蟠桃果醋生产工艺的研究

以蟠桃原浆为原料,采用液态发酵工艺进行酒精发酵和醋酸发酵。分析了发酵时间、发酵温度、初始糖度对酒精发酵的影响,以及发酵时间、发酵温度、初始酒精度对醋酸发酵的影响。试验结果表明,酒精发酵的最佳工艺条件为:发酵时间6 d,发酵温度29℃,初始糖度12%,此条件下酒精体积分数为6.5%。醋酸发酵的最佳工艺条件为:发酵时间6 d,发酵温度30℃,初始酒精体积分数为6.5%,此条件下总酸质量浓度为4.6 g/100 mL。     

沙枣果醋的工艺研究

介绍沙枣果醋的酿制方法。研究以新疆大沙枣为原料,经酒精发酵和醋酸发酵生产沙枣果醋的工艺流程。试验结果为,酒精发酵的温度为30℃,糖度为16%,酒用酵母接种量为1%;醋酸发酵的温度为32℃,酒精度为7%,醋酸菌接种量为8%,pH值调至4.0。     

复合番茄果醋发酵工艺的研究

以番茄和大米为原料,经过酒精发酵和醋酸发酵生产蕃茄果醋,并对番茄果醋的生产工艺过程及工艺参数进行了研究。实验表明复合番茄果醋的发酵工艺为:在34~36℃条件下酒精发酵6d,当酒精含量达到8.5%~8.8%,再在38~40℃下醋酸发酵16d,待醋酸含量达6.5%~7.0%时,结束发酵。     

杏皮渣酿制杏果醋饮料的工艺研究

研究了以杏皮渣为原料的果醋饮料生产工艺,确定了酿制杏皮渣果醋的最佳工艺参数。筛选出最佳醋酸菌是LB-2001,果醋酿制过程中添加剂SO2含量≤30mg／L,醋酸发酵结束后,加入食盐的浓度为1．0％-1．5％。．采用115℃／2min超高温瞬时杀菌。用此工艺酿制出的杏果醋饮料香味独特,口味纯正。     

蛋黄果果醋生产工艺的研究

以蛋黄果为原料,研究了蛋黄果果醋的生产工艺。酒精发酵L9(34)正交试验表明,最佳组合为:初始糖度14%,接种量8%,发酵温度30℃,发酵5d。醋酸发酵L9(34)正交试验证明,较好工艺为:初始酒精度7%,发酵温度30℃,醋酸菌接种量10%,发酵6d。酿制出的蛋黄果果醋颜色金黄、澄清透亮、醋味浓郁,同时具有蛋黄果的特殊清香味。     

新疆红枣果醋饮料的开发

以新疆和田骏枣为原料,探讨液态法发酵生产红枣醋及其醋酸饮料的调配。结果表明,采用液态法生产的红枣醋具有红枣特有的香味,酸味柔和,可以作为调配醋酸饮料的原料。通过正交试验确定红枣醋酸饮料优化配方为:100 mL果醋饮料中含红枣原醋12 mL,红枣汁23 mL,甜蜜素用量0.08 g,乙基麦芽酚用量0.02 g。     

砀山梨果醋加工工艺研究

优质梨果醋是以新鲜梨为原料,经液体深层发酵而成的优质调味品。以砀山梨为原料,经过对酒精发酵和醋酸发酵工艺的研究,得到了梨果醋。确定了混合菌种发酵的最佳比例,以及酒精发酵和醋酸发酵的最优发酵条件,对果醋产品混浊的原因及其澄清方法进行了研究。实验结果表明,制得的砀山梨果醋风味纯正,并具有水果香味,是一种价值较高的营养保健型果醋。     

山楂果醋饮料的制作工艺

确定山楂果醋的最优酒精发酵工艺和醋酸发酵工艺,并调配山楂果醋饮料。正交试验结果表明,调整山楂果汁糖度为13%、pH值为4,接入0.2%活性干酵母,发酵温度30℃,发酵时间7d;调整山楂酒液酒度至6%,接入10%醋酸菌,在30℃下发酵4d。取酸度为4.5%的山楂醋10%,添加山楂果汁15%、蜂蜜5%、绵白糖10%,调配而成的山楂果醋饮料具有食醋的清香和山楂的果香,产品酸甜爽口、澄清透明、风味独特。     

沙棘果醋饮料的加工工艺研究

以沙棘为原料,采用液体酒精发酵和表面静置醋酸发酵法制成的风味独特的沙棘果醋饮料。通过正交试验得出醋酸发酵最佳条件为:初始pH值3.5,接种量6%,发酵温度32℃。果醋饮料最佳配方为:原醋3%,白砂糖11%,沙棘汁3%,总酸0.36%。     

固定化技术应用于火棘果醋发酵工艺的研究

以火棘果实为原料,采用正交试验方法对固定化醋酸菌酿造火棘果醋的醋酸发酵工艺进行了研究。结果表明,在接种量相同的前提下,采用固定化醋酸菌发酵具有较高的产酸速率,比游离醋酸菌发酵所需的时间明显缩短。在单因素试验的基础上,通过正交试验,确定固定化醋酸菌酿造火棘果醋的最佳工艺条件为:发酵温度34℃,接种量10%,酒精度7%。所制得的火棘果醋醋香浓郁,酸甜适口,营养丰富,香气自然、协调,是一种市场开发潜力良好的保健果醋。     

河南麦田野燕麦病原真菌资源调查及致病性测定

为了解中国河南省小麦田常见杂草野燕麦上的病原真菌种类,以期为更好的利用植物病原真菌资源和开发生物除草剂奠定基础。采用组织分离法对野燕麦病害样品进行分离,结合形态观察和rDNA ITS序列分析对菌株进行鉴定,最后用人工接种法对部分菌株进行致病性测定。从81份自然发病样品中分离到157个菌株,共鉴定了9个属的17种真菌。对于做致病性测定的28个菌株,其中新月弯孢菌株YM1362对供试杂草表现出很强致病性,而对棉花、大豆、花生等植物没有致病性。结果表明野燕麦上的病原真菌主要为链格孢属、弯孢属、平脐蠕孢属和凸脐蠕孢属;其中菌株YM1362具有开发为防治双子叶作物田中禾本科杂草的生物除草剂的潜力。     

春油菜田抗性生物型野燕麦对高效氟吡甲禾灵的抗性机制研究

明确抗性生物型野燕麦对高效氟吡甲禾灵产生抗性的3种酶机制,为治理与延缓杂草抗药性提供科学依据。[方法]采用温室盆栽法,分别测定了抗性和敏感性生物型野燕麦的乙酰辅酶A羧化酶(ACCase)、细胞色素P450还原酶(CYP450)和谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GSTs)的活性差异。结果表明,未加药剂时,抗性生物型野燕麦ACCase的活性低于敏感性生物型;随着药剂浓度的增加,2个生物型ACCase的活性逐渐降低,但抗性生物型降低幅度小于敏感生物型,二者ACCase活性IC50分别为78.369 μmol/L和43.469 μmol/L,活性倍数1.8。清水处理时,野燕麦抗性生物型与敏感生物型CYP450还原酶和GSTs活性差异均不明显;施药后,抗性生物型CYP450还原酶和GSTs的活性均高于敏感生物型,药后12天,抗性生物型与敏感生物型CYP450还原酶活性分别113.1 pmol/L和38.9 pmol/L,活性倍数2.91;2个生物型GSTs活性分别为210.6 mIU/L和319.1 mIU/L,活性倍数1.52。[结论]靶标酶活性较高水平的维持及代谢酶活性的增强是野燕麦对高效氟吡甲禾灵产生抗性的重要机制。     

Stability Indices for Weed Management Systems in Forage Oat (Avena sativa L.)

A set of integrated weed management systems was assessed in forage oat ( Avena sativa L.), cv. Kent, to compare efficiencies inter se in terms of mean forage productivity over different locations and different years, and relative agronomic effectiveness. Results for seven weed management systems were obtained for three consecutive years, i.e. 1995–96, 1996–97 and 1997–98, at five locations of the Indian subcontinent. Two systems – use of weeder-cum-mulcher at the 3- and 6-week crop stages (WCS) and use of weeder-cum-mulcher at the 4 WCS plus application of 2, 4-D at 0.37 kg a.i. ha^–1 at 6 WCS – were found to be effective and consistent over locations from year to year and over years from location to location. Pooled analysis over years and locations showed manual weeding at 4 WCS plus application of 2, 4-D at 0.37 kg a.i. ha^–1 at 6 WCS, on the one hand, and use of weeder-cum-mulcher at 3 WCS plus manual weeding at 5 WCS, on the other, to have equal efficiencies and to be more beneficial than the other treatments. Recommendation of the latter system is of particular interest as this system merely involves mechanical operations which provide the benefits of soil mulching and carry no risk of biotoxicity due to herbicides in crop plants or adverse effects on soil through uninterrupted use of chemicals.     

The Pedigree of German Oat Cultivars (Avena sativa L.) and the Occurrence of Fatuoids

A pedigree of German oat cultivars is presented. Accordingly, the cultivars can be assigned to a few distinct lineages originating in crosses between initial landraces. The parentage of white/yellow cultivars includes crosses with black oat. Fatuoids were found in 25 German and foreign cultivars. Every lineage of the pedigree comprises cultivars known for forming fatuoids as well as cultivars up-to-now fatuoid free. Fatuoids were found in old and new cultivars. The difficulty of detecting fatuoids in field inspection or seed testing is discussed. The results show that the origin of fatuoids is not related to the lineage of the corresponding cultivars. The hypotheses on the origin of fatuoids arc discussed in relation to the oat pedigree.     

Performance of Avena sativa L./Avena fatua L. Backcross lines

Summary Although wild oats (Avena fatua L.) have been considered a potential source of genes for cultivated oat (Avena sativa L.) improvement, most progenies of A. sativa/A. fatua crosses have weak straw and are very susceptible to crown rust (Puccinia coronata CDA. var. avenae Fraser and Led.). Backcrossing to A. sativa has been suggested as a method of improving progeny lines while introducing new genes from wild oats to cultivated oats. In this study, A. sativa/A. fatua F₁ hybrids were backcrossed twice to A. sativa, and lines from three backcross populations were selected on the basis of agronomic performance in segregating generations. The A. sativa recurrent parents were Dal (tall and late) and Stout (short and early).Backcross lines and recurrent parents were evaluated in five performance trails from 1983 through 1985. There was significant variation among backcross lines for most traits, but most backcross lines did not produce higher grain and straw yields than their A. sativa parent. Several backcross lines were higher than their recurrent parent in test weight and groat percentage. A line derived from Stout, 175BC2-6, was considered the most promising backcross line in the study. This line produced more grain, had heavier kernels, and headed 3.3 days earlier than Stout. Although 175BC2-6 does not have sufficient straw strength and crown rust resistance to be released as a cultivar, it is considered to be a new source of high grain yield, high test weight and earliness for oat breeding.     

提莫菲维小麦与葡萄牙野燕麦远缘杂交后代的SRAP分析

采用SRAP技术分析提莫菲维小麦与葡萄牙野燕麦远缘杂交后代的真实性及其特点。结果表明,22对SRAP引物中,20对引物在双亲间扩增出多态性条带,其多态性比率为73.81%。me4-em1、me3-em5、me4-em3和me3-em3四对引物在提莫菲维小麦与葡萄牙野燕麦杂交F3株系中扩增出双亲特异带,表明该F3株系具有双亲的遗传物质,该F3株系是提莫菲维小麦和葡萄牙野燕麦成功属间杂交的真实杂种后代。在F3株系的扩增结果中部分双亲带型消失,并且提莫菲维小麦消失的带数远少于野燕麦的;同时有非父母标记新带型出现。杂种后代DNA序列的这种变化可能有利于新形成异源多倍体小麦的快速进化、遗传协调和遗传稳定性。     

燕麦愈伤组织诱导和分化再生影响因素的研究

以燕麦3个品种(系)幼胚、幼穗为材料,通过组织培养方法,研究了基因型、培养基、外植体对愈伤组织诱导、继代和分化再生的影响。结果表明,对愈伤组织的诱导,基因型和培养基起重要作用,对幼胚作用极显著,对幼穗作用显著;外植体不同也影响愈伤组织形成,随培养基成分改变而变化,且幼穗较幼胚更易培养;2,4-D浓度影响愈伤组织生长和胚性愈伤组织形成,3 mg/L 2,4-D有利于愈伤生长,促进胚性愈伤形成;草莜一号幼穗愈伤组织有很强的继代能力,继代培养330 d仍具有46.58%的分化率,该材料在组织培养和基因工程研究中具有很大潜力。     

Differential Response to Al-Toxicity of Two Populations of Avena sterilis L.

Negative correlation between Al concentrations and root and shoot growth was detected in two populations of Avena sterilis L. investigated [one from a bauxite area (1) and the other (2) from a pasture area]. Al solubility and Al content of plant tissue depend on pH levels of nutrient solution. Population-1 although in all treatments contained greater amounts of Al in its roots, was grown better than population-2, suggesting that population-1 is more tolerant than population-2. Al content of shoot and root of both populations was greater at pH 10.0 than at pH 4.5, a fact that may indicate that Al ions in alkaline medium are preferentially absorbed than Al ions in acid medium. The better growth of both populations observed in all Al concentrations at pH 10.0, where Al content of plant tissues was greater, may indicate that Al forms predominant in acid nutrient medium are more harmful than Al forms in alkaline nutrient medium.     

The Performance of Pea (Pisum sativum L.) and its Role in Determining Yield Advantages in Mixed Stands of Pea and Oat (Avena sativa L.)

On a brown warp soil (Fluventic Eutrochrept) near Goettingen, Germany, conventional leafed pea ( Pisum sativum L. cvs Messire and Bohatyr) and semileafless types (cvs Profi, Juno and Azur) were grown in mixed stands together with oat ( Avena sativa cvs Alf and Lutz) in substitutively designed experiments from 1995 to 1997. Oat was the dominant component. Crowding coefficients for oat averaged 7.4. No relationship could be detected between the crowding coefficient of oat and any yield advantage from the mixture. Crowding coefficients for pea varied substantially, between 0.1002 (Juno and Alf in 1996) and 0.2979 (Bohatyr and Alf in 1996). Crowding coefficients for semileafless pea cultivars were smaller than for conventional leafed types. The yield advantage of the mixture increased as the crowding coefficient of pea increased. The maximum yield increase for the mixture was achieved when the relative yield total (RYT)=1.17 or + 11 dt grain DM ha^–1 for mixtures of the long-strawed conventional leafed cultivars Bohatyr and Alf (in 1996). The crowding coefficients of pea were positively correlated with the level of symbiotically fixed N₂ in the mixed stands. When N₂ fixation with mixed cropping was about 30 kg N ha^–1, RYT was unity. Increasing symbiotic N₂ in the mixtures resulted in increasing yield advantages in the mixture. Short-strawed pea cultivars seem unsuitable for mixing with oat. Plant height of pea appeared to be more important than plant leaf type. Accordingly, mixtures containing the long-strawed semileafless pea cultivars Profi and Alf were more successful. It is concluded that increased competitiveness of the pea component in the mixture with oat entails increasing the level of symbiotic N₂ fixation including resource complementarity and thus yield advantage in the mixed stands.     

野生二粒小麦与野燕麦杂种核型研究

1989年用野生二粒小麦(Triticum dicoccoides Corn.2n=4x=28)与通北野燕麦(Avenafatua L.2n=6x=42)杂交成功,F_2分离出燕麦型、二粒小麦型、硬粒小麦型、斯卑尔脱型和普通小麦型。斯卑尔脱型F_4中的一个类型,与双亲野生二粒小麦和通北野燕麦的核型进行比较研究。杂种中有一对近端着丝点染色体,5对随体染色体。近端着丝点染色体来源于通北野燕麦,5对随体染体来源于双亲野生二粒小麦和通北野燕麦。证明野生二粒小麦与通北野燕麦杂种斯卑尔脱型是真杂种。