不同氮营养水平对茶叶产量和品质的影响

采用田间试验,研究了年施纯N 90 kg/hm2、180 kg/hm2、360 kg/hm2、720 kg/hm2 4种不同氮素营养水平对茶叶干物质产量和品质的影响。结果表明,氮肥对茶叶的干物质产量和品质有明显的影响,合理的施氮量能显著提高茶叶产量并改善其品质。所有处理中,年施纯N 360 kg/hm2获得了最高干物质产量,超过这一施肥量,产量便开始下降。在同一基础肥力土壤条件下,茶叶干物质产量表现为随施氮量的加大先增加后降低,呈抛物线趋势。品质结果分析显示施用适量氮肥能明显提高茶叶中的游离氨基酸、咖啡碱和水浸出物含量,而茶多酚含量降低; 茶树叶片中的叶绿素含量也呈升高趋势。在4种施肥水平条件下,茶叶增产幅度为19.59%、25.19%,平均22.39%; 茶叶品质成分,特别是游离氨基酸含量有明显提高。     

氯化钾在茶园中的增产提质效果

中国是世界产茶大国,现有茶园面积约达106万hm2,主要分布在江南红黄壤的山丘和低丘陵地区,它的生产发展对我国山区和低丘陵地区的经济发展和生态建设都有直接关系.     

茶树控释氮肥的施用效果与合理施用技术研究

采用田间试验方法研究控释氮肥不同施用量和施用次数条件下土壤养分释放动态,以及对茶树养分吸收、叶片叶绿素含量,茶叶产量和品质变化的影响。结果表明,控释氮肥能明显延长氮在土壤中的留存时间,与普通尿素相比,NH4+-N浓度明显提高并能持续较长时间;而NO3--N变化不大,使NO3--N占总无机态氮含量的比例降低。控释氮肥在土壤中的这种动态变化与茶树对氮素的吸收规律基本同步,这不仅明显促进了茶树对氮素的吸收,而且对钾和锌等矿质元素的吸收也有所增强;茶树叶片叶绿素含量提高。与普通尿素相比,控释氮肥可减少30%氮肥用量而不影响茶叶产量和品质;相同的施肥量和施肥次数或施肥次数减少一次,茶叶仍增产6.6%～24.1%,平均12.9%;茶叶品质成分,特别是游离氨基酸含量也有明显提高。     

开发更高效的生物炭肥料提高辣椒产量和质量

Utilization of biochar at high application rates can increase soil C and crop yields, decrease greenhouse gas emissions and reduce nutrient run-off from soils. However, the high application rate of 10 t ha-1may not return a profit to the farmer due to the high cost of biochar. In this study biochar was modified through pre-treating the biomass and post-treating with phosphoric acid, minerals and different chemical fertilisers to study the effects of two new enhanced biochar fertilisers on the yield and quality of green pepper in a field experiment with 5 fertilisation treatments and 3 replications. The two new biochar fertilisers significantly(P 0.05) increased the yield of green pepper(11.33–11.47 t ha-1), compared with the conventional chemical fertiliser(9.72 t ha-1). The biochar fertiliser treatments improved the vitamin C content of green pepper from 236.99 to 278.28 mg kg-1, and also significantly(P 0.05) reduced the nitrate content from 132.32 to 101.92 mg kg-1, compared with chemical fertiliser. This study indicated that, compared to the use of conventional chemical fertiliser, all of the biochar fertiliser treatments could significantly improve the yield and quality of green pepper.     

不同施肥措施对勐海大叶茶产量与品质的影响

为探究不同施肥措施对勐海大叶茶产量与品质的影响,减轻茶园由于长期不合理施肥带来的茶叶品质下降、土壤酸化和面源污染等环境问题,选择勐海县代表性的茶园进行了为期两年的田间小区试验,设置4个不同施肥处理,研究了不同施肥措施对大叶茶产量和品质的影响.结果表明:4种不同施肥处理对茶叶产量和品质指标的影响具有滞后性,均表现为第一年...     

亚热带丘陵区稻草覆盖对茶园土壤环境、茶叶品质改良及产量的影响

试验研究亚热带丘陵区稻草覆盖对茶园土壤环境、茶品质改良及产量的影响结果表明,稻草覆盖可改良土壤理化性状,促进蚯蚓生长,增加土壤关键层次(0～20cm)关键时期(4～6月份)水分含量,提高水分利用率,达到不同观察时刻、不同深度土壤温度低温时增温、高温时降温及降温时保温的综合动态调控效果,增加同一层次土壤温度的稳定性,有效缩短高温和干旱时间,改善茶叶品质,显著增加茶叶产量,增幅为39.04g/m2。     

自动化加工生产线改善机采绿茶理化品质研究

以茶树机采鲜叶为原料,选配、改装和组建了茶叶加工自动化生产线,并跟踪加工工序中茶坯理化成分的动态变化,以同一原料所制的传统炒青工艺为对照,比较新设备和新工艺对机采卷曲形绿茶色泽和品质成分的影响。结果发现:新的生产线在杀青、二青、做形和提香等关键工序中,集成应用了电磁加热耦合热风、热管余热回收和流化床干燥技术,提高了茶叶的滋味和色泽品质,所制卷曲形绿茶的感官得分比传统炒青绿茶高2分,酚氨比相对较低(P0.05),干茶的色相值、茶汤、叶底的亮度和色相值相对更好(P0.01);相比传统单机加工设备,该生产线可日均生产绿茶1 750 kg,产能提高了37.5%,能耗成本为4.6～4.8元/kg干茶;热效率提高100%,用工成本减少50%。机采卷曲形绿茶自动化生产线扩大了茶叶加工产能,减轻了劳动强度,提高了卷曲形绿茶品质,为实际生产提供了指导。     

施肥模式对茶叶品质、产量构成及土壤肥力的影响

采用田间试验,比较分析了撒施、沟施和沟施覆膜3种施肥模式及沟施覆膜下氮肥施用量对茶叶品质成分、产量构成因子和茶园土壤肥力状况的影响。结果表明:沟施覆膜在一定程度上增加了茶叶产量并改善了品质,提高了茶园土壤的基本肥力状况,沟施次之,撒施效果最差。与沟施相比,沟施覆膜下茶叶的水浸出物、咖啡碱、游离氨基酸含量分别提升2.24%、7.26%、14.68%,茶多酚下降1.88%,芽叶密度、芽叶长度分别提升8.50%、8.15%;土壤表层和深层pH分别下降8.16%和5.30%,表层有机质、全氮、速效氮、速效磷、速效钾分别提升10.87%、26.74%、17.95%、34.69%、25.42%,深层有机质、全氮、速效氮、速效磷、速效钾分别提升10.38%、28.22%、25.64%、15.34%、17.97%。比较沟施覆膜下45 kg·hm-2、60 kg·hm-2、75 kg·hm-2、90 kg·hm-2 4种施氮量对茶叶品质、产量构成以及土壤肥力提高的效果,结果表明随着施氮量的增加,茶叶品质及产量构成和茶园土壤肥力增加,但施氮75 kg·hm-2与90 kg·hm-2处理的茶叶品质及产量构成因子间差异不显著,说明沟施覆膜条件下施氮肥75 kg·hm-2即可满足茶园生产需求。     

硫酸钾镁肥对小白菜、茶叶、西瓜产量和品质的影响

通过田间试验，研究在施川氮、磷肥基础上，配施硫酸钟镁肥对小白菜、茶叶、西瓜的产量、品质及主要农艺性状的影响。结果表明：施用钟肥都能增加产垦，提高品质。施硫酸钾镁与施硫酸钾或氯化钾相比，小白菜产量提高3．81％和9．88％，茶叶产量提高8．75％和3．81％；小白菜NO3^-含量降低180．7mg／kg和52．5mg／kg；茶叶游离氨基酸含量增加0．30％和0．27％，茶多酚含量减少0．90％和3．63％，咖啡碱含量增加0．31％和0．19％；西瓜中心可溶性固形物增加0．07％和0．57％，Vc含量提高8．84％和7．35％。施用硫酸钾镁比施用硫酸钾或氯化钾每公顷增加经济效益733～4041元。     

硫酸钾镁肥对小白菜、茶叶、西瓜产量和品质的影响

通过田间试验,研究在施用氮、磷肥基础上,配施硫酸钾镁肥对小白菜、茶叶、西瓜的产量、品质及主要农艺性状的影响。结果表明:施用钾肥都能增加产量,提高品质。施硫酸钾镁与施硫酸钾或氯化钾相比,小白菜产量提高3.81%和9.88%,茶叶产量提高8.75%和3.81%;小白菜NO3-含量降低180.7 mg/kg和52.5 mg/kg;茶叶游离氨基酸含量增加0.30%和0.27%,茶多酚含量减少0.90%和3.63%,咖啡碱含量增加0.31%和0.19%;西瓜中心可溶性固形物增加0.07%和0.57%,Vc含量提高8.84%和7.35%。施用硫酸钾镁比施用硫酸钾或氯化钾每公顷增加经济效益733~4041元。     

The rhizosphere effect of tea on soil microbes in a Himalayan monsoonal location

Monthly investigations of the microbial population associated with tea soils, in terms of colony-forming units assessed by the plate-count method, were carried out at three different soil depths for a period of 12 months. Three groups of microbes, bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi, were examined. Contrary to general observations, the rhizosphere: soil ratios were found to be consistently below 1 in samples taken from established tea bushes, indicating an overall negative rhizosphere effect. Interactions among certain microorganisms may also have contributed to this effect. Nevertheless, the rhizosphere of young tea plants and that of a number of other perennial plants, of different ages, growing in established tea fields, appeared to stimulate microbial growth. The negative effect of the rhizosphere of older tea bushes does not appear to be a common phenomenon that is related to the aging of plants in general, but seems to be unique and specific to tea plants.     

解淀粉芽孢杆菌W48 对大蒜产量品质 及土壤质量提升效果研究

为明确微生物菌剂改善大蒜产地环境、提升产量品质的效果,利用常规施肥结合解淀粉芽孢杆菌W48发酵液进行大蒜田土壤处理,测定大蒜产量和品质相关指标,监测土壤理化性质及生物转化相关酶活性变化,定量分析菌剂处理后土壤和大蒜中邻苯二甲酸酯类塑化剂（PAEs）含量差异。结果表明,W48菌株具有分泌吲哚乙酸的能力,同时具备溶磷和产铁载体的潜力。施用W48微生物菌剂显著增加了植物根际土壤有机质、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量,改善根际区域营养环境,提高了土壤碱性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶和脲酶等生物转化相关酶活性,提高了土壤氮、磷元素利用效率;与对照相比,微生物菌剂处理的小区大蒜增产10%,可溶性糖和维生素C含量等品质指标均有提高,其中可溶性糖显著增加了30%;邻苯二甲酸二正丁酯（DBP）和邻苯二甲酸二（2-乙基）己酯（DEHP）是土壤和大蒜中PAEs的主要检出类型,土壤中的平均浓度分别达到1874.05和337.12μg/kg,大蒜中几种PAEs残留量普遍较高,DBP最高为666.57μg/kg,其次为邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯（DIBP）409.93μg/kg和邻苯二甲酸丁苄酯（BBP）433.65μg/kg。菌剂对PA...     

适宜施氮钾水平提高滴灌秋茶的产量及品质

2018年5月至10月在山东省日照市开展田间试验,研究滴灌条件下不同施氮(纯N)水平(0 kg/hm~2,N0;45 kg/hm~2,N1;75 kg/hm~2,N2;105 kg/hm~2,N3)和施钾(K2O)水平(0 kg/hm~2,K0;27 kg/hm~2,K1;54 kg/hm~2,K2;81 kg/hm~2,K3)对秋季茶叶产量及品质的影响。结果表明:在不同氮水平的对比中,施氮量为75 kg/hm~2(N2K2)时取得最高鲜叶产量及茶多酚、儿茶素、水浸出物含量;施氮量105 kg/hm~2(N3K2)时氨基酸、咖啡碱含量高于其他处理,且酚氨比最小。在不同钾水平的对比中,施钾量81 kg/hm~2(N2K3)时取得最高鲜叶产量且叶绿素、咖啡碱含量最高;施钾量54 kg/hm~2(N2K2)时氨基酸、茶多酚、儿茶素、水浸出物含量最高;施钾量为27 kg/hm~2(N2K1)时酚氨比最小。综合分析所有施肥处理的产量与品质,施氮量105 kg/hm~2、施钾量54 kg/hm~2(N3K2)时表现最优。     

Effect of selenium on the yield and quality of green tea leaves harvested in early spring

Foliar applications of a fertilizer of selenite or selenate were carried out to determine the influence of selenium on the yield and quality of green tea leaves harvested in early spring. Numbers of sprouts and the yield were significantly increased by the application of selenium. The sweetness and aroma of green tea leaves were also significantly enhanced, and bitterness was significantly decreased by the application of selenium. However, no significant differences were found in sweetness, bitterness, and aroma between tea leaves fertilized with selenite and selenate. Se concentration was significantly increased by selenium fertilization, and tea enriched by sodium selenate had a significantly higher selenium content than did tea enriched by sodium selenite. Total amino acid and vitamin C contents were significantly enhanced by the application of selenium. Tea polyphenol contents were significantly decreased by fertilization with selenium. The marked difference of tea polyphenols was also found between applications of selenite and selenate.     

钾肥对幼龄茶树氮磷钾吸收和茶叶产量及品质的效应

选取四川、重庆两地典型、具有代表性的砂岩黄壤、灰岩黄壤和酸性紫色土为供试土壤,连续4年研究了硫酸钾对3类土壤上幼龄茶树矿质营养吸收和茶叶产量、品质的影响。结果表明,在3种土壤上均是 N处理(NK、NPK)茶树对养分的吸收比例合理,茶叶产量高;-N处理(PK、K、CK)则相反。品质分析表明,钾对幼龄茶树游离氨基酸、咖啡碱含量的直接影响不大,但对水浸出物、儿茶素、茶多酚含量的提高有积极的影响,比较酚/氨值得出, N处理酚/氨值一般在5.64~7.17之间,且游离氨基酸含量较高(>3%),处于比较合适的范围内,绿茶品质较佳;相反,-N处理茶叶酚/氨值均在不适宜的范围之内,品质较差。说明在氮肥或氮磷肥的基础上配施钾肥是茶树获得高产、优质的途径。     

减量施氮协同提升强筋小麦产量和品质

  【目的】   通过逐年精准缩小施氮量梯度,研究减量施氮对强筋小麦产量及籽粒品质的影响,探明实现产量品质协同稳定的适宜施氮量。   【方法】   于2016—2019连续3年以强筋小麦藁优2018、师栾02-1、石优20为试验材料,在0～480 kg/hm2范围内,分年度设计逐年递减的施氮梯度,分别为120、60和30 kg/hm2,研究强筋小麦产量和籽粒品质对减量施氮的响应及最适施氮量。   【结果】   在施氮0～240 kg/hm2范围内,增施氮肥可显著提高强筋小麦产量;施氮240～360 kg/hm2范围内,各氮肥处理间小麦产量无显著差异;施氮360～480 kg/hm2范围内小麦产量显著降低。3个年度各施氮处理下均以石优20产量最高。施氮肥0～360 kg/hm2有利于单位面积穗数和穗粒数的提高,不利于千粒重提高,施氮240 kg/hm2可实现产量三因素协调平衡,且氮肥农学效率最高。除容重、硬度外,不同年度间,其他品质指标均随着施氮量增加而提高,其中沉淀值、湿面筋含量和面团稳定时间受氮肥影响较大,对氮肥更为敏感。品种间结果比较表明,师栾02-1的品质总体上较好,其籽粒蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、面团稳定时间和面包体积显著高于藁优2018和石优20;此外,氮肥对3个强筋品种主要品质指标的调控效应相近。   【结论】   在河北省种植藁优2018施氮270 kg/hm2、师栾02-1和石优20施氮210～240 kg/hm2,即能够满足该品种产量和品质协同改善的需求,保证强筋小麦达到高产优质高效的目的。      

加拿大西部起伏地貌的地形指数与产量变异性

Understanding the relationships between topographic indices and crop yield variability is important for soil management and crop production in rolling landscape. Two agricultural fields at Alvena and Hepburn, Saskatchewan, Canada were selected to examine how topographic indices were related to wheat yield under two topographic and weather conditions in the Canadian prairies. The landscapes of the two sites are classified as hummocky and the dominant soil type is an Aridic Ustoll. The relationships among yield, topography, soil, and weather were analyzed using wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) grain yield from Alvena in 2001 (dry year) and 2004 (wet year) and from Hepburn in 1998 (dry year). Topographic/soil indices included relative elevation, wetness index, upslope length, curvature, soil organic matter, and soil moisture storage before seeding. The results indicated that, in the dry years, the correlation coefficients between upslope length and grain yield were 0.79 for the typical rolling landscape (Alvena) in 2001 and 0.73 for shallow gentle rolling landscape (Hepburn) in 1998. In the wet year (2004), the relationships between yield and topographic/soil attributes were not as strong as in dry years. Therefore, upslope length was the best yield indicator for the two landscapes in dry years, whereas no topographic indices were highly correlated to crop yield in wet years. Those topographic indices seemed useful in identifying the yield variability and delineating the proper management zone.     

生物质炭对茶园土壤改良及茶叶品质的影响

近年来,茶树种植过程中化肥的超量施用造成茶园土壤酸化加剧和有机质含量降低等一系列问题,进而影响到茶叶的产量和品质。生物质炭一般呈碱性,具有含碳量高、比表面积大、高度生物化学稳定性和较强的吸附性能等特性,能够增加土壤碳储量,提高土壤pH值和养分有效性,对于茶园土壤固碳、土壤改良和抑制土壤氮磷流失、改善农产品品质等方面有较大作用。针对我国茶园土壤存在的主要问题,以生物质炭的特性及生物质炭改良土壤的作用机理为研究对象,重点阐述了生物质炭在茶园酸化土壤改良、土壤氮素淋失阻控、土壤固碳增汇等方面的效应,以及生物质炭提高茶叶产量和提升茶叶品质方面的作用机理。基于以上研究,展望了生物质炭在茶园管理方面的理论研究方向,为生物质炭在农业生产中的应用和推广提供科学依据。     

西北农牧交错区种养废弃物堆肥对西葫芦产量及品质的影响

针对西北农牧交错地区种养废弃物产生量大且有机肥化消纳率低的问题,以种养废弃物(羊粪、尾菜、牛粪、菇渣、玉米秸秆)为原料,不施肥(CK1)和当地商品有机肥(CK2)为对照,设计8个配方进行堆肥发酵,研究种养废弃物堆肥对日光温室西葫芦产量及品质的影响。结果表明,T4(羊粪∶尾菜∶秸秆= 6∶3∶1)处理单株产量最高,与CK2相比提高了26.1%,且T4处理单株畸形率最低。T4处理维生素C含量最高,较CK2提高了5.5%,硝酸盐含量最低,较CK2显著降低了10.5%,且T4 处理的可溶性蛋白含量较CK2提高了3.6%。T7(羊粪∶尾菜∶菇渣∶秸秆= 6∶2∶1∶1)处理的可溶性固形物含量最高,较CK2显著提高了9.9%。各堆肥处理的Ca、Mg、Cu、Fe、Mn、Zn含量无显著差异,T4处理的必需氨基酸含量较CK2显著提高了28.3%,设计配方堆肥处理较CK2显著增加了赖氨酸、异亮氨酸、丙氨酸含量,降低了谷氨酸含量。综合产量和品质指标分析表明,相比商品有机肥,T4处理增产提质效果最好,所以可选择T4配方用于优化当地种养废弃物有机肥化处理体系和日光温室西葫芦栽培。     

Intragenic crop improvement: combining the benefits of traditional breeding and genetic engineering

New crop varieties are developed by applying traditional breeding methods that rely on random genome modifications. These varieties combine multiple traits that support farm efficiency and acceptable yields but also contain genes associated with the production of toxins, allergens, and/or antinutritional compounds that were not considered during the selection process. Furthermore, existing cultivars frequently lack the functional genes required for specific sensory traits and the formation of health-promoting antioxidants. One new method efficiently addresses some of these issues by either silencing undesirable genes or enhancing the expression of genes that are linked to dormant beneficial traits. Rather than incorporating foreign DNA into the plant's genome, these methods transform crops with plant-derived transfer (P-) DNAs that consist of only native genetic elements. The genetic modification can be characterized molecularly so that any inadvertent transfer of undesirable DNA, as may be the case with traditional methods, is excluded. A recently developed intragenic potato plant is silenced for the polyphenol oxidase, dikinase R1, and phosphorylase-L genes in a tuber-specific manner. French fries derived from these tubers lack discolorations, display an enhanced potato flavor, and produce greatly reduced amounts of the suspected carcinogen acrylamide. It is argued that intragenic modification is unlikely to trigger phenotypic, biochemical, or physiological variation that is new to the species. Similarly, the targeted traits are similar to those that breeders select for and often have a history of domestication and reduced fitness. For these reasons, an updated regulatory system is proposed whereby intragenic crops are considered as low risk and should be cleared for commercial release in a timely and cost-effective manner. By using modern techniques to modify the same genetic material that is used by breeders, intragenic approaches may be perceived as an acceptable extension of traditional methods in crop improvement.