黄土和红壤丘陵区输变电线路工程水土流失影响因素及特征

为顺应国家电网公司高质量绿色发展的内在需求,防治输电线工程施工过程中造成的严重水土流失。以黄土丘陵区和红壤丘陵区为研究对象,通过野外调查和文献查阅,选取区域内两条典型线路,就气候、地形、土壤和植被等自然因素对输电线路工程水土流失特征的影响进行研究。结果表明:(1)黄土丘陵区相较于红壤丘陵区侵蚀营力除水力之外还有风力。(2)黄土丘陵区土壤渗透性强、土层深厚,而红壤丘陵区质地粘重、遇水易板结、入渗能力差。(3)黄土丘陵区植被自我恢复能力较差,施工过程中需要随时进行补植,而红壤区植被遭受破坏后恢复能力强,即使施工中植被遭受破坏,在短期内也可自然恢复。(4)黄土丘陵区输电线路工程在施工期土壤侵蚀模数是自然恢复期的1～10倍。黄土丘陵区输电线路各区域的土壤侵蚀模数是红壤丘陵区的2.5～31.25倍。(5)黄土丘陵区侵蚀模数在换流站站区、电机电缆区和榆林市线路工程塔基区的侵蚀模数取最大值,换流站站区和线路工程塔基区新增水土流失量最大; 而红壤丘陵区输电线路工程侵蚀模数在宜昌市线路工程塔基区取最大值,塔基区的新增水土流失量亦为最大。塔基区是水土流失防治和监测的重点区域。因此,根据当地自然因素差异,分区域设计工程措施,有利于减少水土流失。     

基于GIS和USLE的准格尔旗土壤侵蚀量估算

以内蒙古准格尔旗为研究区域,以通用土壤流失方程(USLE)为计算模型,GIS为技术支持平台,估算准格尔旗的水力侵蚀量。研究结果表明:准格尔旗南部具有较为典型的黄土丘陵区地貌特点,以中度侵蚀和强烈侵蚀为主。准格尔旗北段位于库布其沙漠东缘,属于黄河冲积平原,水力侵蚀程度相对较轻,但风力侵蚀严重。研究结果可为该地区水土流失监测提供一定的基础数据,为我国生态文明建设提供一定的理论依据与技术支持。     

侵蚀条件下黄绵土氮素流失规律的研究

在黄土丘陵区坡耕地黄绵土上进行径流小区试验,研究侵蚀条件下土壤氮素流失规律,并采用硝化力培养方法研究黄绵土的供氮能力。研究结果表明,侵蚀土壤供氮能力远低于非侵蚀土壤,施肥处理的径流氮浓度显著提高,从而加大了氮流失,泥沙氮富集率为1.05～1.58.土壤氮流失主要由土壤冲刷所引起,在一年内,土壤氮的流失主要发生在几场暴雨中。种植中耕作物加剧了土壤氮的流失。建议:采取施肥耕作措施以提高黄绵土的供氮能力,加强土壤保持工作,防止土壤冲刷引起的土壤氮素流失,特别是防止几场降雨强度大的暴雨引起土壤氮的大量流失。种植中耕作物一定要采用水土保持耕作法。     

黄土丘陵区侵蚀土壤质量评价

通过建立侵蚀土壤质量单因素评价模型和综合评价模型,选出了黄土丘陵区适宜的侵蚀土壤质量评价方法,定量评价了该区土地利用方式对土壤质量的影响。结果表明,采用加权综合法对土壤质量进行综合评价能够较好地反映土壤质量的实际情况,敏感地反映土地利用方式变化对土壤质量的影响。应用因子分析法所筛选的8项土壤质量简化评价指标能够很好地反映29项综合评价指标的信息,评价结果具有较高的代表性。拟定了黄土丘陵区侵蚀土壤质量分级标准,将研究区土壤质量分为5级。黄土丘陵区10种土地利用类型间土壤质量差异显著,以天然乔木林地土壤质量最佳,属1级;其次是天然灌木林地和大棚菜地,土壤质量属2级;天然草地土壤质量属于3级,人工乔灌林地土壤质量接近3级;人工草地、撂荒地、农地和果园土壤质量属于4级。     

黄土丘陵区水土流失面源污染研究

黄土丘陵区是世界上水土流失最严重的区域之一,严重的水土流失也造成了土壤养分流失和面源污染,已经严重制约了该区域经济社会的可持续健康发展。基于此,在整理分析国内外大量文献的基础上,系统总结了黄土丘陵区水土流失与农业面源污染的研究趋势、形成机制、研究方法及防控措施,为黄土丘陵地区生态农业建设提供依据。     

黄土丘陵区生态适宜型农村经济发展模式探讨

基于黄土丘陵区在全国国土总体格局中的生态功能定位,本文以有效控制水土流失和整治生态环境为前提,在总结黄土丘陵区农村经济发展普遍性方向的基础上,重点讨论了在黄土丘陵区建设生态适宜型农村经济发展模式宜遵循的基本原则、主要内容、发展阶段及产业开发层次,并从生态环境效益、经济效益和可持续发展性等角度阐述了评判模式可行性及发育程度的基本方法.最后针对模式具体应用应注意的问题提出了若干建议.     

黄土丘陵区坡地侵蚀对土壤呼吸的影响

以黄土丘陵区两种肥力水平的坡地土壤为研究对象,采用人工模拟侵蚀(表土剥离0,5,10cm)和动态密闭气室法(Li-8100,USA),探讨了坡地不同侵蚀强度下土壤呼吸的变化特征及水热因子对土壤呼吸的影响。结果表明:(1)一定温度和湿度条件下,强度侵蚀显著降低土壤呼吸速率(P<0.05),其影响程度与土壤肥力有关,高肥土壤侵蚀5cm后呼吸速率较未侵蚀土壤降低了32%,而低肥土壤呼吸速率降低了14%;(2)两种肥力土壤呼吸的侵蚀效应在干湿交替前后表现出不同的变化规律,降雨使土壤呼吸速率激增,且放大了表土流失的侵蚀效应;(3)观测期内土壤呼吸速率与土壤湿度呈显著正相关,而与土壤温度无明显相关性,说明短期内影响侵蚀土壤呼吸速率日际变化的主要因子为土壤湿度;(4)在计算坡面CO2排放时若忽视侵蚀的影响,将可能高估侵蚀引起的原位碳排放效应。严重表土流失可能通过影响土壤呼吸而改变陆地生态系统碳平衡。     

黄土丘陵区山坡植物路防蚀效益试验研究

黄土丘陵区土质道路侵蚀严重,在很大程度上影响了当地人们的生产和交通.在野外调查研究与定位监测的基础上,对该区土质道路硬地面次降雨侵蚀产流、产沙防蚀效益及其影响因素进行了初步探讨,为该区土质道路的侵蚀防治提供了科学依据.     

河南省黄土丘陵区侵蚀沟分类研究

以河南省黄土丘陵区为研究区,选取绝对高程为主导因子作为侵蚀沟分类一级分区的指标,在此基础上根据自然社会指标和侵蚀沟特征指标,运用空间分析和数学统计的方法进行综合分析,得到研究区侵蚀沟分类的二级分类体系。采用这种分类方式,区分河南省黄土丘陵区具有不同发育程度、不同特性的侵蚀沟,为当地侵蚀沟的治理提供依据。     

山丘区输电线路工程水土流失特征及治理技术对比研究

山丘区输电线路工程对原地貌扰动造成大量水土流失,直接影响周围环境安全及资源安全。为研究山丘区输电线路工程水土流失特征及治理技术,通过资料收集整理与野外实地调查,对不同侵蚀类型区典型山丘区输电线路工程水土流失及其治理措施进行了分析。结果表明：(1)输电线路工程塔基和施工便道占地类型复杂,黄土丘陵区占地类型最多(5种),以耕地和草地为主,分别为49%和28%;红壤丘陵区以林地为主,占比为69%;黑土低山丘陵区占地主要为耕地、林地,分别为42%,40%;青藏高原占地主要为草地,占比达78%;新疆山地则主要是以裸地为主,占比高达98%。(2)输电线路工程不同水土流失地貌单元水土流失量差异显著,表现为塔基区和施工便道水土流失量较大,其次是牵张场,跨越施工场地水土流失量最小;塔基区土壤侵蚀模数表现为黄土丘陵区最大,是红壤丘陵区的2倍,黑土低山和漫岗丘陵区的5倍。塔基边坡的修复应该依靠自然与人工相结合方式,施工便道注意排水沟布设,牵张场土地恢复过程中应先进行深松翻处理。(3)对山丘区输电工程形成的各侵蚀单元进行近自然的生态系统恢复和重建,采取临时措施、工程措施和植物措施等组合。综上,研究结果可为山丘...     

宁夏固原县侵蚀土壤的数值分析研究

数学作为一种手段,应用于侵蚀土壤的研究,必定对这一研究有所推动。本文用宁夏固原县侵蚀土壤的观测资料,采用多元分析方法,借助电子计算机,对侵蚀土壤的数值分类、不同侵蚀土壤类型与侵蚀因子的关系进行研究。     

Soil organic carbon and fly-ash distributions in eroded phases of soils in Illinois and Russia

Soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics are affected by tillage, soil erosion and depositional processes. The objectives of this paper are to evaluate soil organic carbon and fly-ash distribution methods for identifying eroded phases of soils in Illinois and Russia and quantifying the extent of soil loss from erosion. The effect of accelerated erosion on soils is recorded on National Cooperative Soil Survey maps as phases of soil series that reflect the percentage of the original A horizon materials remaining. Identification depends on knowledge of the original A horizon thicknesses, SOC and fly-ash contents at uncultivated and uneroded sites when determining erosion phases of soil at cultivated and eroded sites. However, locating uncultivated and uneroded comparison sites with similar landscape and slope characteristics can be difficult. The amount of A horizon materials within the plow layers (Ap horizons) or topsoils are often determined by soil colors which reflect the SOC contents. Soil erosion phases based on original A horizon materials remaining in the topsoils may underestimate the extent of soil losses from topsoils and subsoils, particularly where soils have been cultivated for hundreds of years and are severely eroded. The SOC contents and soil erosion phases can be affected by losses or gains of organic C-rich sediments from tillage translocation and erosion, by management input level differences, oxidation, or as a result of land use and landscape position variations. Fly-ash was found to be more stable and act as a better indicator of soil erosion phase than SOC content.     

子午岭連家砭地区土壤物理性质与土壤抗侵蚀性能指标的初步研究

黄土地区,地形起伏,丘陵沟壑很多。由于长期耕作,植被破坏,致使土壤表层遭受侵触,引起土壤肥力及农业生产下降,故防止土壤侵触是当前增加农业生产的重要措施。     

Soil fertility affected by land use history,relief position,and parent material under a tropical climate in NW-Vietnam

In Vietnam as much as half of the total land area is already degraded by soil erosion and nutrient depletion. In particular, degradation due to deforestation is increasingly affecting mountainous areas in north-western Vietnam. The necessity to safeguard the farmers' livelihoods requires sustainable resource management, which firstly requires a qualitative and quantitative evaluation of resources. The objectives of the present study were to (1) identify the dominant soil types and their vulnerability using elicitation of local soil knowledge, (2) characterise the physical and chemical properties of the soils and (3) link them to the relief position and land use in order to (4) initiate sustainable soil use based on recommendations deduced from objectives (1) to (3). These objectives were achieved also by the elicitation of local knowledge. The final aim of the study was to initiate sustainable soil use based on recommendations for sustainable land use scenarios. The Chieng Khoi commune in Son La province of northern Vietnam was chosen as representative for other erosion-prone Southeast Asian sloping areas. In a participatory approach, combining local and scientific knowledge, sixteen sites were selected, representative for distinct relief positions, parent material (sand stone and silt stone), land use history, and erosion hazard. Chemical (e.g. content of organic matter, nitrogen, cation exchange capacity, base saturation, and plant available phosphorous) and physical properties (e.g. air capacity, plant available water) were used to estimate soil fertility. The predominant reference soil groups in the study area are Alisols and Luvisols, with a high diversity in respect to soil fertility. These soils are locally named ‘red soil’ and ‘black soil’, respectively. Although the main physical processes are erosion and selective sedimentation, farmers tend to underestimate their impact and causes, whereas soil quality was well-evaluated. Soils with high fertility were found on less eroded upper parts of hills and at sites, where agricultural use started only recently. Once degraded by cultivation practices, soils derived from sandstone did not recover even after more than 50 years of fallow. As a result of unsustainable land use, soils on middle and lower slopes are often affected by severe soil erosion, whereas foot slope soils suffer from accumulation of eroded infertile subsoil material as well as stagnic conditions. This study showed that unsustainable land use at upslope landscape positions has a severe impact on downslope areas. The elicitation of local knowledge facilitated the identification of such hot spots, allowing the implementation of spatially targeted conservation measures.     

SOIL ORGANIC CARBON STOCK AND FRACTIONS IN RELATION TO LAND USE AND SOIL DEPTH IN THE DEGRADED SHIWALIKS HILLS OF LOWER HIMALAYAS

The proportional differences in soil organic carbon (SOC) and its fractions under different land uses are of significance for understanding the process of aggregation and soil carbon sequestration mechanisms. A study was conducted in a mixed vegetation cover watershed with forest, grass, cultivated and eroded lands in the degraded Shiwaliks of the lower Himalayas to assess land‐use effects on profile SOC distribution and storage and to quantify the SOC fractions in water‐stable aggregates (WSA) and bulk soils. The soil samples were collected from eroded, cultivated, forest and grassland soils for the analysis of SOC fractions and aggregate stability. The SOC in eroded surface soils was lower than in less disturbed grassland, cultivated and forest soils. The surface and subsurface soils of grassland and forest lands differentially contributed to the total profile carbon stock. The SOC stock in the 1.05‐m soil profile was highest (83.5 Mg ha⁻¹) under forest and lowest (55.6 Mg ha⁻¹) in eroded lands. The SOC stock in the surface (0–15 cm) soil constituted 6.95, 27.6, 27 and 42.4 per cent of the total stock in the 1.05‐m profile of eroded, cultivated, forest and grassland soils, respectively. The forest soils were found to sequester 22.4 Mg ha⁻¹ more SOC than the cultivated soils as measured in the 1.05‐m soil profiles. The differences in aggregate SOC content among the land uses were more conspicuous in bigger water‐stable macro‐aggregates (WSA > 2 mm) than in water‐stable micro‐aggregates (WSA < 0.25 mm). The SOC in micro‐aggregates (WSA < 0.25 mm) was found to be less vulnerable to changes in land use. The hot water soluble and labile carbon fractions were higher in the bulk soils of grasslands than in the individual aggregates, whereas particulate organic carbon was higher in the aggregates than in bulk soils. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

ERODED SOILS OF THE LOWER SWANSEA VALLEY

The investigation attempts to ascertain rates and amounts of soil erosion from a small unvegetated area (120m×15m). Measurements from markers embedded in the soil indicate a removal of 10 mm per annum on 5°C slopes, 32 mm per annum on 45°C slopes, and 43 mm per annum on 62°C slopes. A sediment trap indicated that in a week when there was 56·8 mm rain, approximately 60 g/sq m was eroded. Results of the work are used in an explanation of the eroded soils of a much larger area, known as the Lower Swansea Valley.     

试论潮土基层分类

潮土是直接发育在河流沉积物上,受地下水活动影响,经不断耕种熟化而成的一类土壤.国际上通常称为冲积土或河积土.根据成土母质特性及时间因素所反映的成土过程及其属性,分别进行土纲、土类和亚类等高级分类单元的划分,至于基层分类的各级单元尚缺乏系统研究资料以供参考.     

坡耕地侵蚀区和堆积区初春土壤呼吸的变化

以黄土高原侵蚀坡耕地(坡地1和坡地2)为对象,选择土壤温度和水分变化较为剧烈的初春3月,采用137Cs和210Pbex示踪技术,在确定的侵蚀和堆积区布设有根和无根2种处理,利用Li-8100土壤碳通量自动测量系统原位监测土壤呼吸,同时监测土壤温度和水分变化。与侵蚀区比较,观测期间堆积区有根和无根处理土壤CO2排放通量均有明显增加,只是这种增加有时没有达到统计上的显著水平。土壤堆积使坡地1有根和无根处理区土壤CO2排放通量分别增加了24.43%(由8.02%至44.41%)和23.95%(由6.37%至43.26%);土壤堆积使坡地2有根和无根处理区土壤CO2排放通量分别增加了44.64%(由17.33%至74.63%)和25.28%(由10.23%至39.76%)。3月份坡耕地侵蚀区和堆积区土壤呼吸随观测时间的变化与土壤温度和水分密切相关,但是,在整个观测期间侵蚀区和堆积区的土壤水分和温度没有差异,研究揭示了坡耕地土壤呼吸空间变化的土壤侵蚀驱动机理。     

贵州喀斯特山区土壤物理性质对土壤侵蚀的影响

对贵州喀斯特山区在不同土地利用方式下土壤主要物理性质对土壤侵蚀的影响进行了研究。结果表明:土壤物理性质是影响土壤侵蚀和土壤抗蚀性能的内在因素。贵州喀斯特山区土壤表现出明显的粗骨性土壤特征。不同土地利用方式下土壤物理性质具有明显的差异,林地、草地和台耕地的土壤物理性状良好,缓解了土壤侵蚀的发生发展,能有效地发挥保持水土的作用;大面积农耕坡地和裸坡地的土壤物理性状极差,促进了山区土壤侵蚀的发生发展,是引起土壤侵蚀的主要因素。喀斯特山区不同土地利用类型的土壤抗蚀能力依次为台耕地>林地、草地>坡耕地、裸坡地。     

东北黑土地保护利用研究足迹与科技研发展望

中国东北黑土是世界上最肥沃、垦殖时间较短的土壤类型之一,在保障国家粮食安全中具有非常重要的地位。本文在总结东北黑土地概况(定义、分布、土壤类型和垦殖时间)的基础上,梳理了东北黑土地的研究足迹,并提出了未来东北黑土地科技研发的方向。东北黑土地包括黑土、黑钙土、草甸土、白浆土、暗棕壤和棕壤6种土壤类型,主要分布在辽河平原、松嫩平原和三江平原。自然黑土肥力较高,但是开垦后受生态系统改变和人类活动的双重驱动,土壤肥力发了巨大变化,土壤有机质含量在垦殖初期(约30a)迅速下降,开垦50a后下降速度趋于稳定;侵蚀区黑土层受风蚀和水蚀等影响出现了不同程度的流失。有机培肥、轮作、等高种植等技术措施已经被广泛应用于黑土培肥与水土流失防治。黑土层是黑土地的标志性土层,是黑土地肥力的核心。基于黑土层保护的东北黑土地保护利用建议从以下3方面开展科学研究:(1)解析人类活动下的黑土层厚度及颜色变化过程和驱动机制,探索现代农业管理方式下维持和增加黑土层厚度的技术途径;(2)针对东北黑土地6种土壤类型耕地限制粮食生产能力的主控因子,因地制宜建立以"肥沃耕层构建"、"障碍性土层消减"和"控蚀固土增肥"为核心的东北黑土...