早晚季水稻耐光氧化反应特性及其与品质稳定性的关系

以耐光氧化反应特性和品质性状具有明显差异的9个水稻品种为材料,研究在早、晚季不同温光栽培条件下,水稻品种的耐光氧化反应特性和品质性状表现及其相互关系。结果表明,水稻的耐光氧化反应特性与稻米品质的优劣不呈显著性相关,但与垩白米率,垩白度,精米率,整精米率,磨损率和直链淀粉含量等品质性状在早晚季的稳定性密切相关,即耐光氧化反应特性强的品种在不同季节栽培其米质稳定性较好。     

甘蓝型黄籽油菜主要品质性状与环境效应 基因型差异研究

以8个不同来源的甘蓝型黄籽油菜基因型为材料,研究了4种不同密、肥(氮素)处理条件下粒色及其它主要品质性状的变化。结果表明:不同来源的甘蓝型黄籽油菜基因型,其粒色等品质性状存在极显著差异;甘蓝型黄籽油菜的品质性状主要决定于基因遗传效应,同时密肥效应和基因型与密肥的互作效应对甘蓝型黄籽油菜的品质也有极显著影响。不同基因型甘蓝型黄籽油菜的品质性状在密肥处理间变异程度不同。     

华南早晚造籼稻品质变化规律与定级探讨

应用国家优质稻谷标准GB／T17891-1999对华南籼稻早晚两造种植的稻谷样品进行了品质指标系统测定，结果表明：不同品种(组合)早晚造品质变化具有特异性。     

影响水稻穗部性状及籽粒碾磨品质的QTL及其环境互作分析

利用优质恢复系测258为轮回亲本与粳型糯稻新品系IR75862杂交创制的BC₁F₇回交导入系群体,在广西南宁和海南三亚定位了产量相关性状(二次枝梗数、穗总粒数、穗实粒数、粒重和穗重)、粒型(粒长、宽、厚)和碾磨品质(糙米率、精米率和整精米率)的主效QTL并剖析其环境互作效应。双亲在穗实粒数、千粒重、粒长和粒宽及整精米率等性状上存在显著差异。各产量相关性状间呈极显著正相关,而与千粒重和粒长呈极显著负相关。多数产量及粒型相关性状与3种碾磨品质相关不显著。在南宁和三亚环境下检测到影响产量相关性状、粒型及碾磨品质的主效QTL共计57个,包括二次枝梗数的6个,穗实粒数4个,穗总粒数、粒重和穗重各5个,粒长9个,粒宽7个,粒厚1个,糙米率4个,精米率5个和整精米率6个,分布在除第11染色体外的所有染色体上。多数影响枝梗数、穗粒数和粒重的QTL成簇分布,而且与影响BR、MR和HR的QTL分布在不同染色体区域。在第2、第3、第4、第5和第6染色体上鉴定出影响穗粒数、粒重、粒型及碾磨品质的重要QTL,这些QTL在以往不同遗传背景和环境下被多次检测到。在第8染色体RM152~RM310区间鉴定到1个影响粒长和粒宽的新的QTL,能同步增加粒宽和粒长。鉴定出的这些稳定表达的QTL具有标记辅助选择育种的应用价值。整精米率是受环境影响最大的性状,其QTL的环境互作效应明显。对QTL的环境互作效应特点及其在品种标记辅助改良中的作用进行了深入探讨。     

不同施钾量处理对玉米倒伏率、农艺性状及产量的影响

研究不同施钾量对玉米倒伏率、各农艺性状及产量的影响,以期为黑龙江省玉米抗倒性栽培及钾肥的科学管理提供理论依据。本研究通过设置5个不同施钾量下,对玉米各农艺性状及产量方差分析,并研究玉米倒伏率与各农艺性状之间相关性。结果表明,T₂处理株高和穗长与其他处理间均存在着显著差异;T₀处理的穗位和秃尖长与其他处理间均存在着显著性差异。在产量性状方面,T₂处理的穗行数、行粒数最多,百粒重最大,产量最高,玉米倒伏率与穗位高、秃尖长呈显著正相关,与穗行数、行粒数、百粒重及产量均呈显著负相关。适量的钾肥可以提高玉米抗倒能力,随着施钾量的增加玉米倒伏率呈现出先降后升的趋势,根据以上5个不同施钾量处理,T₂处理玉米倒伏率最低。     

冀西北食葵地方资源农艺性状分析

对冀西北收集到的50份地方食葵资源10个主要农艺性状进行分析,结果表明,供试材料的农艺性状差异较大,变异丰富。各性状间相互影响,有5对性状呈极显著相关,2对呈显著性相关,其中只有百粒重与小区产量呈负相关,其余均为正相关。通过主成分分析提取了3个因子,分别为株型因子、粒型因子和产量因子,这3个因子所解释方差占全部方差的75.704%。通过聚类分析,将50份地方资源划分为5类,类群之间差异明显。地理来源相同的材料被归为不同组群,主要由于不同地区间的品种交换。     

水稻穗不同部位籽粒品质性状差异的比较

以直立穗型品种辽粳5号和弯曲穗型品种丰锦及其杂交衍生的4个RILs株系为试验材料,研究水稻穗不同部位籽粒品质性状的差异。结果表明,不同穗型水稻糙米率、精米率和整精米率的差异主要由中、下部二次枝梗籽粒差异较大引起的,特别是下部二次枝梗籽粒精米率较低是直立穗型品种碾磨品质明显低于弯曲穗型品种的主要原因。不同穗型品种穗内不同部位籽粒的外观品质差异较小,只有粒长和粒宽比表现为弯曲穗型大于直立穗型。蒸煮和食味品质在不同穗型间差异不明显,穗上不同部位籽粒间蛋白质的含量差异较小,直链淀粉的含量表现为一次枝梗籽粒小于二次枝梗籽粒,食味值表现为一次枝梗籽粒中部的要好于上部和下部,二次枝梗籽粒表现为上部>中部>下部。     

粳型杂种稻米品质性状的表现及遗传控制

研究了由4个不育系及其保持系与7个恢复系配组的24个粳型杂种的9个品质性状的遗传表现 , 结果表明： (1)杂种粳米的品质性状表现普遍介于双亲之间, 但粒宽和直链淀粉含量有 较多的超高亲组合, 糙米率和精米率有较多的超低亲组合。 (2)杂种的整精米率、 粒长、 粒宽、 垩白率、 糊化温度5个性状与不育系呈显著正相关; 糙米     

甘蓝型黄籽油菜主要品质性状间的相关性分析

【研究目的】为探讨不同田间环境条件下,同一甘蓝型黄籽油菜基因型各品质性状之间的相关关系,【方法】以甘蓝型黄籽油菜基因型GH01为材料,研究了由播期与密度形成的9种田间环境条件下粒色及其它主要品质性状间的相关性。【结果】结果表明：黄籽度与胚含油量、种子含油量间呈明显的负相关关系（相关系数分别为r=-0.6617和r=-0.7458*）,胚含油量与胚蛋白质含量、种子含油量之间仍保持着极其显著的负相关和正相关关系（相关系数分别为r=-0.9071**和r=0.8973**）。【结论】甘蓝型黄籽油菜黄籽度、种子含油量之间的相关关系随供试基因型的不同而发生变化,但另一些品质性状（含油量、蛋白质含量）间的相关关系并不因供试基因型间的差异而改变。     

辽宁水稻穗型分类及其与产量和品质的关系

以辽宁省近年来育成的40个水稻品种为试材,研究了穗部性状的品种间差异、穗型分类方法及其与穗部性状、产量和品质的关系。结果表明,调查的13项穗部性状的品种间差异均达到极显著水平;以单穗重、着粒密度、穗直立程度和穗型指数为指标,分别将试材划分为重、中、轻,密、中、稀,直、半、弯,上、中、下4类各3种穗型;总体看重穗型有与密穗型相对应的趋势,共同特点是穗数少而一次枝梗数和每穗粒数多,着粒密度大,二次枝梗粒数及其占每穗粒数的比率（二次粒率）高,结实性特别是二次枝梗结实性差,因而产量潜力较高但是品质较差;直立穗型与重穗型和密穗型的对应关系不如前两者之间明显,在穗数、一次枝梗数、每穗粒数、着粒密度等方面与重穗型和密穗型相似,但是二次粒率低,结实率高,加工品质、外观品质和食味品质都优于重穗型和密穗型;上部优势型在结实性和品质性状上有明显优势,但是产量较低。因此,直立穗型与上部优势型相结合将有利于北方粳稻产量和品质的协调统一。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.