宁夏引黄灌区的灌淤土

灌淤土是宁夏引黄灌区的主要耕作土壤之一,约占全灌区面积的50%,占耕地面积的80%。从五十年代开始,我们已注意到这种土壤的形成和灌淤熟化的特点,将其命名为草甸灌溉熟土^[1]。1978年全国土壤分类会议,定名为灌淤土,在全国分类系统中,划分出这个新的土类^[2]。     

华北平原瓦碱的特性和形成

华北平原广泛分布着一种具有灰白色紧实结壳的土壤,群众称为瓦碱(或岗瓦碱)。这种土壤在冀^[1]、鲁^[2]、豫^[3]、苏^[4,5]、皖^[6,7,8]五省都有分布,一般认为这是一种碱化土壤,但其性质及形成过程还不够清楚。根据国内外的研究资料,碱化土壤多分布于栗钙土、黑土及棕色荒漠草原土带,至于褐土带地区浅色草甸土发生碱化过程,在土壤学研究中还是一个新问题。因此,我们曾对山东、河南某些瓦碱进行了一些工作,今将初步结果报导如下。     

南京黄棕壤的酥性和板性

我国长江下游广泛分布着发育于下蜀系黄土的黄棕壤.这些土壤大多都已耕种,但肥力较低,限制生产的土壤因素主要是板和瘦.如何提高黄棕壤的肥力便成为发展农业生产的急迫任务.过去已有不少土壤工作者对黄棕壤的发生发育^[1,2]和理化性质^[3-62]作过一些工作,对于阐明黄棕壤的成因和性质提供了有益的资料.但对土壤耕层的性质,特别是联系土壤肥力的提高问题很少研究.要提高耕作土壤的肥力,就得分辨土壤的肥瘦和好坏.     

中性水稻土中的铁解及其影响

我们曾发现,苏州地区的某些水稻土的耕层土壤,pH值可低至5.0-5.5,有些土壤的交换性Ca/Mg比值亦明显下降^[2,3]。黄棕壤在添加有机物质并淹水培育后,使其交换性镁含量增加和交换性钙含量下降^[1],而试样的pH值与交换性钙镁总量之间,出现显著的正相关(r=0.837,n=10)。     

水稻土的力学性质与水分含量的关系

土壤的抗剪强度和抗压强度以及变形性质是决定耕作阻力、机具的通行性能及耕作质量的重要因素,也是机具正确设计所必须考虑的因素。过去对于耕作土壤的强度研究,多从旱地的松散状况出发,把土体的粘结只归因于水膜的表面张力和水膜的数量,并得出结论:土壤强度与含水量呈抛物线关系。对于搅动后土壤粘结的机制,认为包括水膜粘结和分子引力粘结两种^[1]。最近山中金次郎指出^[2],在这二种不同粘结机制的转折处有明显的破折现象,但对水稻土的情况研究极少。     

天津地区土壤中若干金属元素间的相关性

土壤中的元素主要来源于成土母质^[1],但在风化成土过程中,元素的迁移与富集能力各不相同。为了寻求土壤中元素间的内在联系,判断元素的含量和分布状况,元素间的相关分析法是良好的方法之一。例如,Ure等^[6]测定了苏格兰不同母质的土壤中多种微量元素含量,并讨论了各元素间的相互关系。Pilotte等^[5]用相关性分析法对河口地区沉积物中元素含量进行判断,浅见辉男等^[4]用元素相关性描述了沉积物中元素分布,梁伟^[5]用元素相关性对土壤背景值进行判断等。本文根据天津地区土壤表土中16个元素之间的相关系数,探讨元素的地球化学性质对元素间的相关性的影响。     

土壤静电场对水稻生长发育的影响

稻田在淹水期间,水层的氧化还原电位明显高于土壤耕层,二者的电位差一般为0.2—0.6伏。于天仁等研究过水稻土淹水期间氧化还原电位在剖面上的分布^[1]。     

水稻土肥力特性的微形态诊断

水稻土是我国的一种主要耕作土壤,分布面积广,土壤类型多,肥力特性多种多样.广大农民群众在长期生产实践中积累了丰富的识土经验^[9]1).多年来我国许多土壤工作者曾相继从土壤学各分支学科的角度对不同类型水稻土的肥力特性进行过一系列的研究.     

无结构土壤透气性的初步研究

土壤的透气性是指土壤让空气穿透本身的能力。透气性是土壤很重要的物理性质,因为它不仅决定了土壤与大气间空气交换的速度^[1],而且和土壤的持水性有关^[2],测定土壤的透气性还可以了解土壤其他一系列的物理性质如排水的能力^[3]、地表迳流的速度^[2]、耐蚀性、空气容量^[3]及其结构性的程度等等。土壤中微生物活动的方向与强度、种籽的发芽、根系的发育及其吸收能力、土壤中养分的状态^[4]和影响农作物生活的其他重要土壤因素都有赖于土壤的透气性。     

赣中丘陵地区红壤及红壤性水稻土的孔隙性

过去的研究工作^[1-4]表明,赣中丘陵地区红壤及红壤性水稻土的良好结构与土壤孔隙的特征有密切关系.良好的土壤孔隙性能不仅有利于水分和空气的通透,又能在一定程度上增强蓄水能力.耕层土壤结构和孔隙性状,固然是影响作物生长的重要方面,但从根系在土壤中分布的范围来看,整个土体的孔隙性状尤为重要.     

Residue cover,soil structure,weed infestation and spring cereal yields as affected by tillage and straw management on three soils in Norway

Four field trials (spring wheat and oats) were conducted (one on clay soil, one on loam soil and two on silt soil) for three years in important cereal growing districts, to investigate the influence of tillage regimes (ploughing versus reduced tillage in either autumn or spring) and straw management (removed and retained) on plant residue amounts, weed populations, soil structural parameters and cereal yields. The effect of tillage on soil structure varied, mainly due to the short trial period. In general, the amount of small soil aggregates increased with tillage intensity. Reduced soil tillage, and in some cases spring ploughing, gave significantly higher aggregate stability than autumn ploughing, thus providing protection against erosion. However, decreasing tillage intensity increased the amounts of weeds, particularly of Poa annua on silt soil. Straw treatment only slightly affected yields, while effects of tillage varied between both year and location. Reduced tillage, compared to ploughing, gave only small yield differences on loam soil, while it was superior on clay soil and inferior on silt soil. Our results suggest that shallow spring ploughing is a good alternative to autumn ploughing, since it gave comparable yields, better protection against erosion and was nearly as effective against weeds.     

土壤耕作方式对双季稻产量构成与穗镉积累的影响

为比较研究不同土壤耕作方式(翻耕、旋耕、免耕)对南方双季稻区水稻产量构成与稻穗镉积累分配特性的影响,探讨镉污染稻田双季稻最优土壤耕作方式,2015—2017年,以"陵两优211"与"威优46"为早、晚稻供试品种,在湖南省湘潭县易俗河镇中度镉污染稻田(全镉含量0.86 mg/kg)开展定位试验,比较研究了双季免耕、双季翻耕、双季旋耕、早旋晚免、早翻晚免5种土壤耕作方式下土壤有效镉含量、双季稻的产量构成与穗镉积累分配情况。结果表明:(1)双季稻产量以双季翻耕处理最高,早翻晚免处理次之,双季旋耕与早旋晚免处理再次之,双季免耕处理最低;翻耕处理产量最高的原因在于其有效穗数与每穗粒数较高。(2)齐穗期至成熟期,穗镉含量一般呈增长趋势;第1年早晚稻齐穗期穗镉含量以免耕处理最高,但免耕能明显降低水稻齐穗至成熟期穗镉含量的增长速率;早晚稻成熟期穗镉含量一般以翻耕处理较高,免耕与旋耕处理较低,免耕与旋耕处理有差异但在不同年份与季别间表现不尽相同。(3)成熟期稻穗各部位镉含量趋势表现为枝梗谷壳糙米;第1年糙米镉含量以免耕处理较高,但第2,3年呈现免耕处理低于翻耕与旋耕处理的趋势。(4)第1年早、晚稻穗镉累积量均以旋耕处理较低,但第2,3年均以免耕处理较低。(5)较其他处理而言,双季免耕明显提高了土壤有效镉含量,双季旋耕则降低了土壤有效镉含量。3年定位试验表明,土壤耕作方式对镉污染稻田土壤有效镉含量、双季稻产量构成与稻穗镉积累分配有明显影响,从保证双季稻产量、降低稻米镉含量与轻简省工的角度出发,早翻晚免是中度镉污染双季稻田的最优土壤耕作方式。     

黑土稻田连续深耕改善土壤理化性质提高水稻产量大田试验

为了明确深耕对水田土壤理化性质及水稻产量影响,该文在黑土型水稻土上开展深耕研究,应用自主研发的水田深翻犁,开展深翻、浅翻与旋耕大区对比研究。结果表明:浅翻和深翻可以降低土壤固相比率和容重,与旋耕相比,土壤固相比率降低幅度分别为0.74%~4.80%和1.86%~3.90%;10~20 cm土层土壤容重分别下降0.09 g/cm~3和0.08 g/cm~3,20~30 cm土层深翻处理土壤容重比旋耕下降0.03 g/cm~3;10~20 cm土层土壤的通气系数和饱和透水系数浅翻处理比旋耕分别提高4.04倍和2.71倍,深翻提高4.42倍和2.14倍;20~30 cm深翻比旋耕提高1.86倍和2.87倍,2年趋势一致;深翻可使土壤养分指标在各层趋于平均化;深耕可促进水稻根系生长,根系的生长量与根长增加幅度为6.53%~16.33%和10.81%~21.62%,深翻好于浅翻;深耕提高水稻产量,2015年浅翻和深翻处理水稻实测产量分别比旋耕增产6.91%和9.81%,2016年增产6.59%和7.84%,2年增产趋势一致。     

太湖地区水稻土的物理特性与少免耕法的关系

本文从土壤物理特性和作物生长的关系探讨了耕作的要求.土壤水分能量特性可被机械扰动改变,这是导致土壤粘闭的重要原因.水稻土的含水量和有效水均以表土高,而下层低,含水量和容重成线性负相关(n=62,r=-0.909^**).土壤扰动可提高持水量,长年免耕在干旱年份可能会出现水分不足问题.土壤含水量、气容量和机械强度三者的变化相互联系.由三个因素决定的小麦生长最佳范围是在水分吸力0.02-0.5巴内,而田间持水量大于塑性限,所以秋季耕作必然导致土壤粘闭.免耕土壤的容重一般在1-1.25g/cm₃之间,是稻麦生长的较佳环境,所以水稻土本身存在适合稻麦免耕生产的条件.根据水稻和三麦分别52和23组次对比试验,水稻免耕增产19斤/亩,三麦49斤/亩,均达到极显著水平(p=0.01).平田地区连续三年免耕土壤不恶化,囊水型土壤第二年开始有变差趋势,但产量不减低.免耕有保护土壤结构的作用,但不利于结构发展.     

The effect of tillage intensity on soil structure and winter wheat root/shoot growth

Despite a vast amount of data on the effect of tillage on crop productivity, surprisingly there is little detailed information available on the influence on below and aboveground crop growth dynamics. Such information is essential for developing sustainable cropping systems. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of tillage intensity on crop growth dynamics and soil structure. A tillage experiment was established in autumn 2002 on two Danish sandy loams (Foulum and Flakkebjerg) in a cereal‐based crop rotation. The tillage systems included in this study were direct drilling (D), harrowing 8–10 cm (H_8‐10), and ploughing (P). A single‐disc drill was used in the H_8‐10 and D treatments and a traditional seed drill in the P treatment. Measurements were carried out in 2004–05 and 2005–06 and winter wheat was grown in both years (first and second year winter wheat). Shoot and root growth was followed during the growing seasons using spectral reflectance and mini‐rhizotron measurements, respectively. A range of soil physical properties were measured. We found decreased early season shoot and root growth with decreasing tillage intensity. Differences diminished later in the growing season, although significant treatment effects were observed throughout the growing season for the second year winter wheat. The formerly ploughed layer in the D and H_8‐10 treatments was noticeably compacted as indicated by increases in both penetration resistance and bulk density. Nitrate leaching increased with decreasing tillage intensity for the first year winter wheat at Foulum. In general ploughing resulted in the highest grain yields. This study highlights the important interaction between soil structure and crop growth dynamics.     

盐化草甸土和黑土型水田土壤连续深耕改土效果

为明确深耕在不同类型水田土壤上的改土效果及对水稻产量的影响,该研究应用自主研发水田深耕犁,在黑土和盐化草甸土上开展深翻、浅翻与旋耕对比试验研究。结果表明,深耕在不同类型土壤上对水稻产量及土壤理化性质影响存在差异:1)黑土深翻区增产7.28%~8.37%,浅翻区增产6.02%~7.72%,盐化草甸土深翻区和浅翻区与旋耕相比第1年水稻产量差异不大;第2年减产9.96%~11.03%;2)翻耕促进黑土土壤养分均一化,耕作层土壤养分降低不明显,土层间养分含量差异变小,盐化草甸土深耕后造成表层养分浓度降低,0~20 cm土层浅翻区和深翻区土壤有机质与对照相比分别下降4.57和6.68 g/kg,全氮分别下降0.24和0.29 g/kg,碱解氮0~10 cm土层分别比对照降低2.31和11.52 mg/kg,pH值明显增加,0~30cm土层交换性Na+浓度增加;3)与对照相比,浅翻和深翻降低了黑土下层土固相比率、容重,提高土壤通气、透水性,10~20 cm土层土壤固相比率比对照分别降低4.23%和3.23%,土壤容重下降0.09 g/cm3和0.08 g/cm3,通气系数分别提高3.04倍和3.42倍,透水系数提高1.71倍和1.14倍;20~30 cm土层深翻区土壤固相比率降低1.86%,通气系数和饱和透水系数比对照提高0.86倍和1.87倍;盐化草甸土浅翻区和深翻区均有增加下层土固相率和容重,降低通气、透水性的趋势。盐化草甸土水田不适合深耕,黑土型水田土壤深耕可改善土壤理化性质,提高水稻产量。     

Soil tillage methods to control phosphorus loss and potential side-effects: a Scandinavian review

In Scandinavia high losses of soil and particulate-bound phosphorus (PP) have been shown to occur from tine-cultivated and mouldboard-ploughed soils in clay soil areas, especially in relatively warm, wet winters. The omission in the autumn of primary tillage (not ploughing) and the maintenance of a continuous crop cover are generally used to control soil erosion. In Norway, ploughing and shallow cultivation of sloping fields in spring instead of ploughing in autumn have been shown to reduce particle transport by up to 89% on highly erodible soils. Particle erosion from clay soils can be reduced by 79% by direct drilling in spring compared with autumn ploughing. Field experiments in Scandinavia with ploughless tillage of clay loams and clay soils compared to conventional autumn ploughing usually show reductions in total P losses of 10–80% by both surface and subsurface runoff (lateral movements to drains). However, the effects of not ploughing during the autumn on losses of dissolved reactive P (DRP) are frequently negative, since the DRP losses without ploughing compared to conventional ploughing have increased up to fourfold in field experiments. In addition, a comprehensive Norwegian field experiment at a site with high erosion risk has shown that the proportion of DRP compared to total P was twice as high in runoff water after direct drilling compared to ploughing. Therefore, erosion control measures should be further evaluated for fields with an erosion risk since reduction in PP losses may be low and DRP losses still high. Ploughless tillage systems have potential side-effects, including an increased need for pesticides to control weeds [e.g. Elytrigia repens (L.) Desv. ex Nevski] and plant diseases (e.g. Fusarium spp.) harboured by crop residues on the soil surface. Overall, soil tillage systems should be appraised for their positive and negative environmental effects before they are widely used for all types of soil, management practice, climate and landscape.     

土壤紧实度与土块分配对水稻生长的影响及耕作方法的调节

本文就苏南地区二种粘质水稻土的土壤紧实度和土块组成对水稻生长的影响进行了研究,并对不同方法耕作后耕层土块的组成状况进行了观测,结果指出:土壤紧实度和土块/细土比例的不同对水稻生长有明显的影响,土壤紧实度对水稻生长的影响是通过土壤对根的机械阻力,抑制土壤养分的转化及水分物理特性的改变所致;而土块组成的影响可能主要是影响土壤养分的转化。研磨细了的土壤转化成NH₄-N的量最高,土块大于1厘米者对NH₄-N的产生受到严重抑制,因此认为,春耕后耕层中小于1厘米的土块是评定春耕质量的一个重要指标,耕层土块大于8厘米时妨碍栽秧操作,8-4厘米者影响次之,1-4厘米者对栽秧无影响。对于要获得较小土块组成的耕作质量,旋转耕作效果最好,机耙最差,但土壤经过充分晒垡后,各种耕作方法均可获得较好的相同效果,这时,对合适机具的选择主要可从经济效益考虑。渍水条件下土垡经过挤压受损后,可使土块膨软,这或对土壤养分的释放有利,故一般用于春耕机具,只考虑其切割效果而不同时考虑挤压作用是不足的。     

免耕法对土壤微生物和生物活性的影响

本文比较常耕和免耕法对土壤微生物和生物学活性的影响.结果表明,连续免耕6-7年的砂壤土中微生物的数量较集中分布于上表层,常耕处理则相对均匀地分布于经常翻动的土层中.0-7cm表层土壤中微生物的优势种群在两种耕法中有一定差异,特别是霉菌.免耕处理0-7cm土壤培养1天的呼吸活性是常耕处理的2.1倍,尿酶活性是常耕处理的1.6倍.但随着土层的加深,免耕处理的呼吸活性、尿酶活性下降很快,至7-14cm处分别下降56%、71%.培养40天时0-7cm土壤无机氮释放量免耕和常耕处理分别为48.1、34.5mgN/kg,而7-14cm土层则分别为21.5、29.1mgN/kg.不加碳源只加入硫铵培养3天土壤中无机氮的减少在10%左右,免耕上表层0-7cm土壤减少较多,反映土壤微生物对无机氮的固定作用.长期免耕使具有高生物学活性的土层变得浅薄,而常耕处理则较为深厚.     

不同耕作方式对旱作区冬小麦生产和产量的影响

为了筛选出适宜旱作区推广的耕作技术,在旱作大田条件下,设置一次深翻、免耕覆盖、深松覆盖、传统耕作四种耕作方式,研究了不同耕作方式下花后土壤水分和养分状况、小麦旗叶叶绿素含量、小麦旗叶净光合速率和小麦籽粒灌浆速率及产量。结果表明,免耕覆盖、深松覆盖开花期和灌浆期0～40 cm土层土壤水分含量分别比传统耕作提高了4.13%、6.23%和5.50%、9.27%,0～40 cm土层土壤碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量均显著高于传统耕作,为小麦开花后生长发育提供了良好的环境,从而提高了小麦灌浆中后期旗叶叶绿素含量和净光合速率,促进花后干物质积累及干物质向籽粒转运,进而提高了籽粒灌浆速率,使得籽粒产量显著提高。