我国南方部分地区农业中硫的状况及硫肥的效果

我国南方热带和亚热带地区，有相当面积的作物其生态环境缺硫，缺硫受气候因素中水热条件的影响较大，年均温愈高或降雨最愈大的地区，土壤愈容易发生缺硫；缺硫还容易出现地下水位低的中低肥力田或硫肥用量不足的高产田；由花岗岩、玄武岩，砂页岩发育的土壤或质地较轻的土壤也容易发生缺硫，１９７８年以来，累计在南方几省１７８００ｈｍ＾２的耕地上试验，示范、推广磷石膏，石膏，硫磺等含硫肥料，经济，社会，生态效益均较显著     

长期不同施肥对土壤剖面中有效硫累积与分布的影响

据估计,到2012年世界农业缺硫量每年达1100万吨,而亚洲和美洲将成为全球最严重的缺硫地区[1]。许多研究表明,施硫肥能增加粮食产量,提高粮食品质和水分利用率等[2-4]。SO42-带负电荷,土壤粘粒和有机质对其吸附很少,主要存留在土壤溶液中随水运动,易于淋失[5]。Bardsley等发现,在粗质地近中性土壤上,大雨后易发生缺硫,主要是由于淋洗损失[6]。SO42-淋溶累积及影响因素国外已有报道[7-10];国内,樊军等[11]在北方旱地黑垆土上进行不同N、P配比与用量的长期定位,对试验土壤剖面有效硫的分布与累积进行了研究;南方水田土壤剖面中发生的硫的淋…     

黑龙江省主要耕地土壤硫素现状研究

本研究采集黑龙江省29个市、县,发育于5种母质的8种土壤类型143个耕层土样,分析测试其全硫、有效硫含量;结果表明黑龙江省土壤全硫含量平均值为511.90mg/kg,有效硫含量平均值为26.27mg/kg。缺硫和潜在缺硫(有效硫含量<16mg/kg)土壤以风砂土和盐碱土居多,其次是黑土、黑钙土,而草甸土硫素含量丰富。缺硫面积最大的是黑土。按母质划分,发育于砂质沉积物的土壤100%缺硫,其次是发育于河湖冲积物和沉积物土壤,缺硫达65%以上。     

四川省土壤有效硫状况及硫肥效应研究

通过对四川省 6类 32 9个土壤样品的有效硫的分析 ,结果表明缺硫及潜在性缺硫土样占总样本的 2 3 1 % .但结合田间试验 ,在四川盆地特定环境条件下 ,即使土壤耕层有效硫处于缺乏范围 ,增施硫肥对玉米、小麦、油菜产量无明显增加 ,并就产生的原因作了初步分析 .通过对土壤硫素平衡的测算 ,预测在近期内 ,四川盆地主要农耕地不会发生大面积缺硫问题     

安徽省土壤有效硫现状及时空分布

【目的】 土壤有效硫是作物硫素营养的主要来源,在获取省域范围耕地土壤有效硫基础数据和硫肥试验研究结果的基础上,以地统计学特征分析和新的土壤有效硫分级指标统计为手段,研究全省土壤有效硫时空变化特点和区域性分布现状,掌握全省耕地土壤硫养分丰缺状况及供给水平,为科学施肥提供依据。 【方法】 选择安徽省砂姜黑土、潮土、黄褐土、水稻土等11个土类,采集农田0—20 cm耕层土样34.5万个。通过大样本数据的统计分析,利用ArcGIS进行Kriging插值的地统计学分析,按照本省耕地土壤有效硫新的丰缺分级标准,即极缺 (< 10.0 mg/kg)、缺乏 (10 ～16 mg/kg)、较缺乏 (16～22 mg/kg)、中等 (22～34 mg/kg) 和丰富 (> 34 mg/kg) 五级,结合第二次土壤普查分级指标对应分析,进行省域耕地土壤有效硫丰缺现状和时空分布研究。 【结果】 1) 全省耕地土壤有效硫含量范围在0.10 ～101.90 mg/kg之间,平均值为24.99 mg/kg,中位数为21.00 mg/kg。2) 全省耕地土壤缺硫概率较大。有效硫含量处于极缺 (< 10 mg/kg)、缺乏 (10 ～16 mg/kg) 与较缺乏 (16 ～22 mg/kg) 水平的分别占总样本数的13.76%、20.91%和18.43%。3) 省域总体缺硫状况由东向西递增、南北向中间趋减。按不同农业区域比较,淮北平原的宿州、亳州和阜阳市缺硫最严重,其次是皖南山区,又以黄山市、铜陵市土壤缺硫较严重。4) 土壤类型和时空变化上,以棕壤、黄潮土、粗骨土、红壤、黄壤、紫色土和砂浆黑土等缺硫最为严重。与20年前研究分析比较,沿江平原、江淮丘陵和皖西农区缺硫趋势减弱,而皖南山区土壤缺硫状况明显加重。目前,棕壤、砂姜黑土和黄棕壤缺硫频率和风险增大,而黄潮土、黄褐土和灰潮土缺硫频率降低。 【结论】 省域耕地缺硫 (< 22 mg/kg) 面积约311.19 × 104 hm2,占全省耕地总面积的53.10%。针对棕壤、砂浆黑土、黄潮土、红壤等九类土壤缺硫比率高 (39.67% ～56.89%之间) 的现状,应推荐含硫化肥或补施硫肥,降低作物缺硫风险。      

湖南省柑橘园土壤硫素及施硫效应研究

为了探明湖南省柑橘园土壤硫素含量丰缺程度和柑橘施硫效应,2000～2004年开展了柑橘园土壤硫素含量调查与田间试验研究。结果表明,湖南省柑橘园020cm土层有效硫含量平均为47.7.mg/kg,低于临界值的占9.9%、潜在缺硫的占17.3%。随着土层加深,有效硫含量逐渐增加、全硫含量依次减少。土壤有效硫的地区分布,020.cm土层,81.3%的调查县中有10.0%～75.0%的柑橘园存在缺硫和潜在缺硫。柑橘叶片全硫含量平均为2.32.g/kg,有27.2%的柑橘园低于临界值。在有效硫含量不同的土壤中,柑橘连续4～5年施硫肥平均增产5.3%～30.0%,4个基点平均增产10.7%。连续施硫肥明显提高了柑橘叶片硫和氮含量,柑橘果皮中硫含量提高、氮含量降低,有利于果实品质的改善。施硫肥的增产优质效应表现为有效硫含量缺乏的土壤潜在缺乏土壤中等和丰富土壤;较长树龄较短树龄。随着施硫肥年数延长,施硫增产优质效应更加明显。     

河北省土壤硫含量、形态与分布

对河北省主要土壤类型耕层硫含量进行了分析测定。结果表明 ,河北省土壤全硫平均含量为 250.1mg/kg(50～940mg/kg)。土壤全硫平均含量以沼泽土最高 ,灰色森林土最低 ;土壤有效硫平均含量为 46.1mg/kg ,以沼泽土最高 ,红粘土和栗褐土最低。土壤硫主要以有机态存在 ,占全硫含量的 81.6% ;无机态硫占 18.4%。按土类划分土壤无机硫含量最高的是沼泽土 ,灰色森林土最低 ;土壤有机硫含量也以沼泽土最高 ,灰色森林土最低。土壤全硫含量主要受土壤有机质含量、阳离子代换量和土壤碳酸钙含量的影响。根据土壤硫供应水平计算 ,全省约有20.4%的土壤缺硫 ,北部缺硫面积较大 ,南部缺硫面积较小。根据土壤有效硫含量多寡 ,可把全省土壤硫含量划分为极缺乏区、缺乏区、中等区、丰富区及极丰富区 5类     

作物施硫生态效应研究

通过田间试验和盆栽试验研究了小白菜和油菜在不同的土壤类型、肥料品种和不同施肥量条件下的生态效应 ,结果表明施用硫肥能促进作物生长、提高其干重生物量和含硫量 ,但施用石膏效果更佳 ,并随施肥量增加 ,效果也增强。盆栽试验中 ,同一处理油菜干重生物量和含硫量都表现为黄棕壤 >红壤 >灰潮土。施用单质硫能提高土壤中的有效硫 ,有利于改变土壤缺硫状况。缺硫土壤中油菜表现出花期延迟、花粉粒发育不全等。     

四川省土壤硫素状况的初步分析

根据全省８３４个土样有效硫分析结果，初步划出我省低硫土壤区域和土壤类型，通过讨论，旨在普及硫肥知识，提高对硫肥的认识，防患缺硫于未然。     

植物硫营养研究的现状与展望

根据近年来美国硫研究所及其他机构在世界各地先后举办的关于农业中硫的学术讨论会等有关材料，对硫的植物营养功能，土壤缺硫的状况、缺硫原因，作物施硫的效果以及硫对作物品质的影响等作了简要分析，并由此探讨了其发生动态与对策。     

湖南省旱地土壤硫素状况及作物施硫效应

对湖南省127个旱地表土(0~20 cm)和56个旱地底土(20~40 cm)进行了有效S含量分析及花生和油菜施S效应的田间试验。结果表明:湖南省旱地土壤有效S含量表土低于底土;表土有效S含量低于30mg/kg的土样所占的比例为49%,低于16mg/kg的土样所占的比例为21%;旱地土壤有效S含量和缺S频率因成土母质而异,河流冲积物发育的土壤有效S含量最低(16.4?.80 mg/kg),S含量低于16mg/kg的频率最高(64%),其次为紫色砂叶岩发育的土壤(有效S含量为28.3?.21mg/kg,S含量低于16mg/kg的频率为37%)。花生、油菜施S效应因S肥类型和S肥用量而异,单作时S的增产量和经济效益均以SSP为好,S肥用量为30kg/hm2的经济效益较高;轮作时连续施S,S的经济效益以SSP最好,S95和ES次之,最差的数石膏,花生施S效益为油菜的1.8~11.4倍;S肥类型和S肥用量不同,S残效不同。此外,施用S肥还能够增加花生、油菜的吸N量和粗脂肪量,提高N肥利用率,但S对花生吸N量和粗脂肪的累积效果好于油菜。     

长期施用含硫化肥对稻田土壤养分含量及剖面分布的影响*

在红壤水稻田每年施用等量氮、磷、钾养分条件下,设每年施硫量分别为0、112、604 kg/hm2 3个处理,进行了长期（33年）施硫与不施硫土壤碳、氮、磷、钾、硫等养分含量变化及其在土壤剖面的分布特征和含硫化肥长期施用的生态环境效应的定位试验。结果表明,长期施硫土壤有效硫含量显著升高,并在土壤剖面（0100 cm）上累积; 高硫（HS）、低硫(LS)处理有效硫含量比无硫(NS)处理平均增加85.6%和12.8%; 施硫处理土壤耕层有机质、全氮、全磷含量升高,其中高硫处理土壤有机质、全氮和全磷含量分别比试验开始时增加17.7%、25.6%和250.0%。长期施硫的土壤有机质增加速率显著高于不施硫处理,高硫处理其含量比无硫处理增加了11.5%,说明施用硫肥有利于提高耕层土壤有机质,促进土壤养分累积。在南方红壤硫素养分缺乏的地区,施用硫肥有显著的培肥效应,生产中应重视硫肥的施用。     

共施磷酸二氢钙和硫酸铵对土壤中钾形态转化的影响

Soil potassium (K) deficiency has been increasing over recent decades as a result of higher inputs of N and P fertilizers concomitant with lower inputs of K fertilizers in China; however, the effects of interactions between N, P, and K of fertilizers on K status in soils have not been thoroughly investigated for optimizing N, P, and K fertilizer use effciency. The influence of ammonium sulfate (AS), monocalcium phosphate (MCP), and potassium chloride application on K fractions in three typical soils of China was evaluated during 90-d laboratory soil incubation. The presence of AS significantly altered the distribution of native and added K in soils, while addition of MCP did not significantly affected K equilibrium in most cases. Addition of AS significantly increased water-soluble K (WSK), decreased exchangeable K (EK) in almost all the soils except the paddy soil that contained considerable amounts of 2:1 type clay minerals with K added, retarded the formation of fixed K in the soils with K added, and suppressed the release of fixed K in the three soils without K added. These interactions might be expected to influence the K availability to plants when the soil was fertilized with AS. To improve K fertilizer use effciency, whether combined application of AS and K was to be recommended or avoided should depend on K status of the soil, soil properties, and cropping systems.     

Studies on Nutrient Distribution in Some Zambian Soils with Special Reference to Sulphur Using GIS (Geographic Information Systems) II. Evaluation of Plant-Available Sulphur and Its Distribution in Major Zambian Soils

Relationship between the contents of soil sulphur and plant sulphur was studied in order to evaluate the distribution of plant-available sulphur in Zambian soils. Four soils series with distinct differences in texture and organic carbon content had been selected among representative benchmark soil series and used to cultivate maize (Zea mays L.) as a test plant in pots. From the results of the pot experiment, critical levels of sulphur deficiency in plants and soils were evaluated and the levels of available sulphur for maize nutrition were rated into four classes using data on the relative yield of maize. The optimum method to determine the available sulphur content of the soils was applied to the analysis of other benchmark soils. Satisfactory regression models for assessing the relation between the content of available soil sulphur with other soil constituents among benchmark soil could not be identified. A distribution map for available sulphur was drawn in a step-by-step format by using a different scale of the soil map, soil units and the legends of soil map databases. As a result, it was confirmed that sulphur-deficient and marginal areas were widely distributed throughout the country. Finally, soil acidity problems associated with sulphur application, the inconsistency of the content of available sulphur with that of total sulphur and limitation of the map utility were examined.     

Studies on Nutrient Distribution in Some Zambian Soils with Special Reference to Sulphur Using GIS (Geographic Information Systems) II. Evaluation of Plant-Available Sulphur and Its Distribution in Major Zambian Soils

Relationship between the contents of soil sulphur and plant sulphur was studied in order to evaluate the distribution of plant-available sulphur in Zambian soils. Four soils series with distinct differences in texture and organic carbon content had been selected among representative benchmark soil series and used to cultivate maize ( Zea mays L.) as a test plant in pots. From the results of the pot experiment, critical levels of sulphur deficiency in plants and soils were evaluated and the levels of available sulphur for maize nutrition were rated into four classes using data on the relative yield of maize. The optimum method to determine the available sulphur content of the soils was applied to the analysis of other benchmark soils. Satisfactory regression models for assessing the relation between the content of available soil sulphur with other soil constituents among benchmark soil could not be identified. A distribution map for available sulphur was drawn in a step-by-step format by using a different scale of the soil map, soil units and the legends of soil map databases. As a result, it was confirmed that sulphur-deficient and marginal areas were widely distributed throughout the country. Finally, soil acidity problems associated with sulphur application, the inconsistency of the content of available sulphur with that of total sulphur and limitation of the map utility were examined.     

陕西省农田土壤硫含量空间变异特征及亏缺评价

陕西省 13种耕地土壤 30 5个表层 (0～ 2 0cm)土壤样点分析结果表明 :该省土壤全硫和用0 0 1molL-1Ca(H2 PO4) 2 浸提的有效硫含量分别为 33～ 76 9mgkg-1(均值 36 0mgkg-1)和 4 6～ 15 7 3mgkg-1(均值 2 9 3mgkg-1) ,其中黑垆土 (普通干润均腐土 )、绵砂土 (灌淤湿润砂质新成土 )的有效硫平均含量最低。土壤全硫具有中等空间相关性 ,有效硫空间相关性较差。土壤全硫和有效硫分布具有渐变性 ,其最大相关距离分别为 5 31km和 34km。全硫以较大区域变异为主 ;有效硫以小区域变异为特征。陕西省耕地土壤有效硫含量低于硫亏缺临界值 (18 5mgkg-1)的占总面积的 13 9% ,相当于 5 3 7万hm2 农田缺硫。陕西省中部地区 ,尤其是延安西部地区土壤硫亏缺风险较大     

The Effects of Sulphur Application on Yield,Sulphur Content and N/S-Ratio of Grasses for Silage at Six Sites in Finland

Abstract

The effects of sulphur (S) fertilization on forage production, sulphur content and N/S ratio of perennial timothy-meadow-grass (Phleum pratens L.- Festuca pratensis Hudson) and cocksfoot-dominant (Dactylis glomerata L.) swards cropped for one to three years were measured under a silage-cutting regime at six sites in Finland. Soil sulphur status ranged from poor/adequate (fine sand) to good (organic soils). Plant growth responses to supplementary sulphur were small, inconsistent and statistically insignificant. The supplementary S-fertilization increased the sulphur content of forage and decreased N/S-ratios at all sites. However, even in low-S fertilized plots the average sulphur content was very seldomly less than 0.2% on a dry matter (DM) basis, which has been assumed to be an adequate concentration in several foreign studies. High N/S ratios (> 14) were rare. The sulphur content of DM depended more significantly on growth stage and grass species than on supplementary sulphur. According to the results of these experiments, NPKS fertilizers contain sufficient amounts of sulphur to ensure both a good quality and a high yield of grass silage.     

Effect of sulphur fertilization on grain yield and yield components of winter wheat

Abstract

The effect of sulphur application on winter wheat yield and yield components on two different soils in northern Estonia and southern Estonia during 2004–2009 was investigated. Sulphur was applied with NS-fertilizer Axan or Axan Super at the rate of S 10 or 13.6 kg ha^?1 accompanied with nitrogen background of N 100 kg ha^?1, which effect was compared to effect of ammonium nitrate at the same rate of N. The rates of fertilizers were divided into two portions and applied at the growth stages 21–22 and 25–30. The effect of sulphur fertilization on the formation of wheat yield varied on a quite large scale depending on soil and weather conditions of trial locations. The yield components were closely related: when one component was changed, the other components sometimes compensated for grain yield.

Sulphur deficiency symptoms appeared on the break-stony soil at Saku in a somewhat stronger form than on the pseudopodzolic soil at Auksi. The results of field trials conducted at Saku during the four years can be summarized as follows: the application of sulphur increased the number of ears per unit area by an average of 14.0% and the number of grains per ear by an average of 18.6%. At the same time, sulphur decreased the 1000-grain weight. As a final result, sulphur application on break-stony soil increased the wheat yield by 1.16 t ha^?1 on average, i.e. by 23.0%. Sulphur application in trials conducted on pseudopodzolic soil at Auksi during years with different weather conditions in growing season proved highly effective in three of five trials. As an average of all trials in Auksi, the sulphur application increased the number of ears per unit area and the number of grains per ear by 23.9% and 7.7%, respectively. The grain yield increased under the influence of sulphur on the average of all trials conducted on pseudopodzolic soil by 1.25 t ha^?1, i.e. by 22.4%.     

中国稻田土壤有效态中量和微量元素含量分布特征

基于全国282个水稻土监测点,分析土壤有效态中、微量元素含量及区域特征（东北、长三角、长江中游、西南、华南）,结合丰缺标准,揭示中、微量元素丰缺程度。结果表明：东北水稻土交换性镁和有效硼含量高于其他地区,有效锌含量最低;长三角有效锰含量最高、有效硫含量最低;长江中游有效铜含量最高,有效态铁、锰和钼含量最低;西南交换性钙含量高于其他地区,有效铜含量则低于其他地区;华南有效态铁、钼含量均高于其他地区,而交换性钙、镁含量低于其他地区。中国水稻土交换性钙、镁及有效铁、锰、铜含量整体丰富;长三角和华南缺硫水稻土比例分别为42.2%和41.8%;东北、长三角、长江中游、西南和华南缺锌水稻土比例分别为75.0%、52.3%、31.9%、53.2%和10.4%,缺硼分别为38.5%、65.2%、92.2%、88.6%和78.3%,缺钼28.6%、60.4%、82.6%、42.0%和33.4%。可见,东北和长三角水稻土以缺锌为主;长江中游以缺硼、钼为主;西南以缺硼为主;华南以缺硼为主。研究可为全国和区域尺度水稻土中微量元素的管理和合理施用提供依据。