杂交水稻根系N素营养效率及其生理因素研究

选用7个杂交水稻组合及其亲本，研究其根系N素营养效率及其生理机制。结果表明，杂交水稻在不同N素水平下，N素吸收效率均高于亲本；其优势表现在根系吸收能力强，单株根量大于亲本，根系的ATPase活性和根系氧化力均较亲本高；但N素利用效率并无优势。     

增氧对水稻根系生长与氮代谢的影响

 以国稻6号(杂交籼稻)和秀水09(粳稻)为材料,在水培条件下研究通气增氧对水稻苗期根系生长和氮代谢的影响。结果表明,增氧处理水稻根系干物质积累量、根长、根体积、根系活力以及吸收面积较对照均有不同程度增加。水稻根系硝态氮（NO3 N）含量、游离氨基酸和可溶性糖含量均增加。谷氨酸合成酶（GS）、谷草转氨酶（GOT）和谷丙转氨酶（GPT）活性均增强。在本试验条件下,增氧能显著提高粳稻秀水09苗期根系氮代谢相关酶生理活性;但增氧对杂交籼稻国稻6号根系氮代谢相关酶生理活性影响不显著,说明通气增氧对水稻根系氮代谢生理活性的影响可能与水稻基因型有关。     

杂交水稻根系生理优势及其与地上部性状的关联研究

 连晚杂交水稻汕优6号根系的生长、氮吸收、氨基酸合成能力以及根系活力均超过其亲本三系和常规品种。干种子中α-淀粉酶的存在是杂种幼苗根系生长优势的重要生理基础。营养吸收优势表现在单株氮吸收速率上,并与地上部干物质生产有紧密的联系。从杂交水稻伤流液中分离出31种游离氨基酸,而氨基酸种类和浓度则受地上部营养的制约。生育中、后期缺氮和通气不良会导致根系活力降低;适施氮肥和改善通气条件可有效地提高根系活力,并防止早衰。此外,对杂种优势的早期诊断指标和产量预测指标进行了讨论。     

根际氧环境对水稻幼苗根系微形态结构的影响及其生理机制

【目的】研究根际氧环境对水稻幼苗根系微形态建成的影响及其生理机制,以期为水稻幼苗理想根型的构建提供理论依据。【方法】以春优84和秀水09为材料,用国际水稻所营养液配方进行水培试验。秧苗移栽一周后用在线溶氧仪(氮气、氧气调节)设定低氧(0~1.0 mg/L)、中氧(2.5~3.5 mg/L)和高氧(>6.0 mg/L,饱和溶解氧处理,在水稻生长过程中用充气泵连续向水体中充入空气)和常规水培(CK,不进行氧调节,水稻移栽一周后水中氧含量约为0.3~2.5 mg/L) 4个氧处理,研究水稻幼苗生物量、根系微形态结构、根系分泌有机酸、呼吸强度等指标。【结果】1）各处理水稻幼苗根系直径为d₁(0~0.50 mm)、d₂(0.51~1.00 mm)和d₃(1.01~1.50 mm)的细根占总根的比例均超过90%,对水稻苗期根系形态构建尤为重要。中氧处理后,春优84直径为d₁、d₂和秀水09直径为d₁、d₃的根的根长和根表面积均明显高于对照。2）低氧处理减少地上部和地下部生物量,抑制细根(d₁)生长,促进粗根(d₅, 2.01~2.50 mm)的生长,降低呼吸强度,增加有机酸分泌量。中氧和高氧处理后水稻植株的生物量均有增加,但生理反应不尽相同。中氧处理后水稻根系呼吸强度上升,而高氧处理后根系呼吸强度降低。各氧处理均减少水稻幼苗根系生长素(IAA)含量,中氧和高氧处理与对照间差异达显著水平。高氧处理显著增加根系一氧化氮(NO)含量,其他处理间差异不显著。3）相关分析结果表明,两供试品种总根和细根(d₂)的各形态指标(根长、表面积和体积)均与根系有机酸分泌量、呼吸强度、NO含量正相关,与生长素(IAA)含量负相关。【结论】适当增氧(中氧)处理增加水稻幼苗根系呼吸强度和有机酸分泌量,根系生理活性增强;增加细根(直径为0~1.50 mm)的根长、吸收面积的占比,优化其根系形态结构。因此,生产上可以通过栽培措施改变根际氧环境调控分蘖期水稻根系微形态结构,增强根系功能。     

根际溶氧量与氮素形态对水稻根系特征及氮素积累的影响

 为研究根际溶氧量和氮素形态对水稻根系生长及对氮素利用的影响,设计了两个试验：1)分别以铵硝混合营养（NH4NO3）和全铵营养[(NH4)2SO4]为氮源,在营养液中将杂交籼稻国稻1号和常规粳稻秀水09培养6周,在第4周和第6周时取样测定植株的生物量和氮素含量;2) 将上述铵硝混合营养下培养4周的国稻1号水稻植株,以分根培养的方式进行不同溶氧量处理,测定水稻生物量、根系形态和氮积累量的差异。结果表明: 1）根际溶氧量较低时(溶氧量0~1.0 mg/L),铵硝混合营养比单一的铵态氮营养显著提高植株的生物量,国稻1号生物量增加69%,秀水09增加41%;铵硝混合营养显著提高了水稻的根系数量、最长根长、根干质量和根系活力以及植株的氮积累量,国稻1号的地下部和地上部氮积累量分别提高60%和52%,秀水09则分别提高了41%和33%。2) 分根实验中,铵硝混合培养的国稻1号,其增氧(溶氧量8.0~9.0 mg/L)处理的根系生物量增加21.6%, 根系数量、最长根长和根体积分别增加27%、14%和10%,而氮积累量提高了11%。增氧和铵硝混合营养均对促进水稻根系生长和氮素积累具有正互作效应。     

稻田增氧对水稻根系形态生理特征的影响

以甬优1540和春优927为试验材料,于2020年开展田间试验,研究了稻田增氧对水稻根系形态与生理特征的影响。结果表明,与CF处理（常淹灌溉）相比,OP处理（稻田增氧）可显著提高水稻产量7.6%~8.7%;同时改善了水稻根系形态与生理特征。主要表现为:提高了齐穗期与灌浆期水稻的根质量与根长密度、增加了根系吸收表面积与活跃吸收表面积;增强了灌浆期水稻的根系氧化力、根系伤流液强度,提高了根系伤流液中的玉米素与玉米素核苷含量。同时,OP处理还改善了地上部植株生理活性,提高了灌浆期水稻剑叶净光合速率以及籽粒中蔗糖合成酶与腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶活性。以上结果说明,稻田增氧可以改善水稻根系形态与生理特征,促进根-冠生长发育,进而提高水稻产量。     

杂交水稻及其亲本抗细菌性条斑病的研究初报

水稻细菌性条斑病（以下简称细条病）在热带和中国南方已上升为一种主要病害。为探讨杂交水稻及其亲本对该病的抗性规律，笔者在国际水稻所曾用Ｘａｎｔｈｏｍｏｎａｓ ｃａｍｐｅｓｔｒｉｓＰＶ．ｏｒｙｚｉｃｏｌａ的两个菌株（９３和３３５号）喷雾接种于五个杂交组合及其亲本上。结果表明，杂交水稻对细条病表现出不同程度的抗病反应，其抗性值接近双亲平均值，且属水平抗性。杂种一 代的抗性在很大程度上决定于恢复杂的抗性水平。     

根际氧浓度对水稻分蘖期养分吸收和根系形态的影响

以秀水09和春优84为材料,利用在线溶氧仪(氧气、氮气调节)设置4个氧浓度(低氧,0~1 mg/L;中氧,2.5~3.5 mg/L;高氧,>6 mg/L,即饱和溶解氧处理,在水稻生长过程中用充气泵连续向水体中充入空气;CK,常规水培,不进行氧调节),研究根际氧浓度对水稻幼苗生物量、养分吸收、积累以及根系形态的影响,探讨根际氧浓度变化情况下两个水稻品种幼苗养分吸收、积累和根系形态的差异。结果表明,与O₂浓度正常水平(对照)相比,中氧处理增加两个水稻品种幼苗根系、茎叶和总生物量。秀水09分别增加30.30%、32.96%和32.46%;春优84分别增加7.01%、1.77%和9.17%;高氧处理减少两个水稻品种幼苗根系、茎叶和总生物量,秀水09分别减少35.35%、15.62%和17.76%;春优84分别减少43.95%,18.92%和21.34%。低氧处理增加供试品种的根冠比。中氧处理增加两个水稻品种的N、P、K、Mn、Mg和Ca的吸收累积总量,低氧处理增加其Fe、Cu和Zn的吸收累积总量。中氧处理增加两个供试品种幼苗根系总根长、表面积、总根尖数和细根比例,降低幼苗粗根比例,有利于水稻幼苗对养分的吸收,使部分营养元素含量增加。同时,中氧处理对水稻幼苗生物量、养分吸收、积累、分配和根系形态的影响存在显著品种差异。     

水稻氮代谢对根际氧气供应的响应研究

氧气在水稻生长发育过程中起着重要的作用,水稻的需水需氧特异性矛盾容易造成根际氧气供应不足、根系呼吸减弱、矿质营养吸收降低,进而引起水稻碳氮代谢紊乱,不利于其生长发育及产量形成。因此,深入研究水稻根际氧生理及根际氧环境改善方案,对于水稻耐涝高产以及提高氮素利用均具有重要意义。本文综述了根际氧气供应对水稻生长、氮素吸收及同化和相关氨基酸代谢、氮肥利用率等的影响研究,并对今后的研究进行了展望。     

水稻杂交亲本叶温系数研究及花期预测

叶温系数是水稻生育进展的一个主要指标。通过对不同处理不同品种叶温系数的研究，可以预测不同品种在不同环境下的幼穗分化发育期和抽穗开花期，从而为杂交水稻制种提供科学依据。就水稻整个生育期来看，叶龄的生长速度由快变慢，叶温系数由小变大，叶龄的增长速度与出苗后所需积温量成明显的对数关系。在高温处理下，不育系、恢复系始稳期都提前，但从播种到始穗整个过程所需积温量相差不多，所以花期预测可采用积温差法。选用感温性差的不育系、恢复系做杂交稻亲本，花期预测较简单，相反则需要紧密跟踪预测。     

栽培大豆和野生大豆及其回交后代苗期耐盐性分析

以逐代人工耐盐性筛选的栽培和野生大豆杂交组合( Lee68×N23227)F5代株系3060为父本,以耐盐栽培大豆Lee68品种为母本或轮回亲本,配置回交组合(Lee68×3060,编号C)得到的不同单株后代株系(BC1F2)为试验材料,采用苗期耐盐系数、相对生长速率、干物质积累量等指标,对它们的耐盐性进行了分析和评价...     

不同供氮模式对水稻根系形态及生理特征的影响

【目的】为明确氮素优化管理模式(OPTs)下水稻根系形态和生理特征及其与氮素吸收和产量形成的关系。【方法】以镇稻11为材料,采用营养液培养,通过三种氮素供应模式分别模拟农民习惯施肥(FFP)、高效施肥(HE)及高产高效施肥(HEHY),研究了不同供氮模式对水稻主要生育期生物量和氮素累积、根系形态和生理特征以及产量形成的影响。【结果】与FFP相比,HE和HEHY(OPTs)通过提高每穗粒数、结实率和千粒重而使水稻籽粒产量分别增加5.7%和16.0%。与FFP相比,OPTs增加了生育期内水稻根系生物量、根系长度、根系总表面积、根系体积以及单个分蘖不定根数目,并提高了灌浆期根系活力、根系氮素同化能力以及叶片光合速率。相关分析表明,开花期根系生物量、总表面积、根体积、单个分蘖平均不定根数目、伤流液流速和谷氨酰胺合成酶活性均与总氮素累积量及产量显著正相关。【结论】因此,OPTs通过养分调控,可促进水稻根系的生长、优化根系形态结构,并能维持水稻生育后期较高的根系活力,从而促进了水稻对氮素的累积以及产量的形成。     

Growth, gas exchange, water relations, and ion composition of Phaseolus species grown under saline conditions

We examined the effects of salinity on four wild (Phaseolus angustissimus, Phaseolus filiformis, P. microcarpus, and P. vulgaris) and two cultivated (P. acutifolius and P. vulgaris L.) Phaseolus species. Relative growth rate (RGR, g g⁻¹ per day), unit leaf rate (ULR, g m⁻² per day), leaf area ratio (LAR, m² g⁻¹), specific leaf area (SLA, m² g⁻¹), leaf weight ratio (LWR, g leaf g⁻¹), and rate of ion uptake were calculated for the period between 10 and 20 days after planting. Salinity significantly reduced RGR, ULR, LAR, and SLA whereas LWR showed no definite trend. In all species, except in P. filiformis, ULR, but not LAR, was significantly correlated with RGR, indicating that ULR was an important factor underlying the salinity-induced differences in RGR among species. In P. filiformis, high salinity reduced SLA, and consequently LAR. The significant correlation of SLA and LAR with RGR suggested that growth components affecting leaf area expansion were the primary factors explaining the inhibition of growth in this species. Increasing salinity progressively decreased leaf water vapor conductance. The rate of CO₂ assimilation decreased gradually with salinity, showing significant reductions only at the highest salt level (80 mM NaCl). Approximately two-thirds of the reduction in CO₂ assimilation rate at high salinity was attributable to reduced stomatal conductance. In P. filiformis, however, neither stomatal conductance nor CO₂ assimilation were affected by salt stress. Leaf water and osmotic potentials declined significantly as stress intensified. However, osmotic adjustment permitted the maintenance of positive turgor throughout the growth period. Salinity had a significant effect on tissue concentrations of Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, and Cl⁻ and on the uptake rate of Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, and Cl⁻. Thus, in addition to the toxic effects of high concentrations of Na⁺ and Cl⁻ in plant tissue, saline-induced changes in mineral nutrient uptake likely contributed to the reduction of plant growth. It appears that salt tolerance in P. filiformis is associated with Na⁺ exclusion and organ Na⁺ compartmentation in roots and stems as well as sustained K⁺ concentration in leaves and better stomatal control through osmotic adjustment. All other Phaseolus species are Na⁺ excluders, and maintained turgor-driven extension growth by accumulating Cl⁻ (osmotic adjustment), but subsequent weight gain reductions suggest that this led to ion toxicity.     

不同钾素处理下菠萝蜜幼苗生长及养分吸收特征

为探究氯化钾肥在菠萝蜜苗期的适宜施用量,本试验以'马来西亚1号'菠萝蜜嫁接苗为试验材料,比较不同钾素处理对菠萝蜜幼苗生长、光合作用及养分吸收积累的影响.结果表明,随着施钾量增加,菠萝蜜叶片净光合速率、根系参数以及各器官生物量和氮磷钾积累大致呈先增加后降低的趋势,根冠比呈增加趋势.施钾量为K1(1 g/kg)时促生效果较...     

不同灌溉模式对杂交水稻生育后期根系生理特性和剑叶光合特性的影响

对杂交水稻组合红莲优6和两优1193在淹水灌溉和湿润灌溉两种灌溉模式下生育后期的根系和光合生理特性进行了比较分析。结果显示,湿润灌溉增大了水稻根系密度,提高了根系活力,相关分析显示根系密度与根系活力呈正相关(r1=0.66, r2=0.68)。齐穗期剑叶叶绿素含量处理间差异不显著,但成熟期湿润灌溉显著高于淹水灌溉,推测湿润灌溉有利于剑叶功能期的延长和光合速率的提高。湿润灌溉条件下,群体生长率和相对生长率均显著高于淹水灌溉,表明湿润灌溉有利于水稻生殖生长期的干物质积累。上述结果可能是湿灌处理条件下水稻单位面积的产量极显著高于淹灌处理的主要原因。     

机械化播栽对杂交籼稻根系性状的影响

以杂交籼稻宜香优2115和F优498为材料,手栽为对照,采用二因素裂区设计,使用新设计加工的取样工具,研究机直播和机插对杂交籼稻根系性状的影响。结果表明:1) 创新设计的水稻根系取土器能够便捷而准确地进行根系取样甚至根系的分层取样;2)移栽前及返青后总根长、根体积、根尖数均表现为直播>手栽>机插,返青期间,机插和手栽秧苗的根系生长快速,根冠比呈增大趋势,同期的直播稻地上部的生长快于根系,根冠比减小。3)直播稻根系早期生长迅速,抽穗期根多而细,根尖数大于机插和手栽,根冠比最大;机插根系具有后发优势,分蘖盛期后快速生长,抽穗期总根长、根体积最大;手栽根系少而粗,根冠比最小。4)与手插相比,抽穗期直播和机插根系分布浅,0~10 cm土层直播、机插、手栽根干质量分别占植株根系总干质量的76.9%、76.5%、67.9%,10~20 cm及20 cm以上土层直播和机插根干质量所占比例均低于手栽;横向分布上,直播在植株正下方0~12 cm直径范围内根干质量所占比例较机插和手栽分别高3.5%和3.3%,根系更加集中分布在植株正下方。5)移栽前,根活性表现为直播>机插>手栽,差异极显著;移栽后,机插和手栽根活性快速提高,返青后无显著差异;至抽穗后35 d,直播、机插和手栽方式下,宜香优2115根系伤流强度较抽穗0d分别降低84.7%、75.4%和74.3%,F优498分别降低79.3%、75.9%和74.3%,直播的根系衰老快于机插和手栽。总的来看,机械化播栽对杂交籼稻根系性状有显著影响,抽穗期机插根系分布浅,根粗而多;直播根系分布浅,根直径最小,根尖数最多,抽穗后衰老快;手栽根系分布深,根粗而少。     

Morpho-Physiological Changes in Roots of Rice Seedling upon Submergence

Submergence is a serious environmental condition that causes large loss in rice production in rain fed lowland and flood affected area. This study evaluated morphological and physiological responses of rice roots to submergence using two tolerant rice genotypes FR13A and Swarna-Sub 1 and two sensitive ones Swarna and IR42. The tolerant genotypes had higher survival rate and less shoot elongation but greater root elongation during submergence than the sensitive ones. After submergence,the tolerant genotypes also had higher root dry weight and more active roots than the sensitive ones.Tolerant genotypes exhibited less root injury, with less malondialdehyde production and slower electrolyte leakage after submergence. Tolerant genotypes also maintained higher concentrations of soluble sugar and starch in roots and shoots and higher chlorophyll retention after submergence than the sensitive ones.Our data showed that root traits such as root activity and root growth are associated with survival rate after submergence. This is probably accomplished through higher energy supply, and membrane integrity is necessary to preserve root function and reduce injury during submergence. These root traits are important for submergence tolerance in rice.     

Reduction in potato growth at high temperature: role of photosynthesis and dark respiration

The relationship of photosynthesis and dark respiration to reduced potato growth at temperatures above 20°C was determined. Ten potato clones were propagated in vitro from sterile plandets and grown in a growth chamber at 20/15°C and 30/25°C (day/night) with an 18 hr. daylength. Plants were harvested 26 to 30 days after transplanting. Daylength was decreased to 12 hrs. to induce tuberization and plants were harvested at 45-51 and 75-79 days after transplanting. At each harvest one plant from each cultivar was chosen from each of five blocks and selected growth (tuber number and dry weight of leaves, stems, roots and stolons, and tubers) and physiological variates [leaf area, net photosynthesis, maintenance dark respiration, and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters 0 (Initial), P (Peak), T (Terminal), P-O (Variable fluorescence) and P-T (Fluorescence quenching)] were measured. The high temperature decreased root and stolon, tuber and total dry weight and increased stem dry weight. Amongst physiological variates, the higher temperature decreased leaf area, net photosynthesis and maintenance dark respiration. The chlorophyll fluorescence parameter 0 significantly increased, which also increased the P and T parameters. Variable fluorescence (P-O) and fluorescence quenching (PT) were not significantly affected by the growth temperature. The analyses of covariance, in which physiological variates were used as covariates to remove significant differences in growth variates, indicated that the most effective covariate was the T chlorophyll fluorescence parameter. The least effective covariates were leaf dark respiration and the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters P-O and P-T. The changes in 0 fluorescence suggest that reduced photosynthetic efficiency, particularly in Photosystem II, plays a major role in reduced potato production at high temperatures.     

耕作方式对水稻光合及根系生理特性的影响

以9311为材料,对水稻垄作和传统耕作方式下的光合特性、根系特点和主要农艺性状进行了比较研究.结果表明,与传统耕作方式相比,垄作方式下水稻的光合速率(PN)、气孔导度(g.)和水分利用率(WUE)等光合参数的值均显著增大,根条数、根干重、根系活力和根系CAT、SOD、POD酶活性极显著提高,MDA含量极显著下降,分蘖数和有效穗数分别增加16.67％和33.98％.垄作主要通过改善根系吸收,增加分蘖和有效穗数及提高光合速率,达到增产的目的.     

异源染色体附加对普通小麦氮磷吸收能力和利用效率的影响

为明确异源染色体的附加对普通小麦氮、磷吸收能力和利用效率的影响,以中国春为对照,设计不同浓度水平的氮、磷组合进行苗期水培试验,评价了43份中国春背景下小麦异附加系的氮、磷吸收能力和利用效率。对不同水平氮磷组合处理下的苗期表型调查发现,氮、磷胁迫均会抑制地上部分生长,促进地下部分生长;低氮胁迫降低了苗期的株高、茎干重和总干重,提高了根长、叶数、SPAD值及根茎比;磷缺乏提高了根干重和根茎比,抑制了其余性状。在中氮和低氮处理下,Ae.searsii 1SS等13个小麦异附加系的总干重高于中国春,表现出稳定的氮高效;低氮处理下,Ps.huashanica E等9个小麦异附加系的氮吸收能力显著高于中国春,Ps.huashanica C等4个小麦异附加系的氮利用效率显著高于中国春。在磷充足及磷胁迫处理下,Ag.intermedium B等5个小麦异附加系的总干重高于中国春,表现出稳定的磷高效;低磷处理下,Ag.intermedium B等4个小麦异附加系的磷吸收能力显著高于中国春,L.racemosus L附加系和Ag.elongatum 6E附加系的磷利用效率显著高于中国春。进一步分析氮、磷高效的小麦异附加系携带的异源染色体,没有观察到染色体部分同源群聚集的现象。筛选出的异源染色体附加系可作为小麦育种的中间材料,进行养分高效的遗传分析或育种应用。