利用小麦Tal基因进行株粒重、株穗数和株高群体改良的研究

利用太谷核显性核不育基因，开展小麦株粒重、株穗数和株高三个性状的轮回选择，研究群体改良的效果。经四轮选择看出：（1）株粒重增加8.25g，平均每轮增加2.06g；株穗数增加5.25个，平均每轮增加1.31个；株高降低8.82cm，平均每轮降低2.21cm。三个性状态参数的论间差异显著。（2）随轮选次数的递增，群体平均值朝着附合育种     

冬性小麦矮源开95016遗传研究

为了了解半冬性小麦矮源开95016的遗传特性,2003—2005年对开95006的遗传特性进行初步分析,从开95016（株高50cm）与7个高杆亲本（平均株高75cm）杂交F1株高结果可知,开95016矮杆基因为隐性遗传。从以矮源为母本的正交及其反交F1株粒重结果可知以矮源为母本的正交,且父本为分蘖力强,多穗,中杆类型的品种,F1杂种优势最强。     

小麦显性矮秆基因Rht3理想株高突变体的基因型检测

本研究采用4BS染色体携带Rht3基因的小麦显性矮源"矮苏3"(55～60 cm),经辐射与化学诱变,获得了一系列株高在70～85 cm、具小麦育种理想株高的突变体.采用形态标记、生化标记及分子标记对上述理想株高突变体进行了基因型检测.经成熟种子萌发试验的生化标记检测表明,理想株高突变体仍具有显性矮秆基因Rht3成熟种子α-淀粉酶活性低而抗穗萌的特性.经采用位于4BS染色体上的"易组太谷核不育基因MS2 (4BS)"作为形态标记基因来定位理想株高突变体携带的半显性矮秆基因,证实了理想株高突变体携带的半显性矮秆基因与MS2(4BS)连锁、因而与Rht3基因同位于普通小麦4B染色体上.基于通常认为Rht3与隐性矮秆基因Rht1同为4BS染色体上的复等位基因,经采用Ellis等开发的"perfect marker"SSR特异引物的分子标记检测,在矮苏3及其理想株高突变体上同时扩增出了与Rht-B1b相同的237 bp的特征带.以上3种类型的基因标记检测的结果,均有利于说明矮苏3的理想株高突变体携带Rht3突变衍生的复等位基因,因其具理想株高而又抗穗萌,可望作为半显性创新矮源用于高度集约化的小麦"分子设计育种",以克服小麦育种目前局限于使用隐性矮源的局面,实现自"绿色革命"以来小麦育种矮源的升级换代.     

小麦显性矮秆基因Rht10“微突变”的发现

以4D染色体携带Rht10而极度矮化的小麦显性矮秆系“矮变1号”与中、高秆的现代小麦改良品种杂交，选育出了一批植株较矮变1号显著提升、以至达到小麦育种理想株高的半显性衍生矮秆系，已将其应用于杂交小麦及小麦常规育种。对半显性衍生矮秆系与起始矮秆系矮变1号矮秆主基因之间的同一性进行了研究。以此提出了小麦显性矮秆基     

小麦株高QTL Qph.nau-5B的效应评价

株高直接影响小麦的产量潜力,也是植株抗倒伏性的重要组成部分。目前虽有大量株高相关QTL被鉴定到,但大多QTL的遗传效应仍不清楚。本研究前期利用小麦品种群体,通过关联分析鉴定到一个小麦株高主效QTL Qph.nau-5B。为了评价该QTL的效应,通过分子标记辅助选择分别构建了以南大2419、吉春1016和郑麦9023为供体亲本,中优9507为背景的3种等位变异的近等基因系,背景回复率均高于93%。在7个独立的试验环境中,所有近等基因系的株高较轮回亲本均显著降低,平均降幅为11.1 cm(10.3%)。Qph.nau-5B不同等位变异效应强弱不同,其中来源于吉春1016和郑麦9023的等位变异平均降秆效应相似(12.4 cm),显著大于南大2419的等位变异(8.6 cm),但各等位变异相对降秆效应大小受环境影响。此外,Qph.nau-5B对单株穗数、穗长、千粒重等农艺性状无明显负效应。本研究结果表明Qph.nau-5B具有重要的育种价值,可为小麦的株型分子设计育种提供基因资源。     

小麦株高近等基因系H1636的选育和遗传研究

小麦株高近等基因系Ｈ１６３６的选育和遗传研究［］刘秉华王山荭杨丽（中国农业科学院作物育种栽培研究所北京１０００８１）实验材料的创新和实验手段的改进会不同程度地促进科研工作的进步和突破。作物近等基因系是遗传背景相同，而等位基因性质或剂量不同的一组品系...     

利用永久F2群体定位小麦株高的QTL

为研究小麦株高的遗传机制,利用DH群体构建了一套包含168个杂交组合的小麦永久F₂群体, 并于2007年种植于山东泰安和山东聊城。构建了一套覆盖小麦21条染色体的遗传连锁图谱并利用该图谱的324个SSR标记对小麦株高进行QTL定位研究,使用基于混合线性模型的QTLNetwork 2.0软件进行QTL分析。在永久F₂群体中定位了7个株高QTL,包括4个加性QTL,一个显性QTL,一对上位性QTL,共解释株高变异的20%,其中位于4D染色体的qPh4D,具有最大的遗传效应,贡献率为7.5%;位于2D 染色体显性效应位点qPh2D,可解释1.6%的表型变异;位于5B~6D染色体上位效应位点,可解释1.7%的表型变异。还发现加性效应、显性效应和上位效应对小麦株高的遗传起重要作用,并且基因与环境具有互作效应,结果表明利用永久F₂群体进行QTL定位研究的方法有助于分子标记辅助育种。     

第一届矮败小麦育种技术研讨会在北京召开

矮败小麦是中国农业科学院作物科学研究科所创制的具有矮秆基因标记的太谷核不育小麦,是具有自主知识产权的遗传资源。矮败小麦授以非矮秆父本的花粉,其后代总是有一半靠异交结实的矮秆不育株,一半靠自交结实的非矮秆可育株。矮败小麦可以作为育种工具用于单交、复交、回交、阶梯杂交和远缘杂交等多种育种途径,特别是便利地应用于轮回选择育种。2006年12月11日-12日,在北京召开了“全国矮败小麦育种技术研讨会”,会议由中国农业科学院主持,来自全国科研院所科技人员200人参加了会议,科技部、农业部和中国农业科学院有关领导参加了会议。28位…     

陆地棉极端矮化性状的突变和遗传

1974年在陆地棉品种协作二号中发现一株丛生矮化突变体,它的节间缩短,株高30cm左右。在其自交后代中分离出株高仅为10cm的极端矮化株,丛生矮化株和正常株三种类型。遗传分析表明极端矮化性状是受一个简单的不完全显性基因控制的,在纯合体时表现极端矮化性状,在杂合体时呈现丛生矮化性状。新发现的极端矮化性状与早已发现的皱叶矮生性状及叶斑矮化性状表型不同,因此是一种新矮源。     

小麦株高相关性状与SNP标记全基因组关联分析

株高是影响小麦产量和控制倒伏的重要因素,研究小麦株高相关性状的遗传机制对高产育种具有指导意义。以205份中国冬麦区小麦品种(系)为材料,利用分布于小麦全基因组的24 355个单核苷酸多态性(SNP)标记对株高相关性状进行关联分析。共发现38个与株高相关性状显著关联(P0.0001)的SNP,分布在1B、2A、2B、3A、3B、3D、4A、4B、5A和6D染色体上。其中,11个位点至少在2个环境中稳定表达,可用于开发CAPS标记。同时,发掘了一批株高性状相关基因的优异等位变异,如降低株高的等位变异Bob White_c48009_52,平均降低株高12.9 cm;控制穗下节间长的等位变异BS00039422_51-C和IAAV1698-A,分别调控穗下节间长5.9 cm和6.6 cm。本研究发掘的控制小麦株高基因位点为在分子水平上研究小麦株高复杂性状提供了有价值的参考。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.