weight was severe and similar in the pullets and local chickens, being significantly greater than that in the broilers from days 3–11 PI. The total mortality was 85%, 66.7%, 30% and 20% for the pullets, cockerels, local chickens and broilers, respectively. The lesions were more severe in the pullets and local chickens than in the broilers. IBDV antigen and antibody were detected, respectively, in all the bursal and serum samples from the infected chickens tested. The contact exposure method used in this study simulates better what happens in nature than inoculation with IBDV. The reduced mortality observed among the local chickens, compared with that (61.5%) seen in earlier studies using intraocular inoculation of IBDV, may have been due to behavioural differences that tend to result in their ingesting a relatively low dose of the virus.     

Long-term effects of early-life dietary L-carnitine on lymphoid organs and immune responses in Leghorn-type chickens

The long-term effects of supplementing Leghorn-type chickens with dietary L-carnitine after hatching for 4 weeks on growth, lymphoid organ weights, humoral and cell-mediated immune responses were assessed in a 12-week study. A commercial starter feed supplemented with 0 (control), 100 (LC) or 1,000 (HC) mg L-carnitine/kg was offered to day-old ISA Brown cockerels for 4 weeks, then all birds were given a commercial pullet grower feed for another 8 weeks. No differences (p > 0.05) in growth rates, feed intake or feed utilisation efficiency existed among the dietary treatments throughout the study. Compared with control birds, HC-fed birds had a lower (p < 0.05) thymus weight relative to bodyweight (BW) at Week 4, but a higher (p < 0.05) relative thymus weight at Week 12. A higher (p < 0.05) serum primary antibody response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) in HC-fed birds than in the other two groups was also detected at Week 12. Relative spleen or bursa weights and cutaneous responses of toe webs to phytohaemagglutimin (PHA) (an in vivo indicator of cell-mediated immune responses) did not differ (p > 0.05) among dietary treatments at any time. It is concluded that a short-term supply of dietary L-carnitine to a conventional commercial feed after hatching enhanced subsequent humoral immunity in Leghorn-type chickens. Further study is warranted to confirm such a long-term effect.     

Some safety aspects of salmonella vaccines for poultry: distribution and persistence of three Salmonella typhimurium live vaccines

The purpose of this study was to analyze the safety characteristics of three commercially available live Salmonella vaccine strains (vacT, Zoosaloral, and X3985) in relation to their persistence in individual animals but also within a flock and in the environment. In a first experiment, the digestive and systemic distributions in chickens were followed for 10 days in individually reared chickens that were orally inoculated at 1 day of age. Strain X3985 quickly disappeared from the digestive tract but remained in the liver until the end of this experiment, whereas strains vacT and Zoosaloral colonized the liver as well as the gut for 10 days. In the second trial, behavior of the vaccine strains was studied in groups of 20 chickens during 10 wk after a single oral administration to individual birds. Strain vacT remained in the environment of inoculated animals for 4-5 wk. Six weeks after the inoculation, vacT was not recovered from internal organs such as liver and spleen, and vacT disappeared from the digestive tract between the sixth and the 10th weeks. Comparatively, both Zoosaloral and X3985 vaccine strains persisted longer in the environment (8 wk at least). Of the vaccine strains, X3985 showed the greatest colonization of both systemic and digestive organs.     

Changes in the lipid peroxide status of broiler chickens in acute monensin poisoning

The effect exerted by overdosage of monensin, an ionophore antibiotic, on the lipid peroxide status of broiler chickens was studied. Three-week-old broiler cockerels were given 150 mg monensin/kg body mass through a tube, and the malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and catalase activity of the liver and breast muscle, and MDA concentration and GSH-Px activity of the blood plasma were determined. Liver MDA and catalase values rose rapidly and significantly during the experimental period. GSH-Px activity initially decreased, then tended to rise. Blood plasma and breast muscle variables did not change during the experiment. Acute monensin poisoning induced substantial enhancement of lipid peroxidation processes in the liver, while it did not appreciably affect the lipid peroxide status of the blood plasma and breast muscle. The role of the observed phenomenon in the rather complex pathogenesis of monensin poisoning is not known sufficiently. Further studies are needed to elucidate the problem.     

Effect of feeding T-2 toxin contaminated feed on the utilisation of vitamin E in chickens

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of experimental T-2 toxin load (2.35 mg/kg of feed) and vitamin E supply in the drinking water (10.5 mg/bird/day) on vitamin E levels of the blood plasma and liver in broiler chickens in a 14-day experiment. It was found that T-2 toxin load did not influence vitamin E content of the blood plasma except at day 3 after the toxin load when a moderate increase was detected in plasma vitamin E. No significant changes were found in vitamin E content of the liver. The simultaneous use of high-dose vitamin E supplementation and T-2 toxin load caused a significantly higher plasma vitamin E content but the changes were less expressed in the group subjected to T-2 toxin load. Vitamin E supply also resulted in a marked and significant increase in vitamin E concentrations of the liver on days 3 and 7 even in the T-2 loaded group, but this concentration significantly decreased thereafter. The results show that T-2 contamination of the diet has an adverse effect on the utilisation of vitamin E in broiler chickens.     

Efficacy of Sarafloxacin in Broilers after Experimental Infection with Escherichia coli

Infections of chickens with Escherichia coli serotypeO78 can be treated with the antibiotic sarafloxacin. Three experiments were conducted on the administration of this drug to chickens that had been experimentally infected with E. coli. The birds were monitored for 10 days after infection for their average daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR), and the post-mortem pathology was assessed. In the first experiment, sarafloxacin (20 mg/L, equivalent to 5 mg/kg live weight per day), given in the drinking water for 3 days after infection, led to a reduction in the mortality from 75% to 27%, but the ADG of the treated birds was still less than that of the uninfected controls. In the second experiment, when the sarafloxacin was administered at the same dose in the water but over only 2 h, there was also a considerable reduction in mortality, and the ADG and the FCR also improved significantly. In the third experiment, the dose dependence of the drug was tested. The birds were given 5 and 10 mg/kg per day sarafloxacin in each group, starting within 2 h after infection. This rapid administration of the drug completely prevented mortality, while the ADG and FCR were similar to those of the uninfected controls.     

Some pharmacokinetic and biochemical aspects of sulphadiazine and sulphadimidine in ewes

Eight experiments were carried out on eight clinically healthy non-pregnant ewes. Each animal was injected intravenously with either sulphadiazine or sulphadimidine at a dose rate of 100 mg/kg body weight. A two-compartment pharmacokinetic model was developed to describe the disposition of these drugs. The elimination half-lives were 7.15 ± 0.58 h and 9.51 ± 0.59 h and the distribution half-lives were 0.56 ± 0.07 h and 0.42 ± 0.05 h for sulphadiazine and sulphadimidine, respectively. The apparent specific volumes of distribution were less than 1 litre/kg (0.410 and 0.501 litres/kg for sulphadiazine and sulphadimidine, respectively) which indicates a relatively lower distribution of these drugs to tissues than in plasma in sheep. The degree of plasma protein binding was similar for both drugs (19.15 ± 0.55% and 23.12 ± 0.32%) for sulphadiazine and sulphadimidine, respectively). Serum concentrations of ketone bodies, total lipids and calcium were significantly reduced, and blood glucose concentration significantly increased following administration of both of these sulphonamides, whilst serum total protein concentration was unaltered. The serum cholesterol concentration was significantly reduced following sulphadiazine administration, but not after sulphadimidine.     

Growth in broiler chickens after the regulation of sex differentiation using tamoxifen

We studied the influence of an embryonal application of antiestrogen tamoxifen on gonad differentiation and sex dimorphism during the growth of Slovgal chickens. A single application of 500 micrograms tamoxifen to the incubated eggs before the onset of gonad differentiation induced in pullets the growth of the right gonad, which usually develops only in cockerels. Comparing the size of both gonads it is clear that the above dose of antiestrogen had the 22.31% masculinizing effect. Morphological changes observed just after hatching correlated with the testosterone concentration in plasma. The pullets masculinized by tamoxifen had a significantly higher level of male hormone. The changes in sex differentiation were reflected in the altered growth of pullet bodies. With respect to the higher growth rate and more effective feed conversion, their growth can be appreciated as masculinized. The higher body weight at the end of seven-week fattening (4.25% in comparison with the control group of pullets) was due to the higher trunk weight. The growth was stimulated by tamoxifen application also in cockerels (5.57% increase in body weight) but it was not accompanied by any changes in feed conversion.     

Short- and Long-Term Effects of Feed Form on Fast- and Slow-Growing Broilers

Three experiments were conduced to quantify the potential negative effect of fine particles (<0.5 mm diameter) in the feed on fast- and slow-growing broiler growth performance. In the first experiment, chickens were fed mash or pellets of 2.5 and 4 mm diameter between 15 and 35 d of age. During this period, fast-growing broiler fed pelleted feed had a 19% higher final BW, a 12% higher feed intake, and a 12% lower (improved) feed conversion ratio than those fed mash. Feed form had no significant effect on feed intake, BW gain, or final BW of slow-growing chickens. Feed conversion ratio, however, was 6% lower with pellet than mash. In the second and the third experiments, fast and slow-growing chickens weighed 1.2 kg at the beginning of the experiment. In the second experiment, the effects of a transition from pelleted feed to mash or a mixture between the 2 feed forms on the short-term feed intake and growth was investigated. After the transition from pellet to mash or the mixture, both fast- and slow-growing chickens adapted their feed intake in less than 10 min. The mixture between mash and pellets led to a 25% higher feed intake and an 18% lower feed conversion ratio for fast-growing chickens. There was no significant difference between mash and the mixture on slow-growing feed intake, but feed conversion ratio was 9% lower. In the third experiment, the effect of fine particles concentration in the feed on short-term growth response was measured. Increase in the concentration of fine particles in the feed linearly reduced feed intake and BW gain of both fast- and slow-growing chickens. However, the slope was 5 times greater for fast-growing chickens than for slow-growing chickens. These 3 experiments showed that fast-growing chickens are more sensitive to feed form than slow-growing chickens. Therefore, physical form of the feed can be a major limiting factor of performance.     

Influence of dietary tannic acid and polyethylene glycol on growth and intestinal D-xylose absorption of broiler cockerels and activity of serum enzymes

1. In an experiment on broiler cockerels, the influence of tannic acid (TA) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) on body weight gain (BWG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), weight of intestine and liver, the activities of serum enzymes LDH, AST, ALT and intestinal absorption function were investigated. 2. Broiler cockerels were given either a commercial diet alone (control group) or a commercial diet with TA (20 g/kg), PEG (10 g/kg) or TA plus PEG (20 + 10 g/kg), for 10 d. 3. On the last day of the experiment, all birds and remaining feed were weighed individually and a sample of blood was taken to measure the serum activities of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT). The capacity of intestinal cells for the absorption of D-xylose was measured. Finally all birds were killed humanely and the intestine and liver were weighed. 4. The results showed that TA significantly reduced BWG and FCR, as well as the activity of LDH, AST and ALT. 5. TA also increased the relative weight of the intestine. Adding PEG alone had no effect on any of the measured parameters. 6. However, PEG improved significantly BWG, FCR and the activity of LDH and AST of TA-fed birds. 7. The plasma D-xylose concentration of experimental birds was similar for all dietary treatments most likely because of temporal separation between feeding the dietary TA and administering the D-xylose. 8. It was concluded that the presence of tannins in the GI lumen of the bird was necessary to affect the processes involved in the absorption of simple sugars such as D-xylose, at the level of intestinal absorptive cells.     

Studies on the tryptophan requirement of piglets.

Three experiments were conducted to determine the requirement of tryptophan for piglets. In the first two experiments dose-response relationships between the dietary tryptophan concentration and performance criteria of piglets were examined in order to determine the dietary tryptophan concentration required for maximum performance. In the first experiment dietary tryptophan levels ranged from 1.09 to 2.32 g per kg, in the second experiment they ranged from 1.70 to 2.60 g per kg. In both experiments a close correlation was observed between the dietary tryptophan concentration and piglet performance criteria (feed intake, daily gains, feed efficiency). In the first experiment, regression analysis using a non-linear model revealed that the optima, defined as 95% of the asymptotic response in the model used, for feed intake and daily gains were achieved at tryptophan levels in excess of the highest concentration of 2.32 g per kg feed. The performance level of the piglets in this experiment was generally very low, however. In the second experiment feed intake, the optimum tryptophan concentration, defined as 95% of the asymptotic response, for daily gains and feed efficiency were achieved within a small range between 2.07 and 2.14 g tryptophan per kg feed, corresponding to 1.84 to 1.91 g precaecal digestible tryptophan per kg feed or 0.153 to 0.159 g tryptophan per MJ ME. These results suggest that the tryptophan concentration for maximum performance of piglets is probably higher than has been implied in numerous studies to date. The third experiment was set up to investigate the effect of the reduced feed intake and the effect of an inadequate tryptophan supply per se on the animals' growth. Here a two-factorial experimental design was used also by varying the energy density of the diet (13 vs. 14 MJ ME per kg feed). In addition to tryptophan deficient groups (1.5 g tryptophan per kg feed), this experiment contained conventional control groups (2.6 g tryptophan per kg feed, ad libitum feeding) and pair-fed control groups (2.6 g tryptophan per kg feed, feed intake identical to that of the tryptophan deficient group). The energy density had no significant effect on the animals' performance and increasing the energy density of the diet did not significantly affect feed and energy intake or daily gains of the tryptophan deficient animals. Feed intake, daily gains and feed efficiency of the tryptophan deficient groups were markedly poorer (by 30, 35 and 10%) than in the ad libitum control groups. When compared with the pair-fed control groups, on the other hand, the performance of the tryptophan deficient groups in terms of daily gains, feed conversion and energy efficiency was only slightly and not significant lower by 1, 4 and 3%, respectively. These results demonstrate conclusively that the growth depression in tryptophan deficiency is almost entirely due to the marked reduction in feed intake rather than to a direct limitation of protein accretion caused by an inadequate tryptophan supply.     

Persistent hypoglycemia is induced by tolbutamide administration in broiler chickens fed a low-carbohydrate diet

With a view to gaining an insight into the regulatory mechanism of blood glucose concentrations specific to the chicken, an experimental induction of hypoglycemia was conducted by single or sequential administration of tolbutamide in broiler chickens fed a standard or low-carbohydrate diet. A single dosing of tolbutamide at levels of 25-200 mg/kg body weight decreased plasma glucose concentrations for 2 to 8 h after the dosing in chickens fed either diet. No significant rise in plasma insulin concentration was observed for 2 to 24 h after the single dosing of tolbutamide in chickens on either diet, with the exception of a significant rise when chickens on the standard diet received 100 mg tolbutamide. However, a transient increase of plasma insulin concentration was observed only in the 20 min immediately after the single dosing. Persistent hypoglycemia that was sustained for 5 days, with no significant changes in plasma insulin concentration, was induced by sequential dosing (3 times per day for 5 days, every 8 h) of tolbutamide (100 and 200 mg/kg body weight) in chickens fed the low-carbohydrate diet. In these chickens, the consistently low concentration of plasma glucose, with small diurnal variations, was evidenced by the determination of plasma glucose every 3 h in day 4/5 of the tolbutamide dosing. In chickens fed the standard diet, on the other hand, the low plasma glucose concentrations for 5 days were accompanied by significant diurnal fluctuations. Chickens with persistent hypoglycemia showed slight decreases in plasma non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) concentration and only slight changes in blood D-3-hydroxybutyrate (3HB) concentration. The present study shows that the persistent hypoglycemia with normoinsulinemia, in the main, is induced by tolbutamide dosing in chickens fed a low-carbohydrate diet, and that the blood concentrations of NEFA and 3HB, alternatives of energy source in animals, are only slightly changed or not at all in hypoglycemic chickens.     

四君子汤和补中益气汤对雏鸡免疫新城疫疫苗的影响

阐明四君子汤和补中益气汤对雏鸡免疫新城疫疫苗的影响。试验选取体质量30~35 g的1日龄海兰白雏鸡150只,饲喂全价饲料,7 d后,将其平均随机分为对照组、四君子汤组和补中益气汤组。对各组雏鸡滴鼻、点眼免疫新城疫活疫苗,免疫2 d后,对照组雏鸡每天给予纯化水,四君子汤组雏鸡每天给予四君子汤,补中益气汤组雏鸡每天给予补中益气汤,按照0.4 mL/kg的剂量连续灌服给药3 d。分别于免疫后第0天、第7天、第14天、第21天和第28天,从各试验组中随机采集10只试验鸡的血液,分离血清,用血凝抑制法测定新城疫抗体效价;翼静脉无菌采血,观察淋巴细胞转化情况,计算淋巴细胞转化率;利用碳廓清法,计算巨噬细胞吞噬率;采用全自动血球分析仪检测外周血白细胞的数量。试验结果显示,四君子汤组和补中益气汤组雏鸡的新城疫病毒抗体效价、外周血淋巴细胞转化率、巨噬细胞吞噬率均较对照组显著升高(P<0.05),白细胞总数无明显变化(P>0.05)。试验表明四君子汤和补中益气汤对雏鸡免疫新城疫疫苗均具有免疫增效作用。