稻水象甲危害调查及防治药剂筛选试验

对长沙、望城部分乡镇的稻水象甲的发生情况调查表明：稻水象甲在我省的分布密度平均为（1-37）头／百丛。几种药剂防治稻水象甲筛选试验,结果表明：杀虫单、锐劲特、吡虫啉、三唑磷、毒死蜱等药剂对稻水象甲成虫和幼虫均有很好的防治效果（95％以上）。     

稻飞虱迁入初期成虫空间分布格局及抽样技术研究

探讨稻飞虱迁入初期成虫空间分布格局和抽样技术,为该害虫的准确抽样调查和有效防治提供依据.选取11块稻田逐丛调查资料,应用聚集度指标法、Iwao法和Talyor幂法则,研究了广东西南部稻飞虱迁入初期成虫空间分布格局和抽样技术.结果表明,稻飞虱迁入初期成虫在田间分布呈聚集分布为主,其聚集强度随虫口密度增加而增强.m*-m回归分析表明,稻飞虱成虫个体间相互排斥,分布的基本成分是个体群.Taylor幂法则分析表明,稻飞虱成虫个体的空间格局随着种群密度的提高越趋聚集分布.在此基础上提出了理论抽样数和序贯抽样模型:n=(1.96/D)2(0.965 1/x-+0.619 7)和Tn=0.965 1/(D02-0.619 7/n).     

柑桔矢尖蚧一代若蚧的空间格局及抽样技术研究

研究结果表明,柑桔矢尖蚧第一代若蚧的空间格局属聚集分布,其密度在方位间差异不显著,但层次间差异极显著.棋盘法、平行线、“Z”形三种方法均适用于若蚧密度的田间调查,当防治指标为每叶2头时,序贯抽样的上、下限为:T(n)=2n±4.69√n.     

稻粉虱幼虫和蛹的空间分布型及抽样技术

经测定稻粉虱幼虫和蛹在田间的分布型为核心分布 ,分布的基本成分是个体群。个体群分布随着种群密度的提高而渐趋向于随机分布。经种群聚集均数 (λ)测定 ,其聚集原因是由于稻粉虱自身的聚集性所引起 ,λ随平均密度(X)的增加而呈直线增加。采用Iwao的抽样模式 ,大田调查当种群密度较低时 (株平均虫量 <5头 ) ,可抽样50～100株 ;株平均虫量 >5头时 ,取样15～30株。     

蔗扁蛾幼虫空间分布型及抽样技术研究

蔗扁蛾幼虫在大棚田间的空间分布型为聚集分布,符合负二项分布.聚集原因是自身习性和环境综合影响的结果.通过Taylor幂法则回归确立了在一定精度水平下的理论抽样数.当t=1,mo=1/1000时,序贯抽样的上、下限为T(n)=n/1000±0.0926 n.     

南方水稻黑条矮缩病空间分布型及抽样技术

为了探讨南方水稻黑条矮缩病空间分布型及抽样技术,为该病害的准确抽样调查和有效防治提供依据,选取13块稻田逐丛调查资料,应用聚集度指标法、Iwao法和Taylor幂法则,研究了广东西南部南方水稻黑条矮缩病在稻田的空间分布型和抽样技术。结果表明,南方水稻黑条矮缩病病丛空间分布格局随着病丛密度的提高逐步从聚集型向均匀型演变发展。m*-m回归分析表明病丛空间分布的基本成分是个体群,个体间相互吸引,个体群的空间分布型为均匀分布。Taylor幂法则分析表明,南方水稻黑条矮缩病病丛个体的空间分布随着病丛密度的提高而趋向均匀分布。根据南方水稻黑条矮缩病病丛以均匀为主的空间分布特性,田间抽样调查以采用五点或对角线法等较宜。在此基础上提出了理论抽样数：n=(1.96)2/D2(1.287 1/+0.079 9)。     

籼-粳杂交稻稻曲病空间分布和抽样技术研究

本文应用聚集度指标法、Iwao法和Taylor幂法则等方法,测定了籼-粳杂交稻稻曲病在田间的空间分布型和抽样技术。结果表明,稻曲病田间空间分布主要为非随机性的聚集型分布。m~*-x回归分析表明,稻曲病空间分布的基本成分是个体群,个体间相互吸引。Taylor幂法则分析显示,稻曲病病株聚集度依赖于密度。不同取样方法准确度比较结果指出,稻曲病田间抽样调查宜采用平行跳跃式取样,在此基础上提出了稻曲病田间理论抽样公式和序贯抽样表。     

入侵移栽稻田的福寿螺卵块空间分布型及其抽样技术

福寿螺Pomacea canaliculata Lamarck是重要外来入侵有害生物,严重危害水稻苗期至分蘖期的秧苗植株.为明确福寿螺在水稻田的空间分布,以1、4丛水稻为取样单位(样方)调查了14块移栽稻、每块田300个样方的福寿螺卵块密度,并利用聚集度指标法、Taylor幂法则和Iwao的M-m回归法进行分析.结果表明,移栽稻田中的福寿螺卵块主要呈聚集分布,部分田块呈随机或均匀分布.根据福寿螺卵块的分布型,通过计算抽样时间和抽样准确率的关系、不同样方和误差条件下的理论抽样数,确定以准确估计田间卵块密度为目标的最佳抽样方法,以横(行)向平行线跳跃法间隔30～45行调查1行,共调查6行90个4丛水稻样方,即两人以常规速度按上述方法取样18min以上,可达85%以上的取样准确率.     

江西双季稻区稻水象甲田间分布规律

稻水象甲[Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus（Kuschel）]是我国植物检疫对象。采用Taylor幂法则及Iwao回归分析法对江西省双季稻区早稻田稻水象甲越冬代成虫及晚稻田禾苗上取食斑的分布型进行测定,结果表明双季稻区早稻田间成虫主要呈聚集分布,晚稻田间禾苗上新一代成虫的取食斑也呈聚集分布。     

商城县稻水象甲发生现状及综合防治措施

为有效防控商城县检疫性害虫稻水象甲的发生，本研究对该地稻水象甲发生情况进行系统调查，提出了相应的防控策略。结果表明，稻水象甲主要发生在商城县丘陵山区和沿河稻作区，发生面积约占水稻种植面积的5%。越冬成虫发生期在3月下旬至5月下旬，成虫产卵期在5月，幼虫发生期在5月中旬至6月上旬，蛹期在6月，成虫羽化期在6月下旬至7月上旬，测报灯成虫终见期在8月15日前后。采取稻田秋耕灭茬、隔离育秧、延迟播种期、科学管理肥水、保护天敌、稻鸭(虾)共作和科学用药等综合防治措施，可有效防控稻水象甲的发生。     

Effects of a lectin-like protein isolated from Acacia farnesiana seeds on phytopathogenic bacterial strains and root-knot nematode

Acacia farnesiana lectin-like protein (AFAL) showed bacterioestatic effects against Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. passiflorae (Gram-negative) and Clavibacter michiganensis michiganensis (Gram-positive), with the latter being more sensitive. This effect is probably due to the ability of AFAL to interact with the bacterial cell wall where we observed that AFAL induced macroscopic change. The maximum bacterial growth inhibition was approximately 78% when incubated with Gram-negative strains, and as high as 92% percent for the Gram-positive one. The antibacterial effect of flavonoids (rutin, quercetin and morin) was also observed using low concentrations against both bacterial strains. Prior incubation of both with AFAL at high concentrations increases the inhibitory effect of flavonoids on bacterial growth. The potential use of AFAL as a control agent against the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita was investigated as well, showing anti-nematode properties involving both egg hatching and motility. In the juvenile second-stage, AFAL showed reduction in larval mobility when measured against a control group. The results suggest that AFAL is effective against M. incognita and could be used as a component of integrated pest management programs. These data also suggest that lectins probably play a role in plant defense not only against invertebrate phytopathogens, herbivores and fungi but also against bacteria.     

枯草芽胞杆菌对离体荔枝果实霜疫霉病、炭疽病的防治效果

为了进一步明确从土壤中筛选得到的拮抗细菌OR-1、OR-2、OR-3、ON-6的分类地位和生防效果,采用形态学观察、理化特性结合分子生物学方法,鉴定这4株细菌皆为枯草芽胞杆菌Bacillussubitilis.拮抗菌对荔枝霜疫霉菌、炭疽菌菌丝生长均具有明显抑制作用,ON-6菌株的发酵液对菌丝生长的抑制率最高,分别为92.34％和70.36％,其次是OR-1菌株.拮抗菌处理组褐变指数均小于对照组以及杀菌剂处理组,且差异达显著水平(P＜0.05),OR-1菌株防褐变效果最好.常温下,拮抗菌发酵液对离体鲜果病害防治效果优于对照组和杀菌剂处理组,其中ON-6菌株的防治效果最佳;4℃低温储藏处理40天后,拮抗菌发酵液处理组的防治效果高于对照和杀菌剂处理组,且差异显著(P＜0.05),以ON-6和ON-3菌株的防治效果最佳.表明拮抗菌发酵液对荔枝鲜果上的霜疫霉菌和炭疽病菌有一定的抑制作用.     

Agrobacterium-mediated transformation efficiency is altered in a novel rice bacterial blight resistance cultivar and is influenced by environmental temperature

Y73 is a progeny of asymmetric somatic hybridization from an elite japonica rice cultivar (Dalixiang) and a wild rice (Oryza meyeriana), which shows high resistance to bacterial blight. It has a similar genetic background to its recurrent parent, Dalixiang, but Y73 has a high resistance to both bacterial blight and Agrobacterium. The transformation efficiency of Y73 was 35.7%, while Dalixiang had higher transformation efficiency (71.2%) under the same co-cultivation temperature (25 °C). These results indicate that the resistance to Agrobacterium tumefaciens in Y73 was linked with its characteristic of bacterial blight resistance, and was obtained from its donor parent, O. meyeriana. Further studies also showed that the resistance to A. tumefaciens was weakened at a lower temperature (20 °C). To study its molecular mechanism, the expression levels of genes associated with Agrobacterium-mediated transformation (OsMPKs, OsVIP1s and OsPR1s) in rice were investigated by Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis. The expression levels of OsMPK genes remained unchanged at different temperatures, while all OsVIP1s and almost all OsPR1s were up-regulated and transformation efficiency of Y73 was increased notably when infected by Agrobacterium at 20 °C compared with 25 °C. This study suggests that the bacterial blight resistance genes in Y73 also have an effect on Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and that the response to temperature is associated with the regulation of MAPK/VIP1 defense signaling pathway.     

The effects of Artemisia annua L. and Achillea millefolium L. crude leaf extracts on the toxicity, development, feeding efficiency and chemical activities of small cabbage Pieris rapae L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae)

The biological effects of two important medicinal plants, Artemisia annua L. and Achillea millefolium (L.) (viz, mortality, growth, and feeding indices as well as enzyme and non-enzymatic activities) were studied on small white Pieris rapae L a deleterious pest of cruciferous plants under controlled conditions (16:8 h L:D at 25 ± 1 °C and 65 ± 5% RH). The LC₅₀ and LC₂₅ values were 9.387% and 3.645% for A. annua L. and 4.19% and 1.69% for A. millefolium (L.), respectively. At the lowest concentration (0.625%), the deterrency was 29.826% and 44.185% for A. annua L. and A. millefolium (L.), respectively. Feeding indices were variously affected with changes in a number of parameters and an increase in larval and pupal duration. The activity level of alkaline phosphatase increased sharply while alanin and aspartate aminotransferases showed a sharp decrease. For non-enzymatic compounds, the amount of glucose and uric acid increased, but total protein and cholesterol decreased. These results indicate that these two medicinal plants might possess potential secondary metabolites that may be useful for controlling potential insect pests.     

枣镰翅小卷蛾成虫的寄主趋向和产卵选择

采用固相微萃取(SPME)和GC-MS分析研究木枣和酸枣挥发物成分,并测试枣镰翅小卷蛾触角电位(EAG)反应、寄主趋向和产卵选择,以探明枣镰翅小卷蛾的寄主选择机制。结果显示,在萌芽期,木枣和酸枣嫩叶的挥发成分均为罗勒烯、2-甲基-2-菠烯、α-法呢烯和邻苯二甲酸二丁酯4种,但相对含量稍有不同。枣镰翅小卷蛾成虫对木枣和酸枣2种寄主都有强烈的EAG反应,且同一寄主上雌蛾的EAG反应值极显著地高于雄蛾,其EAG值是雄蛾的3.3倍。枣镰翅小卷蛾对木枣表现强烈的趋向反应,而对酸枣的趋向不明显,且雌虫的趋向反应显著高于雄虫。木枣上的产卵量显著高于酸枣,且木枣枣吊上的单雌产卵量为307.9粒,极显著地高于酸枣枣吊上的产卵量(182.9粒)。研究表明,枣镰翅小卷蛾雌蛾在寄主选择中起主导作用,木枣是其嗜好寄主。     

菜豆普通细菌性疫病菌在土壤和植株残体中的越冬能力

为评估菜豆普通细菌性疫病菌地毯草黄单胞杆菌菜豆致病变种或褐色黄单胞菌褐色亚种在土壤及植物残体中的越冬能力,对采自黑龙江、内蒙古、山西、河北及新疆的18块菜豆生产田的20份土壤及14份植物残体样品进行病原菌分离和鉴定。在MT选择性培养基上有12个土壤样品和13个植株残体样品提取液产生典型的类似黄单胞菌菌落。选取29个分离物进行致病性测定,有27个分离物对菜豆品种"英国红"致病。利用地毯草黄单胞杆菌菜豆致病变种和褐色黄单胞菌褐色亚种的特异性引物X4c/X4e及褐色黄单胞菌褐色亚种特异性引物Xf1/Xf2对29个分离物进行多重PCR检测,其中17个分离物为地毯草黄单胞杆菌菜豆致病变种,10个分离物为褐色黄单胞菌褐色亚种。结果表明,菜豆普通细菌性疫病菌可以在黑龙江、内蒙古、山西、河北的一些菜豆种植区的土壤及植株残体中越冬存活。     

两株棒束孢菌的鉴定及其对茶卷叶蛾和茶小卷叶蛾的致病力

为明确分离自茶卷叶蛾和中华大刀螳僵虫的2株虫生真菌的归属及生防潜力,采用形态学特征和rDNA-ITS序列分析其分类地位,测定了其对茶卷叶蛾和茶小卷叶蛾幼虫的致病力,并初步筛选了其最适培养条件.结果表明:2株真菌均为环链棒束孢Isaria cateniannulata,分别命名为ICBS918和ICTL911.在1.0×10⁸孢子/mL浓度下,ICBS918和ICTL911对茶卷叶蛾幼虫的累计校正死亡率均达100%,LT₅₀分别为3.13 d和3.15 d;对茶小卷叶蛾幼虫的累计校正死亡率分别为100%和95%,LT₅₀分别为3.25 d和3.31 d.接菌后8 d,2菌株对茶卷叶蛾幼虫的LC₅₀分别为0.47×10⁵孢子/mL和1.01×10⁵孢子/mL;对茶小卷叶蛾幼虫的LC₅₀分别为2.20×10⁵孢子/mL和1.34×10⁵孢子/mL.2菌株23 ℃下最适生长培养基均为综合马铃薯培养基,最适产孢培养基均为蛋白胨马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂培养基;在萨氏培养基上,菌株ICBS918和ICTL911分别在24~30 ℃及24 ℃时生长速度最快,在27 ℃和21 ℃时产孢量最大.表明2株环链棒束孢对茶卷叶蛾和茶小卷叶蛾幼虫均具有较好的生防潜力,可作为生防菌进行开发和应用.     

Analysis of two acetylcholinesterase genes in Bombyx mori

Two acetylcholinesterases (AChE, EC 3.1.1.7) cDNAs were identified and cloned from silkworm, Bombyx mori. One of those, BmAChE-o cDNA, is comprised of 3197 nucleotides which encode 638 amino acids, having an amino acid sequence homology of 72% with Drosophila melanogaster Ace-orthologous AChE (AO-AChE). In some species, another AChE group based on the sequence, Drosophila Ace-paralogous AChE (AP-AChE) has been recognized in relation to organophosphate- or carbamate-resistance, but there have been few reports of AP-AChE among lepidopteran species. However, we isolated the AP-AChE from lepidopteran silkworm, and cloned full ORF as BmAChE-p, which cDNA consisted of 2465 nucleotides that encode 683 amino acids. The homologies with other AP-AChEs were over 60% when compared. Although silkworm is not a target of pesticides, the genomic information obtained in this study will contribute to insecticide-resistance study on lepidopteran pest species.     

苏云金杆菌亚致死浓度对美国白蛾及其寄生蜂生长发育的影响

为阐明苏云金杆菌Bacillus thuringiensis(Bt)与白蛾周氏啮小蜂Chouioia cunea Yang的协同作用,分别用103~108孢子/m L的6个Bt浓度处理美国白蛾Hyphantria cunea 2龄幼虫后,通过室内试验测定了Bt对其致死、亚致死效应,及亚致死浓度Bt对寄生蜂子代出蜂的影响。结果表明,浓度106孢子/m L处理组美国白蛾均未能化蛹;而106孢子/m L处理组均能化蛹并羽化,且幼虫发育历期随Bt浓度的增加而延长,平均蛹重在74.92~92.18 mg之间,均高于对照的68.66 mg,但蛹重不呈线性规律变化。当Bt对美国白蛾平均校正死亡率低于17.17%时,幼虫发育历期延迟不明显,但平均蛹重为101.11~124.34 mg,均高于对照;接蜂后能够正常出蜂,出蜂率为33.13%~51.25%,每蛹出蜂量为117.43~143.42头,均显著高于对照。表明用平均校正死亡率低于20%的Bt处理对白蛾周氏啮小蜂的寄生有利,2种生防措施协同作用存在增效潜力。     

Inactivating hemocyanin from Oncomelania hupensis with 4-(chloroacetyl)catechol and its application in snail control

The hemocyanin of Oncomelania hupensis (OhH) is essential for the survival of O. hupensis and may be an effective target for the development of new molluscicide. 4-(Chloroacetyl)catechol is a substrate analogue of OhH. In this study, we evaluated the toxicity of 4-(chloroacetyl)catechol to O. hupensis and Kunming mice. 4-(Chloroacetyl)catechol had strong molluscicidal activities and the molluscicidal activities was time and dose-dependent. With the increase of exposure time, the LC50 values of the 4-(chloroacetyl)catechol decreased from 6.5 mg/L (24 h) to 3.1 mg/L (72 h). The LC90 values decreased from 16.4 mg/L (24 h) to 4.9 mg/L (72 h). In the acute toxicity test of mice, no evident poisoning symptoms and no animal death were detected after 14 days’ continuous observation, which indicated that 4-(chloroacetyl)catechol was a low toxic substance for Kunming mice. These results indicated that 4-(chloroacetyl)catechol is potent molluscicides.