水稻早世代稳定特性的遗传研究

422、429、430、942、950、966是由多倍体(四倍体或三倍体)与二倍体杂交得来的早世代稳定水稻品系,利用上述早稳型水稻与普通二倍体水稻杂交,以研究水稻早世代稳定特性在杂交后代的遗传。通过田间观察和分子标记的检测F2,结果发现在大量的杂交组合后代中,只有429×9311杂交组合后代仍具有早世代稳定特性,即早世代稳定特性在该杂交组合中遗传了下来,而其它杂交组合中,早世代稳定特性未能遗传下来,推测早世代稳定特性的遗传可能和杂交双亲均有关。     

转基因水稻中外源sck基因的遗传表达特性

利用转sck基因高代稳定水稻亲本和组合为材料,研究了外源sck基因的遗传表达特性.结果表明:外源sck和hpt基因都能自交连锁稳定遗传到T11并表达,且连锁基因和表达活性可杂交转移到不育系和杂交组合中,外源sck基因在杂种F2代以单基因显性遗传3∶1的模式进行分离,但也出现自交hpt基因丢失,杂交hpt基因甚至sck基因未获得成功转移的现象.田间抗虫性观测表明,转sck基因水稻对钻蛀性螟虫抗性不足,对卷叶螟具有一定抑制作用.外源sck基因在转化或杂交转育的亲本及组合中均获得表达,且具有一定的空间分布特性和基因累加效应,基本为叶片的表达活性高于叶鞘.     

水稻新质源(CMS-FA)雄性不育恢复基因的遗传

发掘水稻新型雄性不育细胞质源CMS-FA,育成系列优质米不育系和系列新质源恢复系,在组配成强优势杂交稻组合的基础上,研究新质源雄性不育恢复系的恢复基因遗传.采用新质源(CMS-FA)不育系金农1A与恢复系金恢3号杂交获得杂交F1和F2代种子.用F1分别与不育系或保持系回交,获得(不育系//不育系/恢复系和不育系/恢复系//保持系)2个测交群体.同时种植P1、P2、P3、F1、F2、B1F1和B2F1等群体,考察花粉染色率、套袋结实率和自然结实率,卡平方测验遗传分离适合度.结果表明,不育系与恢复系杂交F1代正常可育,育性恢复(可育)基因为显性遗传.F2代分离出可育:不育适合3:1,育性恢复(可育)基因为1对显性基因控制.B1F1和B2F1代2个测交群体的可育:不育都适合1:1分离规律,验证了F2代育性恢复(可育)单基因的遗传模式.暂时确定新质源(CMS-FA)核质互作三系的基因型为不育系S(SS)、保持系F(SS)和恢复系S(FF).     

水稻早抽穗突变体ehd(t)的遗传分析和分子定位

水稻品种的抽穗期是重要农艺性状之一,鉴定和定位抽穗期基因,分析其遗传效应对改良水稻抽穗期至关重要.在水稻品种Nipponbare中发现一个早抽穗植株,经过多代自交获得稳定的早抽穗突变株,突变体ehd(t)比Nipponbare早抽穗15d.遗传分析表明,该突变受1对显性核基因控制,暂命名为EHD(t).通过2个F2定位...     

水稻早世代稳定特异性的研究

利用9个具有早世代稳定遗传特性的水稻品系和7个栽培稻作为主体亲本杂交配组，在130个组合F2群体963个株系中，发现28个组合中出现73个稳定株系。遗传分析表明水稻早世代稳定既不是质量性状遗传也不是数量性状遗传，是按株群分离的遗传方式，出现稳定株系的组合F1群体发生了分离，F2群体中既有性状不分离的稳定株系又有孟德尔     

籼稻恢复系对褐飞虱和白背飞虱的抗性遗传分析

本研究以3个籼稻花培恢复系TE358、TE363、TE367和2个不育系Ⅱ32A、协青早A的杂交组合F1、F2群体、回交群体BC1F1为材料，在对褐飞虱和白背飞虱的抗性鉴定基础上，进行了抗性遗传联合分析。结果表明，供试籼稻恢复系对白背飞虱的抗性均受1对显性基因控制，对褐飞虱的抗性均受1对隐性基因控制，且二者独立遗传；为杂交水稻抗双     

水稻早世代稳定株系的农艺性状分析

育种实践表明，水稻品种间和亚种间杂交后代农艺性状发生疯狂分离，纯合个体的出现一般需经7~10代，5~8年^[1,2]。采用花培^[3,4]和远缘杂交染色体消除技术^[5,6]虽已应用于缩短作物育种时间，但仍耗时耗力。在作物如小麦、大麦、花生、水稻 ^[8~13]等育种实践中，偶尔会遇到杂种F2不分离的现象。吴先军等^[11]提出了水稻早世代稳定现象的概念，即水稻杂交后代F3以前出现农艺性状整齐一致、以后世代不分离的遗传现象。由于水稻早世代稳定现象在育种中具有巨大的应用潜力，对其遗传机制和育种应用进行深入而系统的研究具有重大的理论探讨价值和现实意义。     

转Bt基因抗虫棉抗虫性遗传研究

以转 Bt基因抗虫棉 R55为材料 ,利用ELISA( Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay)检测方法 ,通过对不同亲本与抗虫亲本 R55杂交F1～ F5、BC1、BC2 世代材料 Bt晶体杀虫蛋白的定性、定量测定 ,结合大田自然感虫条件下的抗棉铃虫鉴定 ,研究了转 Bt基因抗虫棉 Bt基因的遗传规律。结果表明 :F1均表现阳性 ,F2 阳、阴性株符合 3∶ 1的分离比例 ,回交 BC1阳、阴性株呈现 1∶ 1的分离比例 ,说明 Bt基因的遗传基本符合显性主基因遗传规律。但 Bt基因的遗传又有其特殊性 ,表现在亲本的遗传背景对 Bt基因的表达有着较大影响 ,不同亲本与抗虫亲本杂交 F1代 Bt晶体蛋白的表达量存在较大差异 ;杂交方式对 Bt基因的表达亦有一定影响 ;不加选择的连续回交 ,有可能使 Bt基因“丢失”。未发现 Bt基因的表达随世代的递增、农艺和经济性状的改进而降低的趋势 ,Bt基因可以稳定遗传     

小麦品质性状的遗传及选择方法研究

研究了6个小麦亲本材料和它们的15个杂交组合F2代籽粒品质性状的遗传特点, 探讨了育种早代品质选择方法. 结果表明, 籽粒硬度、蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、沉淀值的遗传均符合加性-显性模型; 沉淀值增效基因为显性, 硬度增效基因为隐性, 蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量可能具有双向显性. 利用硬度、蛋白质含量和沉淀值共同构造选择指数     

粳稻亚种内杂种劣势遗传特性分析及其相关基因的克隆

杂种劣势是存在于自然种群之间的一种合子后生殖障碍,水稻杂种劣势的研究有利于探讨种间、亚种间和亚种内杂交不亲和原因,对建立新的杂种优势利用模式具有重要的理论及实践意义。本研究旨在通过对三个韩国粳稻劣势亲本"Aranghyangchalbyeo"(CH7)、"Sanghaehyangheolua"(CH8)和"Shinseonchalbyeo"(CH9)及其杂交后代(F1, F2)的生物学特征、特性进行比较,解析水稻粳稻亚种内杂种劣势的遗传模式;同时利用单倍型分析和图位克隆比对,探明CH8和CH9两个劣势亲本中所携带的劣势相关基因序列差异。结果表明,携带劣势基因的亲本自身生长正常,但正反交后F1表现稳定且明显的杂种劣势,F2群体中劣势植株与正常植株呈现9:7的分离,推断该杂种劣势的表型由两个互补的显性基因控制;劣势亲本CH8第1号染色体携带了稀有的劣势基因Hwc1;劣势亲本CH9不携带Hwc1和Hwc2基因,可能携带了其他劣势基因。该结果为揭示杂种劣势的基因多样性及分子遗传机制提供了科学依据。     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.