管氏肿腿蜂及其带菌室内防治松墨天牛幼虫试验

利用管氏肿腿蜂及其携带球孢白僵菌进行室内防治松墨天牛幼虫试验,结果表明:管氏肿腿蜂对松墨天牛幼虫的寄生死亡率随着接蜂量的增加而提高。在一定的接蜂量(虫蜂比1∶2~1∶5)下,松墨天牛龄期越大,被寄生效果越低,对3龄幼虫的平均寄生死亡率为90%,4龄虫平均为77.5%,5龄虫平均为52.5%。每只管氏肿腿蜂携带球孢白僵菌约1×107个孢子时,对4~5龄松墨天牛幼虫按虫蜂比1∶1、1∶2和1∶3接蜂,寄生感染死亡率分别为55%、75%和100%;管氏肿腿蜂携带球孢白僵菌防治木段内的松墨天牛幼虫寄生感染死亡率为87.13%。     

贵阳市大规模应用管氏肿腿蜂防治松墨天牛效果调查

贵阳市从2003年开始引进管氏肿腿蜂Scleroderma guani Xiao et Wu进行相关的实验和大规模放蜂防治,到2008年6年间,共释放管氏肿腿蜂1800万头,累计防治面积8120 hm2.调查结果表明,释放管氏肿腿蜂防治松墨天牛是一种操作简便、省工省力、能够实现可持续控制的有效防治方法.放蜂时间应掌握在松墨天牛幼虫的幼龄期,以9月初为宜.连续放蜂3 a,松墨天牛的发生基本得到了有效控制.     

川硬皮肿腿蜂携带白僵菌主动传染松墨天牛探索试验

进行了川硬皮肿腿蜂携带白僵菌主动传染松墨天牛的室内探索试验,结果表明,松墨天牛个体大小对川蜂能否成功寄生影响很大,在4龄天牛幼虫上,川蜂不能寄生;3龄幼虫中,以每头10蜂处理的寄生率达到70%,以每头5蜂处理的寄生率为40%,寄生成功后川蜂能在寄主上完成生活史。Bxs菌株对川蜂的毒力不强,可以忽略白僵菌对川蜂的毒力影响。     

用白僵菌防治松墨天牛幼虫技术

通过对白僵菌与小蠹虫的野外生物学规律观察及小蠹虫的传菌规律,白僵菌的林间释传方法、技术、防治效果及大面积防治松材线虫病中应用等研究,发现:用本地自然种群的小蠹虫能有效地携传白僵菌,达到防治松墨天牛幼虫目的.该法对松墨天牛幼虫当代校正寄生率达41.53%,明显高于喷雾法的26.74%.人工撒菌法也能有效地释传白僵菌,对松墨天牛幼虫防治效果可达48.31%.经大面积防治松墨天牛示范试验,白僵菌有效地控制了松墨天牛的虫口密度,减轻了松材线虫病的危害,取得了明显的防治效果和经济效益,防治费用仅需3.33元/hm2.     

管氏肿腿蜂在两种试验条件下对松墨天牛入木幼虫的寄生

在野外自然条件和室内限制管氏肿腿蜂Scleroderma guaniXiao et Wu逃逸条件下,研究了肿腿蜂对松墨天牛Monochamus alternatus Hope入木幼虫的寄生。研究发现松墨天牛幼虫蛀道内存在1种捕食性天敌;肿腿蜂在限制逃逸条件下对松墨天牛入木幼虫的寄生率为63.92%;在野外自然条件下肿腿蜂与捕食性天敌共同作用,试验结果显示松墨天牛幼虫死亡率与对照组存在显著差异,说明肿腿蜂在野外对松墨天牛入木幼虫的寄生作用是显著的。     

利用松墨天牛繁育管氏肿腿蜂初步研究

利用松墨天牛幼虫作为中间寄主繁育管氏肿腿蜂,并测定了不同温度条件下管氏肿腿蜂的发育历期、寄生率等生物学参数。结果显示:在被测温度范围内,管氏肿腿蜂的发育速率与温度呈正比关系。温度对管氏肿腿蜂的寄生成功率、产卵量、子代蜂的数量有较显著影响,当温度为27℃时,这3项指标较为理想。综合比较了发育历期、寄生率、寄生成功率、产卵量、子代蜂数量和性比等各项指标后认为:25~27℃是利用松墨天牛繁育管氏肿腿蜂的适宜温度,27℃为最适温度。     

松褐天牛肿腿蜂对松褐天牛低龄幼虫控制作用的研究

研究测定了松褐天牛肿腿蜂对松褐天牛1～3龄幼虫的控制作用,采用林间和室内罩网相结合的方法研究了2组松褐天牛肿腿蜂对松褐天牛幼虫的寄生情况.结果显示:在室内试验条件下,松褐天牛肿腿蜂产卵之前的刺蛰、补充营养取食能直接造成松褐天牛1～3龄幼虫死亡,对1、2及3龄幼虫的平均致死率分别为95.66％、85.91％、57.88％,并可产卵寄生2、3龄幼虫;林间释放2组松褐天牛肿腿蜂后,在刺蛰和补充营养取食后能有效寄生寄主的肿腿蜂雌蜂数量比例变化较大,有效肿腿蜂率最高为14.9％,最低为2.3％.松褐天牛肿腿蜂寄生行为不受寄主聚集程度的影响,但刚羽化出茧肿腿蜂雌蜂的寄生效率比经饲喂后的雌蜂高近5倍.从肿腿蜂单一个体来看,每头雌蜂补充营养取食和产卵寄生致死的松褐天牛幼虫数为2.1～7.7头.松褐天牛肿腿蜂雌蜂的补充营养习性及刺蛰、取食致死寄主行为在防治中有很重要的作用,表明该种肿腿蜂是防治松褐天牛的重要天敌,在生物防治松褐天牛幼龄幼虫上具有良好的应用前景.     

双条杉天牛幼虫病原真菌——球孢白僵菌的分离鉴定与利用

2002-2006年在对呼和浩特地区杜松死亡原因调查的过程中,从死亡的树干内发现了罹病致死的双条杉天牛幼虫。通过对虫体内病原真菌的分离与鉴定,确定为球孢白僵菌。经管氏肿腿蜂带菌接种与人工接种方法的室内致病力测定,在22~25℃条件下饲养30 d,双条杉天牛幼虫感病致死率分别为100%、58.22%,证明球孢白僵菌是双条杉天牛的病原菌。同时,利用管氏肿腿蜂带菌接种,菌剂使用浓度低,虫菌结合能显著提高双条杉天牛幼虫的感病致死率。     

管氏肿腿蜂及其带菌室内防治松褐天牛幼虫研究

在室内通过5菌株感染松褐天牛幼虫研究筛选出毒力相对较强菌株Ma789,然后进一步研究了其1.0×10^5-1.0×10^8个/mL不同孢子含量梯度对松褐天牛幼虫的毒力,结果显示其对松褐天牛幼虫的半致死含量为3.2×10^5个/mL;而管氏肿腿蜂对松褐天牛幼虫室内寄生试验表明,随着接蜂量的增加,管氏肿腿蜂对幼虫的寄生死亡率不断提高,当虫蜂比提高到1∶4-1∶5时,管氏肿腿蜂对松褐天牛幼虫的平均校正死亡率达96.7%;每只管氏肿腿蜂携带Ma789约1.0×10^7个孢子时,对老熟松褐天牛幼虫按虫蜂比1∶1、1∶2和1∶3接蜂,寄生感染死亡率分别为56.7%,70%和100%。     

管氏肿腿蜂对光肩星天牛的控制作用

本试验研究了管氏肿腿蜂对光肩星天牛的控制作用,旨在找到呼和浩特地区园林生产应用中控制光肩星天牛的生物防治新途径。在温度20±2℃、相对湿度60%±5%的室内环境下,研究了管氏肿腿蜂对不同虫龄光肩星天牛幼虫的寄生情况。结果表明:管氏肿腿蜂对低龄光肩星天牛幼虫的寄生率较高,对高龄光肩星天牛幼虫的寄生率较低。同时研究了不同虫蜂比对光肩星天牛幼虫致死率的影响,结果表明在一定接蜂量下,在虫蜂比为1︰1、1︰5、1︰10、1︰15时,寄主幼虫的校正死亡率分别为1.74%、5.10%、15.88%和16.68%。经过分析,认为在呼和浩特地区,可于9月份根据虫口密度以1︰10的虫蜂比防治光肩星天牛。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.