Modeling the timber supply impact of introducing weevil-resistant spruce in British Columbia with cellular automata

Assessing the impacts of cumulative, non-lethal damages to forests poses a particular challenge to forest management planning since cumulative merchantable volume losses are not known until the time of harvest. This paper introduces a model that scales stand-level processes to their large-scale implications by combining elements of growth and yield modeling, insect infestation modeling, and large-scale spatial harvest simulation. The model is described and tested using the proposed large-scale introduction of weevil-resistant spruce in British Columbia, Canada as a case study. While spruce weevil damages were found to be significant, only a relatively small percentage of losses can be avoided by planting resistant stock. The model introduced in this paper can serve as an important decision support tool for policy makers and researchers in assessing the large-scale effects of proposed policy and management interventions.     

Modeling timber mill procurement influence effects on interstate sawlog exportation

Over the last three decades the exportation rate of raw sawlogs from Illinois to neighboring states for processing has nearly doubled. While the exportation of sawlogs has adverse impacts on the Illinois wood products manufacturing sector and local forest landowners, little research has been conducted to understand how the spatial arrangement of timber mills affects sawlog exportation. This research models, in a spatial environment, timber mill procurement influence within southern Illinois and the surrounding region in an attempt to understand how the location of mills is a partial explanation of the increase in sawlog exportation. Assuming equal market power, timber mills within the study area were found to be arranged in a manner that results in low competition for sawlogs within Illinois and high competition in neighboring states. Spatial models incorporating differential market power based on mill size characteristics suggest that Illinois experiences little procurement pressure from high production mills operating within the State but is under procurement pressure from high production timber mills operating in neighboring states.     

Modeling internal temperature changes of timber poles during ACA treatment

Summary The temperature-time-location relationships during steam conditioning and pressure treatment of timber poles using ammoniacal copper arsenate (ACA) have been studied and a new mathematical model that incorporates both the thermal properties of the poles and the parameters of the treatment process is discussed. Prediction equations and charts are presented that show the minimum required steaming time to satisfy the 1982 Rural Electrification Authority (REA) purchase specification, i.e. a center temperature above 150 °F (65.5 °C) for 2 hours. A six hour steaming time, commonly used for ACA treatment, has been found to be too short to bring poles with diameters larger than about 40 cm to the required sterilization conditions. Therefore longer steaming times, predicted using the methods given here, are recommended. The temperature of the preservative used does not appear to be a major factor in determining the maximum temperature achieved at the center of a pole, but it can influence the length of time the pole is above 65.5 °C.Symbols D pole diameter, cm - k₁ rate of surface temperature change during vacuuming, °C/h - K₂ rate of surface temperature change early in the pressure period, °C/h - J₀ Bessel function of the first kind of order zero - J₁ Bessel function of the first kind of order one - r radial location in a pole measured from the center, cm - R pole radius, cm - T interior temperature of a pole during preservative treatment, °C - T_f final preservative temperature, °C - T_mid average of the steam and the final preservative temperatures, °C - t₀ initial temperature of a pole, °C - T_s temperature of the steam used for conditioning the poles, °C - T₁ surface temperature at the end of the vacuum period, °C - t time measured from the opening of the steam valve for steaming, h - t_above time the center of a pole remained above 65.5°C during preservatives treatment, h - t_c1 total time required for the surface temperature to reach T_f, °C - t_pr time elapsed at which initial vacuuming stops and pressure is applied, h - t_stm minimum required steaming time used, h - t_vc time elapsed at which initial vacuuming starts, h - thermal diffusivity, cm²/h - _n Roots of a particular characteristic equation - _d the time delay period between initial flow of steam and surface temperature response, h     

湘西自治州林权改革中的问题与探析

林权改革是实现林业可持续发展的重要措施之一。本文总结了湘西自治州林权改革的成果,分析了湘西自治州林权改革中存在的相关问题,并针对"林权流转"、"经费落实"等关键问题提出有效的解决办法,为促进林业增效、林农增收和森林资源增长,实现湘西林业的可持续发展提供重要参考。     

红松人工用材林改培果林经营技术

红松为吉林省东部林区重要的经济、生态树种.本文从改造林分的确定、经营技术措施等方面全面介绍了红松人工用材林改培红松果林的经营技术.     

The effects of timber harvest in a South Carolina blackwater bottomland

This study was initiated on the South Fork Edisto River in South Carolina to investigate and compare the impacts of two different harvest methods (helicopter and rubber-tired skidder) on the ecological structure and function of a blackwater forested wetland. The two harvest treatments were chosen to represent a broad spectrum of potential impacts and were compared to an undisturbed site. Following harvest in 1991, functional responses in vegetative productivity, herpetofaunal populations, and soil and water quality were evaluated in 1992 and 1993. Herbaceous biomass was greater on the helicopter and skidder treatments than on the undisturbed control. In general, the biomass measured on the skidder treatment was not significantly different from the biomass measured on the helicopter treatment. Higher decomposition rates were noted in the harvested areas as compared to the control. This was mainly attributed to higher soil temperatures, which accelerated microbial activity. Increased decomposition rates may have been responsible for elevated levels of ammonium and organic carbon observed in ground water samples. A total of 29 species of herpetofauna (10 amphibians and 19 reptiles) were observed during the study. Salamanders were found more often in the undisturbed control. Reptiles were observed more frequently in the harvested area. Although herpetofaunal species composition was different between harvest and control, indices of diversity were similar.     

林权改革对林业技术需求和产业发展的影响——以湖南沅江市为例

采用现场调查、当地政府公文资料检索、召集知情人座谈等形式,对沅江市林权制度改革的起因、推进过程、实际效果进行了初步研究。结果表明,沅江市林业产权改革,既有市场和自然力（如水灾恢复）驱动的自发因素,又有政府推力起作用。周期短、见效快、效益高的速生杨树产业发展是导致经营主体林权意识增强的直接原因。政府顺势推动以林权证的形式确认经营主体对所持森林产权的法律地位,使经营主体在资金投入、林权流转、技术引进、创新和推广以及经营规模化方面拥有更多的自主权,也取得了前所未有的变化,获得了依靠技术进步提升林业产业效益的良性效果。这一经验对于丘陵、山区林权改革后经营水平的提升有一定借鉴意义。     

强化木材产销管理 提高企业经济效益

通过对我县木材产销中存在问题的分析，提出改进意见和管理办法，全面提高企业经济效益。     

Technical efficiency in timber production and effects of other income sources

In Norway, as in many other European countries, income from forestry has become marginal to owners’ household economies and most employment of forest-owner households is now undertaken off the property. Also, many forest owners have focused increasingly on other revenue-earning activities on their properties, such as providing recreational services. It is a challenge in all kinds of production to find the optimal way of converting inputs into outputs, i.e., to be technically efficient. Extent of financial dependency on income from forestry differs between part-time and full-time forest owners. Since the two groups have different livelihood strategies, it is plausible that full-time forest owners have more professional forest management practices. Data for a cross-section of 3,249 active (i.e., harvesting) forest owners were extracted from the 2004 Sample Survey of Agriculture and Forestry representing the year 2003. A stochastic production frontier analysis was applied to evaluate forest management efficiency impacts of important factors including property and owner characteristics, outfield-related and agricultural activities, off-property income and geographical location in central or remote areas. It was found that many forest owners are technically inefficient, and there exist opportunities for improved performance. Off-property income was found to have an estimated negative impact on technical efficiency, the inefficiency arising (weakly) with increasing share of household incomes from outfield activities, and properties in urban centred areas are less efficient than those in remote areas. One policy implication of the study is that a potentially substantial efficiency increase might be achieved from allowing small inefficient woodlots to merge into larger units of forestry production. Also, providing support for forest management plans may improve efficiency.     

The effects of subsidized regeneration measures on timber supply,once again

Using an econometric model of the sawtimber and pulpwood market in price region 1 (the northern part of Sweden), it is considered whether the subsidies paid to regeneration costs in this region have had any measurable effect on short‐run wood supply. The analysis is a continuation of the work presented by Brännlund et al. (1985 b), in which it was claimed that subsidies have had a non‐positive effect on short‐run supply. A more elaborated test is used in this study. The test is based on the use of a reference model which, in this case, consists of an econometric model for the whole country of Sweden. The results from the test cannot be used to reject the conclusion that subsidies have had a non‐positive effect on short‐run wood supply.     

Evaluating the effects of forest management on rockfall protection and timber production at slope scale

We used the coupled forest and rockfall model PICUS Rock’n’Roll, linking a hybrid forest patch model and a 3D rockfall model, to assess the effects of four management scenarios (BAU: business as usual age class shelterwood approach; PFM1 and PFM2: rockfall protection management scenarios with slit-shaped gaps; NOM: no management scenario without any active silvicultural intervention) on rockfall protection and timber production on a 38 ha slope over 100 years. Compared to PFM1 and PFM2, we found slightly more harvested timber for the BAU scenario (BAU: 6.7 m³ha^?1yr^?1, PFM: 5.7–5.9 m³ha^?1yr^?1), but lower contribution margins (BAU: 55 €ha^?1yr^?1, PFM: 113–115 €ha^?1yr^?1). Overall, depending on rock size and forest state, 30–70% of the simulated rocks that would otherwise hit the road at the foot of the slope were stopped by the forest. While the PFM scenarios maintained a high rockfall protection level over 100 years (PE between 45–64%) the BAU showed periods of reduced protection (PE between 26–65%). The NOM scenario maintained favorable conditions in the beginning, but declining protection efficiency in the last decades of the century (PE 49–63%). We conclude that rockfall protection management can outperform BAU with regard to both timber production and rockfall protection.     

Load sharing and weakest lamina effects on the compressive resistance of cross-laminated timber under in-plane loading

A new approach was developed to predict the compressive resistance of cross-laminated timber (CLT) using the compressive strength of small samples of different grade lamina from E12 and E8 larch, and E10 and E6 nut pine. CLT of three different thicknesses was manufactured using different grades of laminas from each species. To evaluate the compressive resistance of CLT, three different methods were employed. The first method was used to determine the compressive resistance, which was predicted by multiplying the compressive strength of lamina aligned with the loading direction, and the cross-sectional areas of the lamina. The second method is similar to the first method, but additionally considering the stiffness ratio of the laminas. The third method developed from the current study accounts for load sharing and weakest lamina effects in the prediction of compressive resistance. When the lower 5th percentile compressive resistance in a major direction was predicted using the first two methods, the difference between the experimental test and the predicted value ranged from 2.5 to 43.4%. However, when the compressive resistance in a major direction was predicted using the developed method from the current study, the difference between the experimental test and predicted value ranged from ??8.7 to 10.8%.     

Modelling the effects of climate change and timber harvest on the forests of central Nova Scotia, Canada

Context

Understanding the range of possible climate change impacts on forests and the interactions between them is vital to sustainable forest management.

Aims

We examine whether the combined influence of climate change and timber harvest will affect tree species distribution and productivity beyond predictions based on climate alone.

Methods

We used the landscape disturbance model LANDIS-II to simulate two climate and two harvest scenarios in 14,000 ha of managed watersheds.

Results

The elevated temperature led to a decline in the abundance of boreal species and a substantial increase in some temperate and pioneer species. Importantly, the interaction of climate change and timber harvest yielded changes in the distribution of some species that would not be expected based on climate alone. Conversely, some late-successional species exhibited resistance to climate-driven changes in their distribution. Climate change caused an increase in forest productivity when harvest was simulated, but a decrease in no-harvest scenarios. A time lag in forest response was likely responsible for this decrease in the absence of widespread mortality.

Conclusions

The finding that disturbance may drive the range expansion of early-successional broadleaved species and cause a decline of red spruce has implications for forest community associations, as well as for forest management where conifers are favoured for pulp production.     

杉木建材林初植密度幼龄期效应的研究

在宁镇丘陵地区的上国营林场，选用广西融水优良种源，采用３３３０－１６６６５０株／ｈｍ＾２的１１种初植密度营建杉木短轮伐建材材林，探讨不同橼材（小条木）和小径材生产的效应，结果表明，初植密度对树冠、胸径、树高、高径比、幼林蓄积、地上部份生物量及其分配均有显著的影响。但对幼林木材基本密度（６年）影响不明显。３３７０－５５５０株／ｈｍ＾２造林密度是该地区短轮伐期小径材作业适宜的初值密度，可望８年间伐椽材     

Modelling the long-term strength of timber columns

Summary This paper studies the influence of the used creep function, and the duration of the experimental sustained loading from which the creep function was derived, in modelling the long-term buckling strength of timber columns. The sensitivity of this buckling strength to creep and initial deflection is numerically studied using an energy approach that takes into account the initial deflection. Various creep functions — power laws as well as exponential laws — derived from bending experiments of different durations are used for the numerical simulation. The crucial need for experimental results issued from very long load period experiments is identified. Such experiments may lead to a more credible creep analysis of timber structures.Symbols i radius of giration - s stress level - E_L effective MOE - E₀ instantaneous MOE - I inertia moment - K,K geometrical matrices - L length of beam or column - L_f effective length - N_cr axial force, buckling load - U elastic strain energy - W external forces work - t time variable - u moisture content (m.c.) - v total deflection - v_c, v_e, v₀ creep, instantaneous elastic and initial deflections respectively Greek Letters (t) time function - , _e, ₀ total, instantaneous and initial strains respectively - twist rotation - (t) creep coefficient or fractional creep or relative creep - (x) shape function - load factor - longitudinal shortening - total potential energy - creep factor - relaxation time     

Stream buffers ameliorate the effects of timber harvest on amphibians in the Cascade Range of Southern Washington,USA

We addressed the efficacy of stream-side buffers in ameliorating the effects of clearcut timber harvest on Cascade torrent salamanders (Rhyacotriton cascadae), coastal/Cope's giant salamanders (Dicamptodon tenebrosus/D. copei), coastal tailed frogs (Ascaphus truei), and water temperature regimes in the Cascade Range in southern Washington. Forty-one streams in 4 categories were sampled; streams in clearcuts with and without buffers, streams in 35+ year old second-growth forest, and streams in unharvested forest (150+ years old). Tailed frog and Cascade torrent salamander densities were 2–7-fold lower (P < 0.05), respectively, in streams in managed forests than in streams in unharvested forest. In addition, both these species were less abundant (P < 0.05) in unbuffered streams than streams with buffers or in second-growth forest. In contrast, giant salamander densities were 5–50% greater (P > 0.05) in managed streams than unharvested, being greatest in unbuffered and second-growth streams. We used the differences in density estimates of unbuffered streams and unharvested streams to define an ecologically important effect size for each species and then compared the mean effect size and 95% confidence intervals of contrasts between managed stream categories to assess buffer effectiveness. Buffers had a positive ecologically important effect on the density of torrent salamanders and tailed frogs, but had an ecologically negative effect on giant salamanders. Water temperatures were similar among stream categories. However, Cascade torrent salamanders were nearly absent from streams where temperatures were ≥14 °C for ≥35 consecutive hours. Issues that need further study include effective buffer width and longitudinal extent, and confirmation of the water temperature threshold we identified.     

提高锯材质量的工艺措施

锯材产品质量要求,在材种和尺寸上应满足用材单位的需要;在产品精度方面,包括尺寸误差、几何形状误差和相互位置的误差,应符合国家标准要求。锯材生产中产生误差的主要原因有:(1)锯机和夹具的制造误差和磨损;(2)锯齿或锯身的磨损和修整不良;(3)原木和半成品夹紧误差;(4)度量误差和调整误差;(5)锯机的工艺条件不当及操作不慎所引起的误差等。针对具体原因,应采取相应措施,以提高锯材质量。     

深化集体林权制度改革的思考

集体林权改革是一个复杂的综合性系统工程,郴州市在集体林权改革工作中稳步推进,取得了一些成效,但也面临了一些亟待解决的问题,本文结合其他省份在集体林权制度改革中遇到的困难,对进一步深化林改提出了建议。