土壤保持与土壤管理

土壤保持是经常涉及到与风蚀、水蚀有关的主要的土地退化活动.土壤保持是一个较为广泛的问题.不仅关系到主要侵蚀活动,而且也关系到影响着土壤肥力总体保持的较为缓慢的、连续不断的隐伏过程.土壤紧实,土壤有机质、土壤养分含量和微生物活动能力减少,都是土壤保持专家应予关心的问题.土壤保持往往被认为是用以防止土地退化的一些技术,缺乏农学知识的土木工程师经常持己看法,而又使这种看法得以强化.对农民来说土壤保持会被认为是不可理解、不适合当地条件的不必要的花费.在国际土壤研究与管理委员会的观点看来.土壤保持是土壤管理实践能力维持方面的一部分,既无需破坏表土地上层.还要与耕作制度相结合及适宜生境的特性.土壤保持问题涉及国际土壤研究与管理委员会(IBSRAMS)的三个主要目标,首先是关于以供养农业为目的的热带土地的开垦.另一方面还涉及酸性带土壤管理和森林土壤的管理.     

西德土壤及土壤科学

我们应西德马普学会邀请,于1982年9月26日到10月24日,赴西德进行土壤学专业考察。考察计划分为两方面,(1)希望短期内较全面地了解西德的主要土壤类型和利用情况;(2)适当安排参观西德最著名的土壤研究机构和与著名的西德土壤学家接触,以便较深入地了解西德土壤学研究的现状和学术见解。     

土壤动物与土壤健康

土壤动物与土壤健康息息相关,土壤动物多样性和功能能够灵敏反映人类活动和气候变化引起的土壤扰动。同时,土壤动物还通过与生物和非生物组分间的相互作用对地上生态系统产生反馈作用。当前土壤动物在土壤健康评价体系中的应用相对较少,主要集中在土壤线虫、节肢动物和蚯蚓等类群,仍缺乏基于土壤动物的系统性评价指标。因此,本文围绕土壤动物在指示土壤健康方面的潜力,系统总结了现有基于土壤动物的土壤健康评价指标,强调未来应建立和完善土壤动物基因组信息数据库,挖掘土壤动物的功能性状,加强土壤食物网结构和生态功能的研究,建立集成土壤动物物种多样性、功能性状和土壤食物网的指标体系,从而促进土壤健康和生态系统的可持续发展。     

香港土壤和土壤科学特点

1997年11月下旬,应香港大学邀请前往进行学术交流。     

土壤质量与土壤可持续管理

土壤是农业生存之本,土壤质量是联系土壤管理与可持续农业的桥梁与纽带。介绍了土壤质量的概念及其发展,在客观地分析我国土壤质量现状的基础上,提出土壤管理必须建立在土壤质量的基础上并兼顾土壤的生产性、稳定性、持续性、生存性及社会的可接受性,才能实现农业的可持续发展。     

澳大利亚土壤及土壤科学研究近况

1986年4月14日至5月5日,我应澳大利亚联邦科学与工业研究组织的邀请,对澳大利亚进行了短期的访问考察。     

新西兰土壤学会土壤代表团到南京土壤研究所进行学术交流活动

中国耕作制度学术讨论会及耕作制度研究会成立会,于1980年10月27日至11月1日在北京昌平县召开。     

土壤微生物与土壤营养关系研究进展

综述了土壤微生物的组成、主要作用,并提出了表征土壤肥力的微生物指标,阐述了土壤微生物与土壤肥力和土壤氮、磷、硫元素的关系,提出了今后土壤微生物和土壤营养关系的研究方向。     

苏联土壤力学中的土壤分类方法

苏联土壤力学中所指的‘土壤’,是包括一般所称的岩石。基于力学的观点,土壤力学中土壤分类所依据的条件,与土壤学中的土壤分类,很有些不同。‘岩石土类’是依据它的可压缩性及应压力的大小;‘石砂土类’是依据土壤中大小颗粒的百分比例;‘粘土类’是依据土壤的塑性系数。土壤的基本种类如下:     

南京土壤研究所召开土壤分类座谈会

中国科学院南京土壤研究所于1980年8月16日召开了土壤分类座谈会。     

中国东北农田土壤质量评价的最小数据集选择

Soil quality assessment provides a tool for agriculture managers and policy makers to gain a better understanding of how various agricultural systems afect soil resources.Soil quality of Hailun County,a typical soybean (Glycine max L.Merill) growing area located in Northeast China,was evaluated using soil quality index(SQI)methods.Each SQI was computed using a minimum data set(MDS) selected using principal components analysis(PCA)as a data reduction technique.Eight MDS indicators were selected from 20 physical and chemical soil measurements.The MDS accounted for 74.9% of the total variance in the total data set(TDS).The SQI values for 88 soil samples were evaluated with linear scoring techniques and various weight methods.The results showed that SQI values correlated well with soybean yield (r=0.658**) when indicators in MDS were weighted by the regression coefcient computed for each yield and index.Stepwise regression between yield and principal components (PCs) indicated that available boron(AvB),available phosphorus (AvP),available potassium (AvK),available iron (AvFe) and texture were the main factors limiting soybean yield.The method used to select an MDS could not only appropriately assess soil quality but also be used as a powerful tool for soil nutrient diagnosis at the regional level.     

基于最小数据集的吉林省黑土耕层土壤质量评价

黑土作为吉林中部平原粮食主产区主要土壤类型,其质量的优劣直接影响区域生态安全和农业可持续发展。该研究以吉林省典型黑土耕层土壤作为研究对象,采集1 401个土壤样本,测定8项土壤理化指标及玉米产量。采用最小数据集法筛选评价指标,对于黑土耕层土壤进行质量评价,并综合土壤质量指数和产量提出评价指标的适宜范围。结果表明:吉林省黑土耕层土壤质量评价最小数据集由耕层容重、有机质、速效磷、pH构成,由全量数据集(Total Data Set,TDS)、重要数据集(ImportantDataSet,IDS)和最小数据集(MinimumDataSet,MDS)分别计算的土壤质量指数之间存在显著正相关关系,R~2分别为0.716、0.771,表明MDS可以替代TDS对黑土耕层土壤质量进行评价。黑土玉米种植区耕层土壤质量指数分布在0.22～0.75之间,均值为0.53,呈现东部高西部低的趋势。土壤质量指数随产量先增加后降低。黑土耕层保持较高土壤质量及产量的评价指标适宜范围分别为:容重为1.23～1.43 g/cm3,酸碱度(pH值)为4.74～6.96,有机质为33.14～35.81 g/kg,有效磷为122.46～136.06 mg/kg。该研究结果可为吉林省黑土耕层土壤质量诊断、提高黑土肥力及选择适合农田管理措施提供理论及参数支撑。     

Hydraulic energy indices reveal spatial dependence in a subtropical soil under maize crop in Southern Brazil

Soil physical quality (SPQ) assessment is an important part in the evaluation of soil use, management, and conservation. It can be assessed using several physical properties, hydraulic indices, and functions. Soils from tropical and temperate regions represent different physical behaviors, and the quantification of their physical properties is important to support soil evaluation and modelling. The objective of this study was to evaluate the SPQ in a subtropical field under maize crop cultivation according to its physical properties, hydraulic indices, and functions in an attempt to infer the spatial variability and to determine the behavior of soil physical structure across a spatial domain. Commonly used soil key physical variables, such as texture, bulk density, total porosity, saturated hydraulic conductivity, and organic carbon content, were measured in a regular grid with a soil sampling density of 30 points per hectare, covering an area of 0.5 ha. Saturated hydraulic conductivity varied strongly between subsamples and in the field, suggesting the heterogeneity of the soil structure regarding water drainage. The physical variables were combined with other indicators, which were based on the soil water retention curve and the pore size distribution (PSD) function. Correlation analysis was performed to verify the relationship between the measured and calculated variables, and some strong linear correlations were revealed, such as between aeration energy index and microporosity (r = 0.608) and water retention energy index with microporosity (r = 0.532) and with bulk density (r = 0.541). For most sampled locations, the shape and location parameters of PSD showed results outside of the optimum ranges, whereas the hydraulic energy indices and cumulative hydraulic energy functions presented values that were similar to those found for some tropical soils described in the literature. The spatial variability of these indices was described using semivariograms and kriged maps, indicating the variability of the SPQ in this field.     

Post-reclamation Age Effects on Soil Physical Properties and Microbial Activity Under Forest and Pasture Ecosystems

During surface mining and subsequent reclamation efforts, physical, chemical, and biological properties of soils are disturbed. A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of age chronosequence on soil physical property and microbial activity in chronosequence reclaimed sites covering successional ages in the ranges 1, 4, 8, 11, and 13 years under forest and pasture ecosystems. The adjacent normal and unmined pasture and forest were used as a control for comparison purposes. The study site was located at the Red Hill Mine in east central Mississippi (approximately 33.3 N latitude and 89 W longitude), which is used by the North America Mining Company, LLC. Soil samples were collected from the reclaimed and unmined sites at 0–15- and 15–30-cm depth and analyzed for selected soil quality indicators. Results indicated that water stable aggregate and infiltration were increased, but soil bulk density and compaction decreased with increasing reclamation age. Soil penetration resistance was greater in the pasture than forest ecosystem. All reclaimed soils had less microbial enzyme activity than an unmined forest ecosystem; however, bacteria population level after 11 years since reclamation was similar to that of unmined forest soils. Soil organic carbon increased with increasing reclamation age strongly correlated with soil physical indicators and appears to be the main driving force during the development of soil physical and biological properties in the humid southeast.     

Soil‐quality‐index model for assessing the impact of groundwater on soil in an intensively farmed coastal area of E China

Soil quality is important in measuring sustainable land‐use and soil‐management practices. It is usually assessed by evaluating important physical, chemical, and biological soil properties. For this study, a site‐specific 22 variables representing pertinent soil (0–10 cm) and groundwater properties were selected as potential soil‐quality indicators in a coastal salt‐affected farmland of E China. To investigate the role of groundwater in soil‐quality assessment, we designed two sets of minimum data sets (MDSs). Minimum data set 1 (MDS1) had inputs of the 19 soil chemical and physical properties whereas MDS2 was based on the 22 soil and groundwater properties. Using principal‐component analysis, discriminant analysis, and soil‐quality‐index (SQI) model, we demonstrated the procedures of MDS selection, indicator normalization, and integration of MDS into SQI value for soils used for the two cropping systems. Results indicated selection of SOCD, AK, and ρ_b as MDS1 indicators but MDS2 indicators included SOM, SOCD, Cl, Na, WT_g, and EC_g. These were found to be the most effective discriminators between the two cropping systems. Available K (AK) made greatest contribution to SQI using MDS1 indicators, however, WT_g, EC_g, and Cl were the greatest contributors to the SQI for MDS2. Contribution of SOCD to SQI was severely inhibited in cotton–barley rotation system while EC_g and WT_g contributions to SQI were inhibited in rice–rape rotation system. In general, cotton–barley rotation system had a better soil quality over rice–rape rotation system as the former had higher SQI values than the latter for both MDSs. Crop parameters did also exhibit significant relationship with the SQI values using MDS2 but it was not significant for MDS1. Our results suggest that in addition to soil chemical, physical, and biological indicators, groundwater properties particularly the WT_g and EC_g are also important for assessing soil quality in an intensively farmed coastal area.     

Temporal changes of soil physical quality under two residue management systems

Although crop residue management is known to affect near‐surface soil physical quality, little is known about the temporal variability of these indicators over short time intervals. This study evaluates the temporal changes of nine indicators of soil physical quality. These are organic carbon content, structural stability index, bulk density, macroporosity, air capacity, relative field capacity, plant available water capacity, Dexter's S‐index and saturated hydraulic conductivity. A second set of soil physical indicators, based on the distribution of soil pore volume, was also evaluated. The indicators were determined in three different times during the growing cycle of winter durum wheat cultivated within a long‐term field research carrying out in Southern Italy and comparing two types of crop residue management, that is, burning (B) and soil incorporation (I). Only the bulk density changed over time for both treatments, although the air capacity also changed for the incorporation of wheat residues. Residual effects of the autumnal soil tillage and soil compaction were a common source of variability, irrespective of which treatment was used. Based on the existing guidelines for evaluating the physical quality of these agricultural soils, optimal or near‐optimal values were detected in about half of the cases under consideration. This suggests that both B and I create sufficiently good conditions for crop growth during the crop cycle. The comparison between observed and optimal soil pore distribution function was always poor. The pore volume distributions showed lower densities of small pores and relatively higher densities of large pores than the proposed optimal distribution. This study also suggests that the considered optimal or references curves probably cannot be applied successfully to a wide range of agricultural soils.     

Amending a loamy sand with three compost types: impact on soil quality

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of the long‐term addition of three compost types (vegetable, fruit and yard waste compost – VFYW, garden waste compost – GW and spent mushroom compost – SM) on the physical properties of a sandy soil and to quantify any such effects using indicators of soil physical quality. Soil samples were taken from a field with annual compost applications of 30 m³/ha for 10 yr and various physico‐chemical analyses were undertaken. Results show a significant increase in soil organic carbon (21%) with the VFYW and GW compost types. With SM, soil organic carbon increased by 16%. Increased soil macroporosity and water content at saturation with a corresponding decrease in bulk density were observed for all compost types. However, quantification of these improvements using existing soil physical quality indicators such as the ‘S‐index’, soil air capacity and matrix porosity gave mixed results showing that these indices perform poorly when applied to sandy soils. It is concluded that the long‐term application of compost does not significantly improve the physical properties of sandy soils, but the absence of adverse effects suggests that these soils are a viable disposal option for these composts, but new indices of quality are needed for the proper characterization of sandy soils.     

基于最小数据集的黄淮海旱作区耕层土壤质量评价及障碍分析

为探究黄淮海旱作区耕层土壤质量特征,基于土壤物理、化学及剖面特征,建立黄淮海旱作区耕层土壤质量评价指标体系,运用主成分分析法构建耕层质量评价指标的最小数据集（minimum data set,MDS）,结合障碍因子诊断模型揭示黄淮海旱作区耕层土壤质量特征及其障碍因素。结果表明：1）研究区耕层土壤质量评价最小数据集由土壤有机质、土壤阳离子交换量、土壤pH、耕作层厚度、耕作层穿透阻力和耕作层压实度构成,基于最小数据集和全指标数据集的耕层土壤质量指数间显著正相关（R²=0.61,P＜0.05）,Nash有效系数和相对偏差系数分别为0.601和0.181,表明最小数据集的指标能够代替全部数据集指标对黄淮海旱作区耕层质量进行评价;2）研究区耕层土壤质量总体处于中等水平,质量指数为0.25～0.61;适宜耕层各项指标如下：耕作层厚度不小于17.20 cm,耕作层穿透阻力不大于896.10 kPa,耕作层土壤压实度不大于78.01%,pH值为8.01～9.37,有机质不小于17.87 g/kg,阳离子交换量不小于21.13 cmol/kg;3）黄淮海旱作区存在明显的障碍类型,耕层障碍可分为薄化紧实与养分贫瘠障碍耕层、养分贫瘠耕层、土壤紧实型耕层3类。其中有机质含量低、阳离子交换量低、耕作层压实度过高是黄淮海旱作区耕层质量主要障碍。研究为黄淮海旱作区耕层土壤质量提升和改善提供理论支撑。     

SOIL QUALITY AND SPATIAL VARIABILITY ASSESSMENT OF LAND USE EFFECTS IN A TYPIC HAPLUSTOLL

Soil management practices can have negative or positive effects on soil quality. Our objective was to assess the effect of long‐term agricultural practices by evaluating selected soil physical and chemical properties. Soil samples were collected from two depths (0 to 15 and 15 to 30 cm) within a native pasture and an adjacent agricultural field that was being used for three different crop rotations. Soil quality was quantified using aggregate stability, bulk density, soil texture and available water content as physical properties and pH, electrical conductivity, organic matter and available phosphorus as chemical properties. The farmland soils were functioning at 71 and 70 per cent of their full potential at the 0‐ to 15‐ and 15 to 30‐cm‐depth increments, respectively, whereas those from the pasture were functioning at 73 and 69 per cent, respectively. The assessment showed substantial loss in soil organic carbon following 50 years of farmland cultivation. Tillage and fertilizer applications were presumably the primary reasons for weaker spatial dependence within farmland at the 0‐ to 15‐cm depth. Grazing was postulated as the main reason for weaker spatial dependence within the pasture soils at the 15‐ to 30‐cm depth. Overall, we conclude that 50 years of cultivation has not caused soil quality to decline to a point that threatens sustainability of the agricultural fields. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effect of soil pore size distribution on plant-available water and least limiting water range as soil physical quality indicators

Soil pore size distribution(SPSD) is one of the most important soil physical properties. This research investigated the relationships of location and shape parameters of the SPSD curves with plant-available water(PAW) and least limiting water range(LLWR) of the light-textured soils at the Torogh Agricultural Research Station in north-eastern Iran. Soil moisture release curve(SMRC), PAW and LLWR in matric heads of 100 and 330 h Pa for the field capacity and location and shape parameters of the SPSD curves of 30 soils with different texture and organic carbon contents were determined, and the variable relationships were statistically analyzed. The results showed that the median equivalent pore diameter(de), mean de, standard deviation(SD*), and skewness of the SPSD curves were significantly correlated with PAW(PAW330) and LLWR(LLWR330) measured in a matric head of 330 h Pa. Decrease in deand increase in the diversity of soil pore size(SD*) increased PAW330 and LLWR330. The SD* values of all the soil samples were lower than the optimal ranges suggested in literature. Neither PAW nor LLWR values were significantly different in the soils with the optimal modal deand those with non-optimal modal de. Optimal values of median and mean equivalent pore diameters and kurtosis of SPSD curves led to a significant improvement of PAW330 and LLWR330 as soil physical quality indicators. It was recommended to revise the optimal ranges for SD* and modal defor future studies.