高油玉米S1种子含油率与粒重的相关性及含油率正态性分布研究

试验以26个不同杂交种F1作为研究材料,测定其后代(S1)果穗单粒重和含油率,并对这两个重要性状进行相关分析,采用X2拟合优度检验和经验分布拟合优度检验对每个S杂交种S1(F2)子粒含油率分布的正态性进行了验证。结果表明,所有供试材料平均单粒重为0.29～0.45 g,变异系数为4.4%～19.4%,含油率为4.52%～10.50%,其后代相对变异程度较高,变异系数较大(11.02%～27.9%)。只有材料4053-2 S1子粒含油率分布,无论用哪种方法进行正态分布检验都符合正态分布,其它材料S1子粒含油率的分布不符合正态分布,含油率与单粒重呈极显著负相关。     

微胚乳超高油玉米子粒含油率的遗传效应分析

以3个微胚乳超高油玉米组合的各6个世代(P₁、P₂、F₁、B₁、B₂、F₂)为材料,利用Mather世代平均数分析法估计了子粒含油率的遗传效应。结果表明,子粒含油率的遗传在3个组合中几乎完全一样。显性效应、加性效应和两种上位性效应都达到显著或极显著水平,其中显性效应最大。以显性效应作用为主,但是加性效应和上位性效应的作用也比较重要,表明微胚乳超高油玉米的含油率性状符合显性-加性-上位性遗传模型。     

密度对高油玉米298产量和含油率的影响

以高油玉米298为材料,研究了密度对高油298产量和含油率的影响.结果表明:密度对高油298的产量和含油率有显著影响,随密度增加,高油298的穗粒数、百粒重、子粒的含油率降低;吐丝期光合速率随密度增加而下降;成熟期粒叶比随密度增加而减小;子粒产量均在一定范围内先升后降.在本试验条件下,获得最高子粒产量的密度为60 000株/hm²,产量为7 472.4 kg/hm²,子粒含油率为9.84%,综合考虑子粒产量和含油率二因素,密度为60 000株/hm²时油产量最高,为643.2 kg/hm²。     

玉米胚乳突变基因ae1和du1的遗传效应

利用玉米ae1和du1隐性纯和突变自交系与普通玉米自交系48-2的杂交F₁、F₂代子粒为研究材料,通过单粒法测定子粒的直链淀粉含量和重量,用于分析玉米胚乳突变基因ae1和du1的遗传效应。结果表明：F₂代中具有ae1或者du1纯和突变的子粒表皮皱缩,重量明显下降,直链淀粉含量显著提高。在ae1与du1的杂交后代中,子粒的单粒重和直链淀粉含量没有显著变化,表明ae1与du1双突变并不能导致直链淀粉含量增加。单突变的ae1和du1群体内各子粒间的直链淀粉含量和重量差异较大,说明遗传背景中存在影响直链淀粉含量的修饰基因,表明在选育高直链淀粉玉米品系时,应当重视遗传背景的选择和修饰基因的累加。采用单粒法技术对分离后代进行直链淀粉含量和重量选择,有利于积累高直链淀粉修饰基因,是选育子粒饱满、高粒重的高直链淀粉玉米自交系的有效方法。     

玉米株型、果穗性状的遗传和相关性分析

本试验以14个玉米自交系及由其组成的9个杂交组合以及相应的F2代为材料，系统地研究了自交系与杂交种之间及杂交种性状与性状之间的关系，探讨了玉米杂交种自交衰退的数量指标．研究结果表明，(1)玉米穗长，行粒数和百粒重在母本与F₁之间呈极显著正相关；穗位高、穗直径和单穗粒重在父本与F₁之间呈显著正相关，株高在父母本与F₁之间均为显著正相关．(2) F₁单穗粒重与株高、穗长、行粒数、穗粒数和百粒重之间存在显著的正相关．(3) F₁性状优势越强，F₂衰退越重(r＝0.8830)．单穗粒重优势分别与行粒数和穗粒数优势呈极显著正相关(r＝0.8618和r＝0.8441)．(4) 单穗粒重的衰退主要是由穗粒数衰退所致(r＝0.7473)．穗行数，植株叶片数和叶向值的衰退值较小或为负值。     

玉米子粒性状种子和母体效应的遗传分析

采用二倍体种子遗传模型及其分析方法,以5个玉米自交系及其间配制的F₁,F₂,BC₁,BC₂世代为材料,研究了7个玉米子粒性状的直接效应、母体效应和细胞质效应。分析结果表明,除粒厚外,各性状的遗传均以母体加性效应为主,种子直接显性效应和母体显性效应较小,细胞质基因对各性状均无显著影响,而环境效应极显著。除粒长的直接显性效应与母体显性效应间的协方差外,直接效应与母体效应间的协方差均较小,且不显著。因此,通过母体植株的遗传表现可对这些性状进行有效的直接选择。S₂₂是改良粒重的优良亲本,而N_O1,N_O2,N_O3对改良粒重不利。各部位子粒百粒重的直接显性效应、母体加性效应、母体显性效应及机误均存在极显著正相关。在自交系选育过程中,直接选择粒较宽的分离类型,容易获得大粒的遗传材料,选择粒厚而宽的亲本组配杂交组合有利于提高F₁粒重。     

密度对不同株型玉米光合特性及产量的影响

对不同密度条件下3个不同株型春玉米的光合特性及产量进行了研究。结果表明,随密度增加叶面积指数(LAI)、初始荧光(F₀)上升,单株功能叶片光合速率(P_n)、PSⅡ的潜在活性(F_v /F₀)、PSⅡ最大光化学量子产量(F_v /F_m)下降;产量构成因素表现为单位面积有效穗数先上升后下降,穗粒数下降,百粒重变化因品种而异。先玉335、金玉4号和吉农大302最高产量分别为9 638.45、8 523.94、8 330.92 kg/hm²;先玉335最适播种密度为75 000株/hm²,吉农大302为60 000～67 500株/hm²,金玉4号为45 000株/hm²。先玉335群体产量与LAI、单株F₀呈正相关,与单株P_n、F_v /F_m、F_v /F₀呈负相关;吉农大302与金玉4号群体产量与LAI、单株F₀呈负相关,与单株P_n、F_v /F_m、F_v /F₀呈正相关,且金玉4号的相关程度要高于吉农大302。     

利用分子标记定位玉米小粒突变体mn7基因的研究

利用甲基磺酸乙酯(EMS)对玉米自交系郑 58进行诱变，获得 1个可以稳定遗传的小粒突变体mn7(miniature 7)。mn7成熟子粒表现为体积变小、子粒偏白、胚乳发育缓慢，百粒重降低 60.2%，粒长、粒宽、粒厚均极显著降低。mn7突变体的子粒在授粉后 15 d即可观察到明显小于野生型的子粒。对其自交后代和回交后代的遗传分析表明，该性状受隐性单基因控制。用mn7纯合体与自选玉米自交系 19HL3012杂交构建的包含 348个个体的 F₂分离群体，将该基因定位于玉米第 7染色体上 bin7.02区域内分子标记 umc2327和 SYM232之间 5.8 cM的范围内，距umc2327为 4.4 cM，距 SYM232为 1.4 cM。初步的生物信息学分析表明， mn7可能是 1个新基因或新等位基因。     

玉米子粒色素稳定性比较研究

用比色法对两种玉米子粒花色苷色素的色谱及稳定性进行研究。结果表明：西星赤糯1号玉米子粒色素最大吸收峰为506 nm,酸性条件下为酒红色;黑包公鲜玉米子粒色素的最大吸收峰为528 nm,酸性条件下为玫瑰红色。两种玉米子粒花色苷色素对室内散射光、温度(20℃～60℃)、食盐、蔗糖、葡萄糖、维生素C、柠檬酸、乙酸、防腐剂苯甲酸钠(C₇H₅NaO₂)以及Mg²⁺、Zn²⁺、Mn²⁺、Ca²⁺、K⁺、Na⁺均表现稳定,对室外自然光、氧化剂H₂O₂(30%)、还原剂亚硫酸钠(Na₂SO₃)以及Fe3+、Fe2+、Cu2+表现不稳定。     

CO2浓度升高对玉米叶片光合生理特性的影响

以沈糯3号为研究材料,利用开顶式气室(OTCs)法研究了二氧化碳(CO₂)浓度升高处理下,玉米叶片叶绿素含量、光合生理特性及其子粒产量的变化,揭示CO₂浓度升高对玉米光合生理特性及子粒产量的影响机理。结果表明,在整个生育期内,与对照相比,高浓度CO₂处理下,玉米叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b及叶绿素(a+b)的含量增加,而叶绿素a/b的值则先升高后降低;在整个处理期间,净光合速率均高于对照(p>0.05),升高幅度为12.6%～71.1%,气孔导度低于对照(p>0.05),其降低幅度为2.9%～18.8%。处理至抽雄期和灌浆期,胞间CO₂浓度分别增加152%和161%,均极显著高于对照(p<0.01);蒸腾速率的变化较小。高浓度CO₂处理下,玉米穗粒数和穗粒重均明显高于对照(p<0.05)。CO₂浓度升高在一定程度上促进了玉米的光合作用,从而使玉米子粒产量增加。     

玉米子粒油分含量的遗传模型分析

玉米子粒油分含量直接影响着深加工品质,研究子粒油分含量的遗传模型,可以为遗传育种中进一步提高玉米油分含量提供参考。以3个玉米组合济533/PH6WC、济533/H5818和2394/PH4CV的亲本构建各自的六世代群体(P1、P2、F_1、B1、B2、F_2),利用主基因+多基因混合遗传模型分析玉米子粒油分含量的遗传特性。结果表明,3个组合油分含量均符合D-2模型(1对加性主基因+加性-显性多基因模型),主基因+多基因遗传率均以F_2代较高,表明玉米子粒油分特性在F_2世代选择时效率较高。     

高油玉米突变体子粒油分QTL定位

以EMS诱变获得的高油玉米突变体ce03005为材料,对子粒油分含量进行遗传分析,并以B73×ce03005的BC群体构建连锁图谱,考察玉米167个BC1S1家系的油分含量的变化。结果表明,利用101个SSR标记,所构建遗传图谱总长度为1 611.7 c M,标记间平均距离为15.9 c M。用复合区间作图法进行QTL分析,共检测到5个控制子粒油分含量的主效QTL和6个微效QTL,分别位于第1、6、7染色体上;所有QTL位点的含油量正向贡献均来自高油突变体;单个油分QTL的贡献率变幅为4.58%~18.62%。     

Kernel water relations and duration of grain filling in maize temperate hybrids

Kernel water relations play a key role in controlling the duration of grain filling. This duration is controlled by the relationship between kernel water and biomass development, as it determines the timing kernels reach a critical percent moisture content (MC, measured on a fresh weight basis) at which biomass accumulation stops. The time in which this critical percent MC is attained can be affected by the timing kernel net water uptake stops (i.e. maximum water content is reached), or by the relationship between water loss and biomass deposition after maximum water content is attained. Which of the two mechanisms could be behind genotypic differences in maize (Zea mays L.) grain-filling duration was unknown. We also studied the relationship between kernel water and volume development, as it was unknown in this species. Thirteen commercial hybrids were evaluated under different growing environments, and weight, water content and volume of their kernels were measured throughout grain filling.     

玉米子粒性状和子粒赖氨酸含量的相关及通径分析

以28份玉米自交系为材料,对9个子粒性状与子粒赖氨酸含量进行了相关和通径分析。结果表明,油分、胚重、胚比(胚重与胚乳重的比值)、胚乳硬度等级与赖氨酸含量呈显著或极显著正相关;淀粉含量、密度(粒重与体积之比)、胚乳重与赖氨酸含量呈显著或极显著负相关;百粒重和粗蛋白含量与赖氨酸含量相关不显著。各子粒性状对赖氨酸含量的直接影响力大小依次为胚比>胚重>胚乳重>胚乳硬度等级>密度>油分>淀粉含量>粗蛋白含量>百粒重。其中,胚比对子粒赖氨酸含量起关键作用。     

Physio-morphological Studies of F1 Hybrids in Rice (Oryza sativa L.): Photosynthetic ability and yield

Summary

Photosynthetic ability in terms of CO₂ exchange rate and leaf area, dry matter accumulation (dry weight) and other important growth components along with yield and yield contributing characters in two F₁ hybrids of Akebono × Chiyonishiki (A × C) and Zenith × Akebono (Z × A) were studied. The photosynthetic rate at the flowering stage was lower than that at the panicle initiation stage in all the inbred parent cultivars and F₁ hybrids. Heterosis in photosynthetic rate was higher at the panicle initiation stage than that at the flowering stage. Pre-anthesis leaf area in the F₁ hybrid was significantly larger than that in the parent cultivars. However, the post- anthesis decline in leaf area was more rapid in the F₁ hybrids than in the parent cultivars and its magnitude was the highest in the F₁ hybrid of Z × A which was tall having long and curved panicles. Pre-anthesis dry matter accumulation in both hybrids was significantly higher in the F₁ plants than the parental cultivars, but post-anthesis dry matter accumulation in the F₁ hybrid was lower than the mid-parental value in Z × A. The degree of heterosis in grain yield varied with the hybrid combination, an average heterosis being 1.03. Heterosis in grain yield was closely associated with heterosis in harvest index.     

Yield and agronomic performance of maize hybrids resistant to the maize weevil Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

This study evaluated improved maize hybrids (Zea mays L.) with varying level of resistance to the maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky, for yield and agronomic traits for two seasons. A total of 22 improved maize hybrids and three commercial standards were tested. Out of the 22 tested, two hybrids CKPH08035 (7.4–9.9 t ha⁻¹) and CKPH08039 (7.3–9.8 t ha⁻¹) significantly out yielded the commercial standards WH505 (8.8 t ha⁻¹) and BH140 (5.5 t ha⁻¹). In addition to yield, the improved hybrids also possess desirable traits including good plant height, good plant and ear aspects and good husk cover. The hybrid CKPH08004 had the lowest Dobie index of susceptibility and was regarded as resistant to S. zeamais. Weevils fed with the resistant hybrids produced low numbers of F₁ generation weevils, had a high median developmental time and a low percentage of grain damage and grain weight loss. An increasing number of F₁ generation resulted in an increasing grain damage and grain weight loss. We found an inverse relationship between the susceptibility index and percent mortality. However, the numbers of F₁ generation, percent grain damage and grain weight loss were positively correlated with the susceptibility index. The use of resistant maize hybrids should be promoted in managing S. zeamais in stored maize under subsistence farming conditions in Africa.     

Predicting maize kernel sink capacity early in development

Development of maize (Zea mays L.) kernels follows a predictable pattern involving rapid increase in dry weight and large changes in water content (WC). We showed previously that final kernel weight (KW) was closely correlated with maximum WC achieved during rapid grain filling. The objectives of the current work were (i) to test if percent moisture content (MC, measured on a fresh weight basis) could be used to normalize genetic and environmental variations in kernel development shown to affect final KW and (ii) to determine whether final KW could be predicted from kernel WC prior to rapid grain filling. The data examined included results from five hybrids varying more than 2-fold in final KW grown in the field, and from previously published results. When KW and WC were expressed relative to their maximum values obtained during kernel development, a single model described the relationship between dry weight accumulation and MC for the larger seeded hybrids (199–352 mg kernel⁻¹) and published results (222–359 mg kernel⁻¹). Two smaller seeded yellow-flint popcorn hybrids, however, accumulated less dry matter per unit moisture than expected. Nonetheless, all genotypes exhibited a common developmental relationship between kernel WC (expressed as a percent of the maximum value) and MC under well-watered conditions. A new model was developed to couple this developmental relationship to final KW. This model accurately predicted final KW from kernel WC values measured prior to rapid grain filling (∼80% MC; root mean square error, RMSE, of 28.9 mg kernel⁻¹) for all hybrids examined and all published results for which KW and kernel WC data were available. The model also provided a simple means to determine whether final KW was limited by photosynthate supply during kernel development.     

微胚乳超高油玉米子粒含油率的配合力研究

按Griffing方法4,用6个微胚乳超高油玉米自交系配制15个组合,研究微胚乳超高油玉米子粒含油率的配合力。结果表明:子粒含油率高的双亲在组配时有可能表现出超亲优势;子粒含油率的一般配合力(GCA)在各亲本间及特殊配合力(SCA)在各组合间均存在显著差异;子粒含油率的GCA效应与SCA效应之间无明显关系;以提高子粒含油率为育种目标,应选择具有较高子粒含油率和GCA效应值的自交系作亲本;子粒含油率有较高的遗传力,加性方差在遗传变异中起主要作用,子粒含油率宜在早代选择。