松嫩平原盐渍土主要类型、性质及其形成过程

松嫩平原是我国内陆盐清土主要分布地区之一.这里的盐清土从很早以前就已开始受到注意.川岛^[17]池田^[16],[18]宋达泉[6.10]、陈恩凤^[1-3]熊毅^[4]、B.A.柯夫达^[7,9]И.П.格拉西莫夫和焉溶之^[5]、程伯容^[8]等的研究对这个地区盐清土的剖面性态、理化性质、发生分类和地理分布砚律方面提供了大量宝贵的资料.     

磷肥在土壤中的转化及其与土壤有效磷的关系

自从张守敬和Jeckson(1957年)提出土壤无机磷分级方法以来,国内外许多土壤农业化学家对土壤有效磷与各级无机磷之间的关系^[1],作物吸磷状况与土壤无机磷组成的相关性^[2],水稻生长期间土壤有效磷增加的机理^[3],以及磷肥对土壤无机磷组成的影响和转化等方面作了广泛的研究^[4]。     

粘土夹层对地下水上升运行的影响

我国华北平原土壤质地情况比较复杂,壤土剖面中,在不同部位上往往有不同厚度的粘土层^[6]。土壤中水盐运行的情况密切受土壤质地和地下水位的影响^[5]。如土壤剖面中有粘土夹层,它将在很大程度上影响剖面中水分的分布和运行。     

黑土和白浆土上磷肥肥效与土壤性质和氮素供应水平的关系

一般认为磷肥施入土壤后,能迅速地转化成难以被作物利用的状态.武玫玲等人^[1]指出,可溶性磷酸盐施入土壤2小时后,有40%转化为0.5N HAc不能溶解的状态,经过一个月增加到80%以上.许多研究亦指出,土壤可溶性和交换性盐基的性质和含量^[2]、土壤粘土矿物组成^[3]、土壤的pH值^[4]、影响化学平衡的时间、温度和水分舍量等^[5],都可影响磷肥的转化过程.陈魁卿等^[6]认为,黑土中的活性铁铝合量与磷酸的吸收没有规律性;而白浆土<0.01毫米的物理性粘粒与磷肥吸收关系较大.综上可见,磷肥肥效受到土壤诸因子的制约.     

土壤吸收量是土壤肥沃度的一项重要指标

土壤吸收性能的研究,自上世纪Way,Bemmelen 以来,吸引过很多土壤化学家的注意,诸如К.К.Гедройц^[1],А.Н.Соколовский^[9].Н/П/Ремезов^[8],Н.И.Горбунов^[3]等。     

土壤电化学性质的研究 Ⅳ.悬液效应的产生原因

自从Wiegner和Pallman^[1,2,3]发现了悬液效应,即胶体悬液的PH与其平衡清液有所不同以后,受到了胶体化学家,特别是土壤化学家的广泛注意。在最近,也观察到了纳离子的悬液效应^[4]。     

土壤湿度计的原理与应用

土壤湿度计,又名张力计^[4]、负压计^[1],是测量土壤吸(水)力的一种仪器。     

无结构土壤透气性的初步研究

土壤的透气性是指土壤让空气穿透本身的能力。透气性是土壤很重要的物理性质,因为它不仅决定了土壤与大气间空气交换的速度^[1],而且和土壤的持水性有关^[2],测定土壤的透气性还可以了解土壤其他一系列的物理性质如排水的能力^[3]、地表迳流的速度^[2]、耐蚀性、空气容量^[3]及其结构性的程度等等。土壤中微生物活动的方向与强度、种籽的发芽、根系的发育及其吸收能力、土壤中养分的状态^[4]和影响农作物生活的其他重要土壤因素都有赖于土壤的透气性。     

云贵高原土壤地理分布规律

土壤地理分布规律的研究,前人已做过不少工作.早在1899年B.B.道库恰耶夫便提出了土壤地带性学说^[1],继后,普拉索洛夫等先后论述了土壤水平地带、垂直地带的普遍性和基本规律,提出了土壤相性(省性)的科学概念,从而为研究土壤地理分布规律奠定了基础^[1,2,3].解放后,马溶之等运用B.B.道库恰耶夫的土壤地带性原理,结合我国土壤分布的具体特点,研究了中国土壤地理分布的普遍规律,为研究云贵高原土壤地理分布打下良好的基础^[4,5].     

塿土剖面CO2浓度的动态变化及其受环境因素的影响

CO₂是土壤空气的重要组成,土壤空气CO₂浓度一般高于大气几倍到数十倍,甚至上百倍^[1]。土壤空气中CO₂主要来源于土壤呼吸,其浓度主要决定于生物因素(植物根系、土壤微生物活性等)和环境因素(土壤温度、含水量等)^[2～4]。土壤空气CO₂浓度可以反映和影响土壤向大气释放CO₂的通量^[4,5],同时对植物根系生长发育、土壤微生物活动和各种养料物质转化也有很大影响^[1]。研究了解土壤空气CO₂浓度剖面分布、季节动态及其影响因素,有助于人们认识土壤中CO₂产生、累积、输运以及向大气排放的生物和物理过程,制定和实施合理的农作措施以改善作物生长环境和减少土壤向大气排放的CO₂。国外已在森林、草地和农田土壤上开展了较长时间的土壤空气CO₂浓度观测研究^[4~7],但我国的研究和报道很少^[8,9]。本文通过土壤剖面不同深度CO₂浓度的定位观测,初步揭示了土剖面CO₂浓度的分布特征、季节动态及其受水热条件的影响。     

我国几种地带性土壤无机胶体的表面电荷特性

研究了用返滴定法测定我国七个不同地带土壤无机胶体的表面电荷特性。结果表明 :( 1 )返滴定法测定的供试土壤无机胶体可变电荷量随纬度升高而逐渐上升。这主要与供试土壤粘土矿物、铁铝氧化物组成及含量有关。一般来说 ,土壤层状硅酸盐粘土含量越多 ,永久负电荷量和其可变负电荷量越大 ;铁铝氧化物含量越高 ,可变负电荷量越低。( 2 )七个地带性土壤无机胶体的Qv pH曲线上在pH5左右有一峰值 ,这可能与供试土壤胶体中铁铝氧化物的ZPC及供试土样层状硅酸盐的边面Si OH基吸附H 及Al OH基离解H 有关     

Influence of anions on dispersion and physical properties of the A horizon of a Red-brown earth

Three groups of anions were distinguished in order of effectiveness with respect to the dispersion and flocculation of soil samples treated with Fe(III) polycations: phosphate and fulvate citrate, oxalate, silicate and tartrate and salicylate, catechol, aspartate, lactate and acetate. This was also the order of the amount of anion adsorbed by the soil. The addition of phosphate and fulvate to soil samples with a net charge of zero lowered the zero point of charge producing particles with a net negative charge. This increased the amount of dispersible clay present from 0 to 9% by weight of soil. The sorption of phosphate and fulvate by soil samples with a net positive charge reduced the zero point of charge and caused flocculation of dispersed clay. Electrophoretic and electron microscopic studies confirmed the dispersion-flocculation phenomena.Treatments which produced dispersed clay led to increased bulk densities, plastic limits and moduli of rupture but lower porosities, water holding capacities and hydraulic conductivities. The sorption of anions on soil samples with a net charge of zero reduced friability.     

Ionic strength effects on surface charge and adsorption of phosphate and sulphate by soils

Two surface soils (Patua and Tokomaru) of contrasting mineralogy were incubated with several levels of either CaCO₃ or HC1. The effects of ionic strength on pH, on surface charge, and on the adsorption of phosphate and sulphate were measured in three concentrations of NaCl. The pH at which the net surface charge was zero (point of net zero charge—PZC) was 1.8 for the Tokomaru soil and 4.6 for the Patua soil: differences that can be related to mineralogical composition. There was an analogous point of zero salt effect (PZSE) that occurred at pH 2.8 for the Tokomaru soil and at 4.6 for the Patua soil. The presence of permanent negative charge in the Tokomaru soil resulted in an increase in PZSE over PZC. The effect of ionic strength on adsorption varied greatly between phosphate and sulphate. For phosphate, there was a characteristic pH above which increasing ionic strength increased adsorption and below which the reverse occurred. This pH (PZSE for adsorption) was higher than the PZC of the soil and was 4.1 for the Tokomaru soil and 5.3 for the Patua soil. In contrast, increasing ionic strength always decreased sulphate adsorption and the adsorption curves obtained in solutions of different ionic strengths converged above pH 7.0. If increasing ionic strength decreases adsorption, the potential in the plane of adsorption must be positive. Also, if increasing ionic strength increases adsorption, the potential must be negative. This suggests that, depending upon pH, phosphate is adsorbed when the potential in the plane of adsorption is either positive or negative, whereas sulphate is absorbed only when the potential is positive.     

苏打盐碱土壤黏粒分散特征研究进展

土壤黏粒分散指的是黏土颗粒遇水相互分离的行为。苏打盐碱土可交换性钠含量高,使得黏粒表面大部分负电荷被中和,形成较厚正电荷层,引起黏粒分散。目前国内外对黏粒分散的研究集中在化学和环境领域,针对农业领域,特别是苏打盐碱土壤黏粒分散特征的研究还鲜有报道。本文系统总结了黏粒分散特征表征方法,归纳可用于表征黏粒分散程度的主要指标;概述了黏粒分散对土壤物理性质的影响;重点阐述影响黏粒分散的因素,包括：土壤酸碱性、离子浓度、土壤有机质、农业管理措施、外源物质施用等;提出了黏粒分散控制方法。分析表明,根据钙钠钾镁不同分散和絮凝能力得出,离子性指数、电荷稀疏性、净分散量、土壤结构稳定性的阳离子比和阳离子交换量等是表征黏粒分散特征的常用指标;电动电位势和浊度与黏粒分散存在密切联系,有待进一步应用于苏打盐碱土壤黏粒分散研究。黏粒分散破坏土壤结构,导致土壤水力传导率下降,严重阻碍土壤正常功能。黏粒分散机理：不同阳离子价态不同和不同土壤溶液浓度不同导致黏粒表面正电荷层厚度不同,引起黏粒之间范德华吸引力和静电排斥力作用效果差异,正电荷层较厚导致黏粒分散。通过明晰黏粒分散机理,有助于掌握影响黏粒分散的主要因素,抑制苏打盐碱土壤黏粒分散,改善土壤结构,以期为苏打盐碱土治理提供理论参考和技术指导。     

土壤电化学性质的研究Ⅲ.红壤胶体的电荷特征

土壤胶体的电荷性质,与土壤的一系列物理化学性质有密切关系。红壤的某些与肥力有关的物理化学性质,与其它类型土壤有所不同。例如,它的阳离子交换量较小,而阴离子吸附量则较大,分散性较弱,胀缩性也较小。红壤在物理化学性质方面的这些特点,大多是由其胶体的电荷特点所引起。     

不同覆砂厚度对土壤水盐运移影响的实验研究

采用室内土柱模拟试验,研究了不同覆砂厚度条件下土壤潜水蒸发及蒸发后盐分(EC)分布特征,并就覆砂厚度对土壤水盐运移的影响进行了分析。结果表明:覆砂厚度对潜水蒸发的抑制率有显著效果,且抑制率随覆砂厚度的增加而升高,如当覆砂厚度1.7 cm时抑制率达到83%,当覆砂增加到3.6 cm和5.7 cm时,抑制率分别为95%和97%;土壤表层覆砂具有显著的抑盐效应,通过覆砂明显的减轻了土壤盐分向上运移和表聚,如当覆砂厚度1.7 cm时,表层盐分抑制率达到83%,当覆砂厚度为3.6 cm与5.7 cm时,盐分抑制率则分别上升到96%和97%。本试验表明,土壤表层覆砂是一种防止土壤水分蒸发,提高土壤保水能力和抑制土壤盐分表聚的有效方法,覆砂厚度达到3.6 cm是一种在新疆北疆绿洲合理覆砂厚度。     

Surface chemical properties and pedogenesis of tropical soils derived from basalts with different ages in Hainan,China

Limited information is available on the changes of surface chemical properties of tropical soils with time during the pedogenesis. Soil samples of three profiles derived from basalts of 10, 1330 and 2290 kilo annum (ka) in age were collected from adjacent locations in a tropical region of Hainan Province, China. The changes in soil surface chemical properties and the mineralogy of the soil clay fraction with time were investigated using ion adsorption, micro-electrophoresis, and X-ray diffraction analysis. The content of 2:1-type clay minerals decreased, while those of kaolinite and gibbsite increased with increasing basalt age and degree of soil development. The content of pedogenic free iron (Fe) oxides and the ratio of free Fe oxides/total Fe oxides increased with soil development stage, while soil poorly crystalline Fe and aluminum (Al) oxides had an opposite trend. The positive surface charge of the soils increased with increasing basalt age and degree of soil development; this was consistent with the change in their contents of free Fe/Al oxides. However, the value of negative surface charge had an opposite behavior. The soil derived from 10-ka-basalt had much more negative charge than soils derived from 1330- and 2290-ka-basalt. Soil net surface charge and zeta potential of the soil clay-fraction decreased with the increase in basalt age. Both net charge–pH curves and zeta potential–pH curves shifted to positive values with increased basalt age and degree of soil development. Increasing age also elevated the point of zero net charge of the soil and the isoelectric point of soil colloids.     

Dispersion and zeta potential of pure clays as related to net particle charge under varying pH, electrolyte concentration and cation type

The effect of changing pH and electrolyte concentration on the dispersion and zeta potential of Na-and Ca-forms of kaolinite, illite and smectite was investigated in relation to changes in their net negative charge. The percentage of dispersible Na-clay and the percentage increase in net negative charge was positively correlated with pH, but the slopes varied from clay to clay. In general, the net negative charge was the primary factor in clay dispersion, and the pH affected clay dispersion by changing the net charge on clay particles. Na-smectite had larger net charge at all pHs than Na-illite and Na-kaolinite, and it always had larger flocculation values. The role of electrolyte concentration could be due to its effect both on flocculation and variable charge component of the clay minerals. The zeta potential at different pHs also reflected the same trend of clay dispersion with net particle charge. In Ca-clays the trends were similar to Na-clays up to pH 7.0. In more alkaline solution CaCO₃ formation led to charge reduction on clay particles, resulting in flocculation and reduction of zeta potential. At similar pHs the electrophoretic mobilities of all the clays showed constant potential behaviour. However, the zeta potentials of Ca-clays were always smaller than those of sodic clays because the clays were more aggregated. Net particle charge was the most important factor in controlling clay dispersion for the whole range of pH and ionic strength and for all types of cations.     

Comparison of the surface chemical properties of four soils derived from Quaternary red earth as related to soil evolution

The surface chemical properties of soil samples i.e., surface charge and zeta potential, and the mineralogy of soil clay fraction were investigated with reference to soil weathering extent for four different soils derived from Quaternary red earth using the ion adsorption method, a micro-electrophoresis method and the X-ray diffraction analysis. Results indicated that all these soil samples contained kaolinite and gibbsite. The Ultisols from Guizhou, Hunan and Jiangxi possessed the 2:1 type clay minerals of mica and vermiculite. Hematite and magnetite were found in the Ultisols from Guangxi, Hunan and Jiangxi. Goethite was found in the Ultisols from Jiangxi, Hunan and Guizhou. The positive surface charge for these soils decreased with the order: the Ultisol from Guangxi ≅ the Ultisol from Guizhou > the Ultisols from Hunan and Jiangxi from south to north when pH < 5.0. This is consistent with the content of free Fe/Al oxides present in these soils. On the other hand, the value of negative surface charge on the Ultisol from Guangxi was found much lower than the other soils perhaps because of the intensive weathering of the soil. Both permanent and variable negative charges for the former were also lower than the latter, whereas the point of zero salt effect (PZSE) for the former was greater than that of the latter. The variability of soil negative surface charge followed the order: the Ultisol from Guangxi > the Ultisol from Guizhou > the Ultisol from Jiangxi ≅ the Ultisol from Hunan. The zeta potential and isoelectric point (IEP) of soil colloids and soil net surface charge followed the same order: the Ultisol from Guangxi > the Ultisol from Guizhou > the Ultisols from Hunan and Jiangxi. A good correlation between zeta potential and net surface charge of these soils was observed. Therefore, the magnitudes of the PZSE, IEP and zeta potential of these soils were in agreement with the weathering extent of the soils and can be employed as reference criteria for classification and evolution of soils.     

磷酸盐吸附对可变电荷土壤正负电荷的影响

本文研究了华南地区不同类型的可变电荷土壤，并对磷酸盐的吸附量和吸附磷后土壤的正、负电荷的变化，以及ｐＨ和游离氧化铁对这种变化的影响进行了研究。结果表明，土壤吸磷量与土壤游离氧化铁含量成良好的正相关。土壤吸磷后正电荷减少，负电荷增加，土壤电荷量与吸磷量之间呈抛物线状相关。吸附１摩尔磷酸盐对土壤净负电荷的贡献在０．３－１．０摩尔之间。土壤中的游离氧化铁使吸附的磷对土壤负电荷的贡献减少。