黑垆土的形成环境

根据成土年龄、土壤中植物孢粉鉴定、腐殖质组成、碳酸钙含量、粘土矿物类型、土壤微形态,土壤剖面形态和其它特征,分析了黑垆土的形成环境。研究表明,黑垆土是一种古土壤,它的许多特征是古生物气候条件的产物。     

雨花台红土的磁化率特征及其古环境意义

本文以江苏省南京市雨花台红土作为研究对象,进行野外形态观察及室内磁化率、游离氧化铁和颗粒组成的测定,结果表明,土壤剖面按形态可自上而下依次划分为黄棕色土层、红棕色土层和网纹红土层3大层段:低频磁化率呈黄棕色土层＞红棕色土层＞网纹红土层的特点,网纹红土层和红棕色土层的游离氧化铁和游离度均高于上部黄棕色土层,指示红色土层有更强的风化成土作用:网纹红土层＜10μm细颗粒和＞100μm颗粒的增加,进一步表明其经历了更强烈的风化成土作用.因此,雨花台红土剖面自下而上低频磁化率逐渐升高,反映的是气候由湿热向温凉转变的总体特征.     

白洋淀典型台田湿地土壤生源元素剖面分布特征

研究了在人为干扰作用下白洋淀典型台田湿地土壤中碳氮磷等生源元素的剖面分布特征.结果表明,台田湿地土壤有机碳随土层深度增加呈现先增加后减少的趋势,累积峰出现在10～20 cm土层;无机碳大致呈先减小后增加的趋势,而全碳大致呈先增加后减小的趋势;各形态氮和全氮含量随深度的增加出现较大的波动,但总体上呈现出深层土壤含量高于上部土层的趋势;土壤C/N比较低,C/N比与有机碳含量有显著的相关性,与全氮无显著的相关性;有效磷含量随着土层加深呈现增加趋势.全磷含量总体上呈现波动性变化,存在两个累积峰.     

特大暴雨下油松林根系对土壤元素迁移的影响

根际是元素由土壤进入植物体的主要界面,降水对根际土壤元素的迁移有显著影响。本文用原状土柱淋滤实验装置及大型挖掘剖面壁法,定量分析了特大暴雨下不同深度土层油松林根系影响土壤元素的稳定输出通量的剖面特征,旨在探索黄土区林木根系对土壤养分生物有效性的提高途径。研究结果表明,特大降雨条件下,油松林地的元素随土层深度增加呈明显的递减规律,在农地土壤剖面中变异不明显。油松林地元素稳定输出通量的平均值显著大于无根系土壤。油松林030.cm土壤剖面中的元素输出通量占总剖面元素输出通量的96.32%;油松林根系对常量元素K、Na、Mg、Ca、有益元素Si、微量营养元素Mn有明显稳定强化作用的土层深度范围为030cm,对有益元素Al和微量元素Cu、Fe有明显稳定强化作用的土层深度范围为045.cm。     

四川盆地主要紫色土硒的状况及其有效性研究

红紫泥、灰棕紫泥、红棕紫泥依次是四川盆地典型具有代表性的酸性、中性和石灰性紫色土。它们的全硒含量为７９．５７－２９８．４５μｇ／ｋｇ，平均２１２．３２μｇ／ｋｇ。其中，红棕紫泥〉灰棕紫泥〉红紫泥；并且，红棕紫泥全硒量的变幅较小，后两者的变幅较大。在土壤剖面中，全硒含量存在着明显的分布规律，即母质〉耕作层〉心土层〉底土层。石灰性紫色土含有较多的Ｃａ－Ｓｅ；酸性紫色土含有较多的Ｆｅ－Ｓｅ。土壤水溶性硒     

湖南省几种主要类型土壤反射光谱的剖面变化特性

通过野外采样和室内测定,研究了湖南省主要类型土壤反射光谱的剖面变化特性。结果表明,同一土壤剖面中不同土层的反射光谱曲线形态基本上是一致的;经统计分析得出,在每个自然土壤剖面中,各土层420nm处的的光谱反射率均与土壤游离氧化铁含量之间存在着线性负相关性,620-660nm波段的平均光谱反射率与土壤有机质含量呈幂函数负相关性。     

北京地区红色黏土特性及成土过程和系统分类探讨

为研究北京地区红色黏土的成土过程及其系统分类,选取6个发育在石灰岩类和花岗岩类母岩上的红色黏土剖面,研究了土壤剖面形态、理化性质、黏土矿物组成等,并分析了其成土条件和发生过程。结果表明:所有土壤剖面的土壤结构体面上均有黏粒胶膜,通体无石灰反应,铁的游离度高,活化度低。石灰岩类发育的红色黏土质地更细,其土壤黏粒游离铁较多,颜色更红,结构体团聚程度更强。花岗岩发育的红色黏土因含有大量难以风化的石英,因而含有较多的砂粒,结构体团聚程度较低。这些土壤形成过程中发生了强烈的黏化和铁质化作用,可以推断其是在古湿热气候条件下形成的。而目前土壤的pH呈微碱或中性,交换性盐基离子以Ca2+为主,盐基饱和度较高,则是受现代黄土降尘的影响,发生了复盐基过程的结果。在此基础上,依据《中国土壤系统分类检索(第三版)》确定的原则和方法,确定研究剖面分属于淋溶土纲下的4个不同亚类。     

北京妙峰山优质玫瑰生产基地的土壤微形态特征

通过对北京妙峰山优质玫瑰生产基地土壤薄片的观察,利用土壤切片图像处理分析系统和image-pro plus 6.0等软件对图像进行处理和分析,从土壤微结构、有机物质、粗骨颗粒和孔隙等方面进行定性和定量研究,并选择北京凤凰岭林地土壤剖面进行对比分析。结果表明:土壤微形态特征主要受下伏基岩岩性和地质构造的影响;与凤凰岭剖面相比,北京妙峰山玫瑰生产基地的土壤结构发育良好,以黏结型基质和中度分离亚棱角块状微结构为主;妙峰山剖面有机物质来源丰富,其各个土层的有机物质频率均高于凤凰岭剖面,生物活动剧烈;妙峰山剖面土壤的粗骨颗粒平均粒径较小,在17μm以下,磨圆程度较高;妙峰山剖面各个土层总孔隙百分比虽然小于凤凰岭剖面的对应土层,但堆叠型孔隙较多,孔隙间相互连通性好,土层储水保水效果更好,有利于妙峰山玫瑰独特品质的形成。     

四川盆地沙溪庙组地层(J2s)岩石发育土壤的系统分类研究

地理发生分类的紫色土在中国土壤系统分类中的归属一直受到高度关注,以四川盆地分布最为广泛的侏罗系沙溪庙组地层岩石发育的土壤为研究对象,在对19个典型剖面的成土条件、剖面形态特征和土壤理化性质分析的基础上,根据《中国土壤系统分类检索(第三版)》,确定了供试土壤的诊断层和诊断特性及其在中国土壤系统分类中的高级类别。结果表明,供试土壤归属于3个土纲、3个亚纲、7个土类和12个亚类;色卡确定的颜色上满足“紫色砂、页岩岩性特征”的剖面仅7个;但若在原颜色定义上增加“或色调为2.5YR~5YR,干态明度为4~6,干态彩度为3~4”条件,则有11个剖面的色卡定色符合“紫色砂、页岩岩性特征”,3个剖面的仪器定色符合该特征。     

黄土高原苹果园深层土壤干燥化特征

为了评价黄土高原苹果产区深层土壤干燥化特征及其区域分布规律,测定了其半湿润黄土台塬区(Ⅰ)、半湿润易旱黄土旱塬区(Ⅱ)、半湿润偏旱和半干旱黄土丘陵区(Ⅲ)等不同气候和地貌类型区32块苹果园地0～1500cm土层土壤湿度,定量比较和分析了各类型区苹果园地深层土壤含水率、土壤湿度剖面分布及其土壤干燥化特征。结果表明:1)Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ区苹果园地0～1500cm土层土壤含水率依次为17.53%、13.44%和10.29%,土壤有效贮水量依次为1273.70、973.98和864.05mm,土壤水分过耗量依次为199.93、465.10和362.70mm,年均土壤干燥化速率依次为8.47、26.29和23.44mm/a。人工补灌、树龄、种植密度和地貌类型等因素影响果园土壤湿度和土壤干燥化程度。2)各区有补充灌溉的果园土壤剖面湿度显著高于旱作果园,不存在或部分土层存在干燥化现象;旱作果园土壤剖面均存在深厚的干燥化土层。3)Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ区有补充灌溉的苹果园地土壤干燥化指数(SDI)分别为-8%、-11%和-34%;旱作果园土壤干燥化指数(SDI)分别为32%、50%和46%,各类型干层厚度分别达到或超过790、1297和910cm。研究结果为黄土高原苹果园地深层土壤水分可持续利用和苹果生产基地可持续发展提供参考。     

Geomorphic implications of Pre-Wisconsin soils on the White River Plateau erosion surface of northwestern Colorado

The White River Plateau erosion surface (Miocene-Pliocene) at an elevation of approximately 2850 m (9500 ft) is dominated by weakly developed Holocene soils which commonly possess simple A-C horizonation. However, Pre-Wisconsin soils occur on the surface in isolated areas at both high and low topographic sites, most notably in Triangle Park. These Pre-Wisconsin soils consist of composite, polygenetic profiles having truncated, clayey subsoils which are overlain by stone or pebble lines, colluvium, soil creep, and probable local eolian deposits Truncation of the paleosols preceded development of the Holocene soils, which have formed on bedrock surfaces and have been superposed on the truncated, buried paleosols Soil distribution and character, in relation to structure of bedrock on the erosion surface, indicate that the surface as it now exists is structurally controlled and has a topography generated in late Tertiary to Pre-Wisconsin time.     

淮北平原的变性土的形成和演化

The objectives of the present paper are to restore soil-forming environment of the Vertisols,to reveal their regularities of formation and evolution and to found soil chronology.In regard to formation and evolution of the Vertisols in the Huaibei Plain,they have undergone 3 cycles of deposition-formation during different geologic time (Q3^3;Q4^2 and Q4^3).Therefore,they are considered as the soils developed on heterogeneous parent material.The Vertisols as a paleosol can be divided into relict Vertisols and buried Vertisols.The former is shajiang black soils called by local people,the latter is shajiang black soils underlying Warp soil or warp soil horizon.     

Specific features of soil formation in the taiga zone of Western Siberia

Specific features of soil formation in the taiga zone of Western Siberia are considered. The polygenetic nature of podzolic and gley-podzolic soils in the middle taiga zone, soddy-podzolic and soddy gley soils in the southern taiga zone, and meadow soils in the subtaiga zone is related to the pre-Holocene transformation of the lithogenic matrix upon activation of denudation and accumulation processes and the complicated Holocene evolution of these soils. A soil profile can be subdivided into separate layers according to the geomorphic features of the cryogenesis, the indices of interruption of soil formation, and the differences in the composition of the organic matter in the relict and modern humus horizons.     

PRINCIPAL KINDS OF CHRONOSEQUENCES AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE IN SOIL HISTORY

There are four principal kinds of chronosequences of soils that differ in age. These sequences have different combinations of isochrony and/or time-transgression of incipience and cessation of development of their encompassed soil members. A further criterion is the presence or absence of partial overlap in the history of these members. Post-incisive sequences have been commonly used for inferences on pathways and rates of development of individual soils, but their usual interpretation relies on the assumption that all soils involved developed the same way even while some of them may be polygenetic. Theoretically, pre-incisive sequences are to be preferred because they should provide time-lapse information on soil development. But, since they necessarily involve buried soils, problems of post-burial change may complicate their interpretation. The usefulness of fully time-transgressive sequences with partially overlapping soil tory depends on their predominant pre-incisive or post-incisive character. Fully time-transgressive chronosequences without overlap of soil history may provide insight into regimes of soil development throughout geologic time, but not into rates of change of individual soils. Functional soil-landscape units, such as catenas and valley basins may have internal soil age differentiation. This imposes restrictions on the systematic investigation of their evolution.     

晚更新世红土母质土壤的发生学特征及其分类

晚更新世红土，由于它与Ｑ２红土的某些特征：如分布规律，构成地貌形态，母质成因等方面都有类同之处，故长期来人们习惯将它与Ｑ２红土上发育的土壤归并在同一个土类，只是在土属中加以区分。     

Paleosols of kurgans of the Early Iron Age in the Transural steppe zone

Paleosol studies of archaeological monuments of different ages have been conducted on the Transural Plateau. The morphological and physicochemical properties of paleosols under burial mounds (kurgans) of the Early Iron Age (the fifth and fourth centuries BC) were compared with the properties of background surface soils. A paleosol of the Savromat epoch (2500 BP) is characterized by high contents of gypsum and soluble salts. The presence of humus tongues in its profile attests to the aridity and continentality of the climatic conditions during that epoch. Paleosols buried under kurgans of the Late Sarmatian epoch and the Hun epoch (about 1600 BP) are characterized by a higher content of humus and greater depth of the carbonate horizon, which attests to the humidization of climatic conditions. The evolution of soils as related to climate dynamics in the first millennium BC and the first millennium AD is characterized.     

Sangamon paleosols of southwestern Indiana,U.S.A.

In southwestern Indiana, the Sangamon paleosol transgresses Illinoian glacial drift and weathered bedrock of Pennsylvanian and Mississippian ages in an unglaciated area. The paleosol is buried beneath Wisconsin age loess that thins from 3.2 to 0.5 m in a distance of 83 km eastward from the Wabash River Valley. The buried soil is redder, has more clay in the illuvial horizon, and also has a thicker solum than overlying ground soils formed in loess. Base saturation and pH states of the paleosol relate to secondary enrichment after burial. Free iron-oxide content relates to redder colors and is a genetic property of the buried soils. Greater depletion of illite and chlorite in the paleosol shows that it is more weathered than the overlying ground soil. Pedologic contrasts permit recognition of the Sangamon stage as an event of greater magnitude in the Quaternary than all postloess and Recent time in southwestern Indiana.The Sangamon paleosol has the redder colors and forest-soil profiles on well-aerated, upland, paleogeomorphic sites for a distance of 1000 km to the west. The Sangamon environment probably was uniformly warm, humid forest and woodland not unlike the climatic-vegetation pattern in southern United States today. The present ground soils have more diverse patterns ranging from forest soils in Indiana westward through grassland prairie soils to grassland chernozemic soils of the easternmost Great Plains and with related humid to dry subhumid climates.     

Nature of an overlapped paleosol and its significance in pedogenesis and paleogeography in North Huai region, China

An overlapped paleosol (albic Paleudalf) in North Huai region was studied by means of sand and clay mineralogy, elemental geochemistry, particle size distribution, observation of quartz sand surface structure under SEM, micromorphology, pollen analysis as well as soil dating. These albic soils are very extensive on uplands in this region and the profiles have developed on two individual formations rather than being differentiated by the homogenous eluvium of gneiss. It was also indicated that the soil evolution in this region proceeded from dessication and kaolinization during the middle Pleistocene to accumulation of bases and predominance of fragmental minerals in the early Holocene. The pedogenesis was further related to climate-landscape events in this region during the Quaternary. This study advocated that awareness of soil-landscape evolution was necessary in advance of pedogenesis research and a single soil-forming process could not account perfectly for soil formation with delicate evolution history.     

Description of Soil Evolution in Southern Mashhad City Using Jenny's and Johnson and Watson-Stegner's Conceptual Models

Conceptual models are suitable for describing internal relationships of complex systems, including soil. We used conceptual models, the Jenny's and Johnson and Watson-Stegner's models to understand the formation and evolution of soil. We studied 20 pedons in granitic hilly lands, loessial piedmont, and piedmont plain in southern Mashhad, northeast Iran. These soils were characterized by high levels of gypsum, especially in the granitic saprolites, which suggested the importance of the wind in shaping the soil structure. Jenny's model is a developmental and equilibrium model, which only describes the state of the soil formation factors and considers that each bioclimatic zone has a specific climax soil. It focuses on the genesis of the surface soil and is not suitable for buried soils and paleosols. Johnson and Watson-Stegner's model describes soil as a product of progressive and regressive processes due to horizonation or haploidization. Progressive processes during the last interglacial cycle created a well-developed paleosol with an argillic horizon in all landforms, except the piedmont plain. Developmental soil up-building by aeolian addition led to gypsum enrichment of the granitic saprolite. Erosion decreased soil thickness and exposed the argillic horizon. The Last Glacial Maximum led to greater deposition of loess, covering the paleosol. Humidity was higher during the early Holocene than today, leading to the development of a Bk horizon. This horizon was preserved in the stable surfaces of granitic hilly land and in the loessial piedmont, but buried on the piedmont plain via the deposition of alluvial sediments. Jenny's model could be used for current soil formation factors, whereas Johnson and Watson-Stegner's model required morphological characteristics of pedons for interpretation.     

Soddy-Podzolic Soils with a Complex Organic Profile in the Right-Bank Part of the Lower Vyatka River Basin

Data on soddy-podzolic soils with the second humus horizon in the southwestern part of Kirov oblast are discussed. These soils were first studied by the authors on mantle calcareous loams of the Yarano- Kokshagskaya Plain in the eastern part of the Central Russian southern-taiga province of medium-humus soddy-podzolic soils of European Russia. The aim of this study is to reconstruct the history of the development of soil properties and soil cover in automorphic landscapes of this region. Morphology, substantive properties of mineral and organic components, soil genesis and evolution are analyzed using a set of physical, chemical, physicochemical, biochemical, and geochronological methods. The results of our study attest to the relict character of second the humus horizon and polygenetic nature of the studied soils. These soils have passed through two essentially different evolutionary stages in the Holocene: the accumulative stage in the first half of the Holocene and the accumulative-eluvial stage of erasing evolution with preservation of some inherited features in the second half of the Holocene. According to their properties, the studied soils are analogous to the earlier studied southern-taiga Vyatka–Kama province of high-humus soddy-podzolic soils of the northeast. At present, plowing of these soils leads to a partial or complete destruction of the second humus horizon; thus, spontaneous degradation processes are complemented by the human-induced soil degradation. A tendency for a gradual disappearance of these soils from the soil cover under the influence of natural and anthropogenic factors has been noted. The materials presented in this paper may be useful for organization of specially protected soil areas in the southwestern part of the Vyatka River basin.