Isolation of avian influenza virus (H9N2) from emu in China

This is the first reported isolation of avian influenza virus (AIV) from emu in China. An outbreak of AIV infection occurred at an emu farm that housed 40 four-month-old birds. Various degrees of haemorrhage were discovered in the tissues of affected emus. Cell degeneration and necrosis were observed microscopically. Electron microscopy revealed round or oval virions with a diameter of 80 nm to 120 nm, surrounded by an envelope with spikes. The virus was classified as low pathogenic AIV (LPAIV), according to OIE standards. It was named A/Emu/HeNen/14/2004(H9N2)(Emu/HN/2004). The HA gene (1683bp) was amplified by RT-PCR and it was compared with other animal H9N2 AIV sequences in GenBank, the US National Institutes of Health genetic sequence database. The results suggested that Emu/HN/2004 may have come from an avian influenza virus (H9N2) from Southern China.     

一株H9N2亚型禽流感病毒全基因组分析

为了研究H9N2亚型AIV A/Chicken/Guangdong/333/2008的全基因组序列变异情况,试验利用RT-PCR方法扩增出该病毒的8个基因序列,并应用DNAStar和MEGA4.0软件分析所得基因序列。结果表明:该病毒HA基因的第226位氨基酸由Q(Gln)变为了L(Leu),其NP基因与Viet Nam/1203/2004(H5N1)的NP基因同源率最高。说明该病毒已具备了感染哺乳动物的分子特征,并可能在遗传演化过程中突变为高致病性的禽流感病毒(AIV)。     

H9亚型HP株禽流感病毒繁殖规律的探索

为了研究H9亚型HP株禽流感病毒接种非免疫鸡胚后病毒的繁殖规律,试验用H9亚型HP株禽流感病毒接种非免鸡胚,记录不同时间段死亡的鸡胚数量,并分别收获各时间段死亡鸡胚的尿囊液,测定不同时间段尿囊液的病毒效价。结果表明,接种H9亚型HP株禽流感病毒后,非免鸡胚死亡高峰期出现在60～84 h,死亡数量占接种鸡胚数的80%以上,而该时间段死亡鸡胚尿囊液的病毒滴度也处于最高峰,最高到达10^9.63EID₅₀/mL,直到96 h病毒仍维持较高水平(10^9.50EID₅₀/m L),而96 h后病毒滴度开始衰减。     

Genetic characterization of H9N2 avian influenza virus previously unrecognized in Korea

In this study, we describe the isolation and characterization of previously unreported Y280-lineage H9N2 viruses from two live bird markets in Korea in June 2020. Genetic analysis revealed that they were distinct from previous H9N2 viruses circulating in Korea and had highest homology to A/chicken/Shandong/1844/2019(H9N2) viruses. Their genetic constellation showed they belonged to genotype S, which is the predominant genotype in China since 2010, where genotype S viruses have infected humans and acted as internal gene donors to H5 and H7 zoonotic influenza viruses. Active surveillance and control measures need to be enhanced to protect the poultry industry and public health.     

Serological evidence of avian influenza virus subtype H5 and H9 in live bird market,Myanmar

Avian Influenza (AI), caused by Alphainfluenzaviruses (AIVs), is a contagious respiratory disease in birds and mammals. AIVs have been reported in poultry worldwide and the impact of AIVs on human health is immense. In this study, a serological survey of AIV subtype H5 and H9 was conducted in a live bird market (LBM) in Yangon, Myanmar during February 2016 to September 2016. A total of 621 serum samples were collected from chickens (n = 489) and ducks (n = 132) from 48 vendors in the LBM. The samples were examined for antibodies against influenza viruses by using NP-ELISA and specific antibodies against AIV-H5N1 (Clade 2.3.4) and AIV-H9N2 (Clade 9.4.2) by using Hemagglutination Inhibition (HI) assay. The result of NP-ELISA assay showed that 12.88 % (80/621) of poultry in LBM was positive for AIV antibodies. In detail, 38.06 % (51/134) of layers, 7.08 % (8/113) of backyard chicken, 2.07 % (5/242) of broilers and 12.12 % (16/132) of ducks were AIV positive. The HI test for specific antibodies against AIV-H5N1 and AIV-H9N2 were 1.77 % (11/621) and 4.51 % (28/621), respectively. Our findings revealed the evidence of AIV-H5N1 and AIV-H9N2 exposure in both chicken and ducks in the LBM in Yangon, Myanmar. Risks of influenza infections and transmission among poultry and humans in the LBMs could not be ignored.     

H9N2亚型禽流感病毒神经氨酸酶基因的克隆及表达

根据已知H9N2亚型禽流感病毒神经氨酸酶(NA)基因序列设计,合成克隆引物。自H9N2亚型病毒感染的鸡胚尿囊液中提取总RNA,反转录后采用高可信度DNA聚合酶(PyobestTMDNAPolymerase)扩增NA基因,采用Invitrogen定向表达系统(ChampionTMpETdirectionalTOPOexpressionsystem)进行克隆表达,纯化获得N末端携带多聚组氨酸标签的重组NA,分子量约54·7ku。经免疫印迹及ELISA分析重组NA的免疫反应性和免疫动物分析其免疫原性,结果表明:重组NA能与H9N2亚型病毒抗血清发生特异性结合,且其免疫动物后能诱导机体产生特异性抗体,具有良好的抗原性。     

近年来中国H9亚型禽流感分离株谱系分析

从GenBank中下载所有来自中国（含港、澳、台）的H9亚型禽流感病毒血凝素基因885条核苷酸序列（长度≥900bp）,用MEGA5.0软件进行谱系分析。结果表明我国近年来H9亚型禽流感病毒以第h9.4.2.5分支为主（代表株为A/chicken/Guangxi/55/2005）,而不是WHO新近报告所列出的4株病毒（A/Quail/HongKong/G1/97、A/chicken/HongKong/G9/97、A/duck/HongKong/Y280/97、A/HongKong/33982/2009）所代表的分支。此分析结果对于研制针对这一病毒感染的疫苗有重要指导意义。     

重配H9N1亚型流感病毒感染性克隆的构建及鉴定

为了研究禽流感病毒的反向遗传,试验采用霍夫曼发明的8质粒拯救系统,将分离得到的AIV Isolate3(H9N2)基因组,通过RT-PCR得到HA基因,并克隆到以pcDNA3质粒为骨架自行构建的双向转录/表达载体pHW2008上,得到HA转录/表达质粒,再将HA表达质粒与构建好的包含A/Puerto Rico/8/34(H1N1)7个内部基因双向转录/表达质粒共转染人肾上皮细胞(293T)与犬肾细胞(MDCK)混养细胞。结果表明:试验成功构建了重配H9N1亚型流感病毒减毒株。     

H9N2禽流感病毒HA2基因重组杆状病毒的表达

从pMD18-THA阳性质粒扩增了H9N2亚型禽流感病毒的HA2基因，将扩增到的HA2基因克隆至昆虫杆状病毒转移栽体pBlueBacHis2A中。将其与杆状病毒共转染于Sf9昆虫细胞，经蚀斑筛选纯化重组杆状病毒，用其感染Sf9昆虫细胞，并优化表达条件。SDS-PAGE和Western-blotting分析表明，表达产物的分子质量约为27ku。Dot-ELISA分析表明，表达的HA2融合蛋白可与鸡抗HgN2亚型血清发生特异性反应，而与H5和H7亚型抗血清间无交叉反应。     

H10亚型和N8亚型禽流感病毒三重RT-PCR检测方法的建立

根据基因库中H10亚型禽流感病毒(AIV)HA基因、N8亚型AIV NA基因和所有亚型AIV M基因序列,分别设计筛选出3对特异性引物,优化引物之间的浓度,建立了H10亚型和N8亚型AIV三重RT-PCR检测方法。该法对含有H10和N8亚型AIV的模板可特异性扩增出267 bp(H10亚型AIV)、464 bp(N8亚型AIV)和693 bp(AIV)目的条带,对H10亚型AIV扩增出267、693 bp目的条带,对N8亚型AIV扩增出464、693 bp目的条带,对其他亚型AIV仅扩增出693 bp目的条带,对常见禽病病原体均未扩增出任何条带。该法对H10亚型和N8亚型AIV检测下限为10~3拷贝/μL。120份临床样品检测结果与病毒分离鉴定一致。研究建立的H10亚型和N8亚型AIV三重RT-PCR检测方法特异性强、灵敏度高,为同时快速鉴别检测H10亚型和N8亚型AIV提供一种简便、快速和有效的方法。     

一株鸡源H9N2亚型禽流感病毒的分离鉴定

从福州市某活禽市场采集的鸡泄殖腔棉拭子样品中分离出1株病毒,经血凝抑制试验(HI)和聚合酶链反应(PCR)方法鉴定为H9N2亚型禽流感病毒。在GenBank基因库中对该病毒株的3个基因片段的测序结果进行BLAST比对分析表明,3个基因片段均属于H9N2亚型禽流感病毒的基因。HA基因遗传进化分析表明,该病毒分离株与代表株DK/HK/Y280/97处于同一分支,与上海的鸡源分离株A/chicken/Shanghai/06/2015(H9N2)同源性最高,同源性为99.5%。     

H5、H9亚型禽流感分子鉴别诊断方法的建立

为了快速、敏感、特异地鉴别诊断禽流感,根据H5、H9亚型禽流感病毒HA基因序列的保守区域设计出并合成两对特异性引物,扩增出H5、H9亚型禽流感病毒HA基因片段、大小分别为490 bp和686 bp;该检测方法敏感性高,特异性强,初步建立起快速,敏感特异地鉴别检测H5、H9亚型禽流感病毒的分子诊断方法。     

表达H9亚型禽流感病毒HA基因的重组新城疫病毒的拯救

对现地分离的4株H9亚型禽流感病毒HA基因进行序列测定,选取其中1株在新城疫病毒 La Sota弱毒疫苗株反向遗传操作系统的基础上,构建了表达H9亚型禽流感病毒野生型HA基因的重组新城疫病毒基因组cDNA克隆,经间接免疫荧光和RT-PCR鉴定,结果表明:拯救重组病毒为rL-H9HA;重组病毒MDT≥168 h,ICPI和IVPI均为0,与亲本疫苗株La Sota具有相似的生长特性;重组病毒保持了La Sota弱毒疫苗亲本毒株对鸡胚良好的高滴度生长适应和低致病特性,具有作为同时预防H9亚型禽流感和新城疫的双价苗的应用前景.     

H9N2亚型禽流感病毒抗原性变异的研究

对1998—2002年间在河南省豫北地区分离到的5株H9N2亚型禽流感病毒的抗原性变异进行了研究。经HI试验、鸡胚中和试验、细胞中和试验及攻毒保护试验证明，5株H9N2亚型间已经发生了抗原性漂移。98A5和99S毒株间的保护力接近100％，HI试验、鸡胚中和试验、细胞中和试验的相关性均在0．74以上。表明2毒株间的抗原性相近；用00Y毒株攻击其他4株免疫的鸡，其保护率仅为60％～80％；而02Y株对除00Y株外的4株的免疫保护率分别为60％、75％、80％、100％，与分离年代呈负相关性，HI、鸡胚中和试验、细胞中和试验也取得类似结果，说明2000年后的毒株间已发生抗原性变异。     

H7N9亚型禽流感对辽宁省畜牧业的影响及其对策

禽流感已成为国际上广泛关注的公共卫生事件,因此,加强对流感状况的认识和了解将有助于人们有效地防控流感。本文对禽流感病毒的流行现状及对辽宁省畜牧业的影响进行综述,旨在为有效防制禽流感提供理论依据。     

H9N2亚型禽流感病毒疫苗研究进展

H9N2亚型禽流感病毒在世界范围内广泛存在,给养禽业造成巨大的经济损失,并危害人类健康。流感病毒抗原易发生漂移和转换,使流感病毒的防控变得困难。疫苗接种是防控禽流感最有效的手段之一,全病毒灭活疫苗保护效果好,制备简单,是流感病毒常用的疫苗,但该疫苗局部副反应大,并伴随生物安全问题。随着分子生物学技术的发展,活载体疫苗、核酸疫苗、亚单位疫苗等新型疫苗的开发,给H9N2亚型禽流感病毒的防控提供了新的手段。新型疫苗除具有传统疫苗的保护效果外,在生物安全和普遍防控方面具有广泛的优势,是流感病毒疫苗发展的新方向。     

免疫鸡群中分离的H9N2亚型禽流感病毒的分子特征研究

为研究浙江省禽流感病毒(AIV)的流行病学情况,本实验应用鸡胚传代方法从AIV疫苗免疫鸡群中表现典型呼吸症状的产蛋鸡体内分离1株H9N2亚型AIV A/Chicken/Jiande/01/2009(H9N2)。氨基酸序列分析显示,HA受体结合位点出现了人流感病毒结合位点226L,M基因出现S31N的突变。遗传进化分析显示,A/Chicken/Jiande/01/2009的M基因和PB2基因属于G1-Like谱系,HA基因、NA基因和NS基因属于Ck/BJ/1/94-Like分支,而NP基因、PA基因和PB1基因属于Ck/SH/F/98-Like谱系。这些资料表明,A/Chicken/Jiande/01/2009(H9N2)为一株重排病毒。     

Generation and evaluation of reassortant influenza vaccines made by reverse genetics for H9N2 avian influenza in Korea

The prevalence and continuous evolution of H9N2 avian influenza viruses in poultry have necessitated the use of vaccines in veterinary medicine. Because of the inadequate growth properties of some strains, additional steps are needed for producing vaccine seed virus. In this study, we generated three H9N2/PR8 reassortant viruses using a total cDNA plasmid-transfection system, as an alternative strategy for developing an avian influenza vaccine for animals. We investigated the vaccine potency of the reassortant viruses compared with the existing vaccine strain which was adapted by the 20th serial passages in embryonated eggs with A/Ck/Kor/01310/01 (H9N2). The H9N2/PR8 reassortant viruses, containing the internal genes of the high-yielding PR8 strain and the surface gene of the A/Ck/Kor/01310/01 strain, could be propagated in eggs to the same extent as existing vaccine strain without additional processing. Similar to vaccine strain, the H9N2/PR8 reassortant viruses induced hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies in chickens and prevented virus shedding and replication in multiple organs in response to homologous infection. However, due to the continuing evolution and increasing biologic diversity of H9N2 influenza in Korea, the vaccine provided only partial protection against currently isolates. Taken together, our results suggest that the H9N2/PR8 reassortant virus can be used as a seed virus for avian influenza vaccines in poultry farm. Considering the constant genetic changes in H9 strains isolated in Korea, this reverse genetic system may offer a prompt and simple way to change the vaccine seed virus and mitigate the impact of unexpected influenza outbreaks.     

Different infection routes of avian influenza A (H5N1) virus in mice

The continuing outbreaks of avian influenza A H5N1 virus infection in Asia and Africa have caused worldwide concern because of the high mortality rates in poultry, suggesting its potential to become a pandemic influenza virus in humans. The transmission route of the virus among either the same species or different species is not yet clear. Broilers and BABL/c mice were inoculated with the H5N1 strain of influenza A virus isolated from birds. The animals were inoculated with 0.1 mL 10^6.83 TCID₅₀ of H5N1 virus oronasally, intraperitoneally and using eye drops. The viruses were examined by virological and pathological assays. In addition, to detect horizontal transmission, in each group, healthy chicks and mice were mixed with those infected. Viruses were detected in homogenates of the heart, liver, spleen, kidney and blood of the infected mice and chickens. Virus antigen was not detected in the spleen, kidney or gastrointestinal tract, but detected by Plaque Forming Unit (PFU) assay in the brain, liver and lung without degenerative change in these organs (in the group inoculated using eye drops. The detection results for mice inoculated using eye drops suggest that this virus might have a different tissue tropism from other influenza viruses mainly restricted to the respiratory tract in mice. All chicken samples tested positive for the virus, regardless of the method of inoculation. Avian influenza A H5N1 viruses are highly pathogenic to chickens, but its virulence in other animals is not yet known. To sum up, the results suggest that the virus replicates not only in different animal species but also through different routes of infection. In addition, the virus was detection not only in the respiratory tract but also in multiple extra‐respiratory tissues. This study demonstrates that H5N1 virus infection in mice can cause systemic disease and spread through potentially novel routes within and between mammalian hosts.