我国东北地区土壤中的硒

硒是人和其它动物必需的微量元素,土壤和植物中硒含量过低,可引起牲畜的白肌病,如果土壤和植物中硒含量过高,又会引起牲畜的硒中毒现象。在国外,硒与动物健康关系的研究工作比较多^[7,5]。     

黑土和白浆土上磷肥肥效与土壤性质和氮素供应水平的关系

一般认为磷肥施入土壤后,能迅速地转化成难以被作物利用的状态.武玫玲等人^[1]指出,可溶性磷酸盐施入土壤2小时后,有40%转化为0.5N HAc不能溶解的状态,经过一个月增加到80%以上.许多研究亦指出,土壤可溶性和交换性盐基的性质和含量^[2]、土壤粘土矿物组成^[3]、土壤的pH值^[4]、影响化学平衡的时间、温度和水分舍量等^[5],都可影响磷肥的转化过程.陈魁卿等^[6]认为,黑土中的活性铁铝合量与磷酸的吸收没有规律性;而白浆土<0.01毫米的物理性粘粒与磷肥吸收关系较大.综上可见,磷肥肥效受到土壤诸因子的制约.     

旱地加水可促进微生物对γ-666的降解

γ-666在含水率低的旱地土壤中持留期可长达3—11年之久,并可引起水质、土壤和植物的污染^[1]。从60年代以来,许多学者对渍水土壤中微生物对γ-666的降解作用已作了大量研究^[1-7]。确定渍水土壤中γ-666的降解比旱地土壤容易得多^[1-3],并先后分离到了二株嫌气性降解菌^[2,4,7]。     

磷肥在土壤中的转化及其与土壤有效磷的关系

自从张守敬和Jeckson(1957年)提出土壤无机磷分级方法以来,国内外许多土壤农业化学家对土壤有效磷与各级无机磷之间的关系^[1],作物吸磷状况与土壤无机磷组成的相关性^[2],水稻生长期间土壤有效磷增加的机理^[3],以及磷肥对土壤无机磷组成的影响和转化等方面作了广泛的研究^[4]。     

土壤空气研究概况

土壤空气是土壤物理学研究领域内比较薄弱的一个分支学科^[3].但是,它在土壤形成过程中和土壤肥力的培育过程中却占有十分重要的地位.Вернаднский^[7]曾以“无气体不成土壤”这句话来表达土壤空气与土壤之间的相互关系.     

无结构土壤透气性的初步研究

土壤的透气性是指土壤让空气穿透本身的能力。透气性是土壤很重要的物理性质,因为它不仅决定了土壤与大气间空气交换的速度^[1],而且和土壤的持水性有关^[2],测定土壤的透气性还可以了解土壤其他一系列的物理性质如排水的能力^[3]、地表迳流的速度^[2]、耐蚀性、空气容量^[3]及其结构性的程度等等。土壤中微生物活动的方向与强度、种籽的发芽、根系的发育及其吸收能力、土壤中养分的状态^[4]和影响农作物生活的其他重要土壤因素都有赖于土壤的透气性。     

土壤吸收量是土壤肥沃度的一项重要指标

土壤吸收性能的研究,自上世纪Way,Bemmelen 以来,吸引过很多土壤化学家的注意,诸如К.К.Гедройц^[1],А.Н.Соколовский^[9].Н/П/Ремезов^[8],Н.И.Горбунов^[3]等。     

红黄壤的石灰位

Aslyng^[2]和Schofield^[5]提出了“石灰位”的概念.石灰位的数学表示式为pH-0.5pCa,它是土壤中石灰[Ca(OH)₂]的数量的一个函数.以后,一些学者研究了石灰位的影响因素.     

中国土壤颗粒研究——Ⅰ.太湖地区白土型水稻土中白土层土壤及其各级颗粒的理化特性

研究土壤各级颗粒的理化特性,是土壤基本性质研究的重要内容之一。有关土壤及其粘粒化学组成的研究报导,在国内外并不鲜见,但对土壤各级颗粒性质的研究则较少。关于土壤各级颗粒的矿物全量分析研究,熊毅^[12]、于天仁^[1]早已有报导。国外的研究也大多在早地上进行^[16,18-23]。至于对水稻土的各级颗粒的理化特性研究,在国内尚未见有报导。因此,开展这方面的研究是很有意义的,不仅有助于深入探究土壤高产或低产的原因,而且可以加深对土坡颗粒基本性质的认识,为完善我国土壤质地分类提供科学依据。     

天津地区土壤中若干金属元素间的相关性

土壤中的元素主要来源于成土母质^[1],但在风化成土过程中,元素的迁移与富集能力各不相同。为了寻求土壤中元素间的内在联系,判断元素的含量和分布状况,元素间的相关分析法是良好的方法之一。例如,Ure等^[6]测定了苏格兰不同母质的土壤中多种微量元素含量,并讨论了各元素间的相互关系。Pilotte等^[5]用相关性分析法对河口地区沉积物中元素含量进行判断,浅见辉男等^[4]用元素相关性描述了沉积物中元素分布,梁伟^[5]用元素相关性对土壤背景值进行判断等。本文根据天津地区土壤表土中16个元素之间的相关系数,探讨元素的地球化学性质对元素间的相关性的影响。     

Sorption behavior of selenium and antimony in soils as a function of phosphate ion concentration

Abstract

Both selenium (Se) and antimony (Sb) are major soil and water pollutants. Their sorption behavior in a soil–plant system was studied. Soil–soil solution distribution coefficients (K _ds) for Se and Sb were measured, using a radiotracer, as an indicator of their sorption levels. Both Se and Sb behave as oxoanions (SeO^2? ₄, H₂PO^? ₄ and SO^2? ₄) in soil; thus, the effects of concentrations of two major oxoanions (SeO^2? ₄ and SeO^2? ₃) on Se and Sb sorption were also examined. The K _d values for Se for Japanese soils significantly correlated with the K _d values for Sb (n = 141). The K _ds of both Se and Sb similarly decreased with increasing SbO^? ₃ concentration. These results indicated that the sorption of Se and Sb was similarly controlled by a ligand-exchange mechanism such as phosphate sorption in soil. However, an increase in the concentration of SeO^2? ₃ did not decrease the K _ds of Se and Sb. Furthermore, the ligand-exchangeable fractions of stable Se and Sb in major Japanese soils were determined by extraction with 0.1 mol L^?1 Na₂HPO₄ solution. For both Se and Sb, the phosphate-extractable fractions were 10-fold higher for Se and fivefold higher for Sb than their water-soluble fractions. Although the total Se and Sb amounts in soils were the same, their ligand-exchangeable fractions were different. Approximately 0.9–12% of total Se and 0.2–1.3% of total Sb were extracted by the phosphate solution. These findings suggested that Se was more likely to be mobilized by the addition of phosphate than Sb. The effect of plant-available phosphate in the soil and the phosphate sorption capacity of soil on Se and Sb availabilities for plants were also examined using a pot experiment with soybean plants. The experimental results suggested that a high content of available phosphate and/or low phosphate sorption capacity of soil increased both Se and Sb availabilities to the plant. However, the results also suggested that the soil Se availability to the plant was higher than that of Sb even though the soil total Se and Sb amounts were the same.     

三峡库区(重庆段)土壤硒分布特征及影响因素

重庆是我国缺硒(Se)的重点区域,多目标地球化学调查采用现代分析测试手段进行土壤Se元素的分布及富集的研究,对特色农业资源的开发利用具有重要意义。以每4 km2 1个表层和每16 km2 1个深层土壤数据对三峡库区重庆段土壤Se分布特征及其影响因素进行了分析探讨。结果表明:三峡库区(重庆段)表层土壤Se含量在0.006~5.79 mg/kg之间,平均值为0.16 mg/kg,以缺Se或潜在缺Se为主,其分布面积达到73.19%,足Se面积为25.77%,富Se或Se中毒区域仅为0.16%;深层土壤Se含量在0.03~0.62 mg/kg之间,平均值为0.12 mg/kg,缺Se面积占到67.36%,潜在缺Se面积也占到20.68%。不同类型间以黄壤表层土壤Se含量最高,其次是石灰土,且与水稻土和紫色土存在着显著性差异。不同土地利用方式间以林地与建筑用地表层土壤中Se含量相对较高,但各土地利用方式间不存在显著性差异。表层土壤Se含量相对于深层土壤表现出明显的富集特征,富集面积达到76.97%,但以弱富集区域为主,占到总面积的56.93%。土壤有机质、总氮含量与表层土壤Se含量存在较好相关性;与主要重金属以及S的相关性分析表明,其存在着较强的伴生关系,以Cd的伴生关系最为密切。表层土壤Se含量随着海拔和坡度的增加而增加,随着pH的增加而减少。此外,Fe、Al也是影响表层土壤Se含量的重要因素。     

Soluble selenium content of agricultural soils in Japan and its determining factors with reference to soil type,land use and region

Abstract

To evaluate labile selenium (Se) content in agricultural soils in Japan and to investigate its determining factors, 178 soil samples were collected from the surface layer of paddy or upland fields in Japan and their soluble Se contents were determined. Two grams of soil was extracted with 20 mL of 0.1 mol L^?1 sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄) solution for 30 min in boiling water, and the released Se was reduced to Se (IV) after organic matter decomposition. The concentration of Se (IV) was then determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a fluorescence detector after treatment with 2,3-diaminonaphthalene (DAN) and extraction with cyclohexane. Soluble Se content ranged from 2.5 to 44.5 μg kg^?1 with geometric and arithmetic means of 11.4 and 12.8 μg kg^?1, respectively, and corresponded to 3.2% of the total Se on average. The overall data showed log-normal distribution. In terms of soil type, Non-allophanic Andosols and Volcanogenous Regosols had relatively high soluble Se content, and Wet Andosols and Lowland Paddy soils had relatively low soluble Se content. In terms of land use, upland soils had significantly higher soluble Se content than paddy soils (p < 0.01). The soluble Se content had significant positive correlation with total organic carbon (TOC) content of the extract, soil pH and total Se content (p < 0.01). In conclusion, total Se content in combination with soil pH was the main determining factor of the soluble Se content of agricultural soils in Japan.     

江苏省滨海盐土向潮土演化过程中水溶性氟含量变化原因的探讨

江苏滨海盐土向潮土演化过程中，水溶性Ｆ＾－含量经历了由少变多，再由多变少的过程。水溶性氟含量变化受控于水溶性Ｃａ＾＋＋变化（Ｆ＾－＝ａ＋ｂＣａ＾＋＋－１／２），同时，由于土壤胶体和溶液中ＯＨ＾－与Ｆ＾－含量可能ＣａＦ２的活度积起控制作用，而ｐＨ值的变化起叠加作用。江苏沿海土壤中影响水溶性氟含量的矿物主要是ＣａＦ２。     

Selenium uptake response among selected wheat (Triticum aestivum) varieties and relationship with soil selenium fractions

Some South Dakota soils contain high levels of available selenium (Se) for crop uptake. A field study was conducted to determine if any popular wheat (Triticum aestivum) varieties demonstrate differential Se uptake. A total of 280 samples including eight winter wheat and ten spring wheat varieties were analyzed for grain Se concentration and uptake for two growing years. Soil samples were sequentially fractionated into (1) plant available (0.1?M KH₂PO₄ extractable) and (2) conditionally available (4?M HCl extractable) pools and analyzed separately for total Se. Selenium concentration in wheat grain had a wide variability and the mean value over two years was 0.63?µg?Se?g^?1. Grain Se concentration and Se uptake were not significantly different by wheat varieties tested in this study. Grain Se concentration was significantly correlated with soil Se levels, soil pH, and orthophosphate-P content within a location, but grain Se concentration was strongly influenced by geographical location in which different amounts of soil Se bioavailability occurred.     

Selenium Distribution,Chemical Fractionation and Adsorption in some Egyptian Alluvial and Lacustrine Soils

Fifty-five soil samples representing Egyptian alluvial and lacustrine soils were chemically analyzed for total Se which was found to vary from 0.18 to 0.85 ppm with an average of 0.45 ppm. These levels are positively correlated with organic matter, total carbonate and clay content of the soils. Minimum variation of total Se with soil depth was found. The chemical fractionation of soil Se, expressed as percent of the total, indicates that on the average about 25.4 % exists in 0.2 M K₂SO₄-extractable form, 18.5 % is extracted with 0.5 N NH₄OH, 9.7 % as 6 N HCl-extractable form and 13.8 % as extractable with 9 N HNO₃. Amounts of K₂SO₄-Se and HNO₃-Se in soils correlated significantly with soil organic matter, total carbonate, free iron oxide and clay content. The NH₄OH-Se and HCl-Se fractions correlated significantly only with organic matter and clay content. There is also significant correlation between total Se and the studied Se fractions. Specific adsorption of Se by soils was low as expressed by the Langmiur adsorption maximum values. The high soil pH has a reducing effect on Se adsorption.     

Methane emission and entrapment in flooded rice soils as affected by soil properties

Laboratory incubation experiments were conducted to study the effects of soil chemical and physical properties on CH₄ emission and entrapment in 16 selected soils with a pH range of 4.7–8.1, organic matter content of 0.72–2.38%, and soil texture from silt to clay. There was no significant correlation with CH₄ emission for most of the important soil properties, including soil aerobic pH (measured before anaerobic incubation), total Kjeldahl N, cation exchange capacity, especially soil organic matter, and soil water-soluble C, which were considered to be critical controlling factors of CH₄ emission. A lower CH₄ emission was observed in some soils with a higher organic matter content. Differences in soil Fe and Mn contents and their chemical forms contributed to the this observation. A significant correlation between the CH₄ emission and the soil organic C content was observed only after stratifying soils into subgroups according to the level of CH₄ emission in soils not amended with organic matter. The results also showed that the soil redox potential (Eh), anaerobic pH, anerobic pH, and biologically reducible Fe and Mn affected CH₄ emission significantly. Urea fertilization promoted CH₄ emission in some soils and inhibited it in others. This result appeared to be related to the original soil pH. CH₄ entrapment was positively correlated with soil clay content, indicating the importance of soil physical characteristics in reducing CH₄ emissions to the atmosphere.     

江苏省几种低硒土壤中硒的形态分布及生物有效性

利用连续浸提技术研究了江苏省低Se地区 3种土壤 (旱作土和太湖地区水稻土 )的Se含量及其形态分布。结果表明 ,3种土壤Se含量均偏低 ,尤其是长江沉积物发育的砂土属于贫Se土壤。对土壤Se形态分析表明有机物 硫化物结合及元素态Se是这些土壤中Se的主要存在形态 ,其次是残渣态 ,二者之和约占土壤总Se含量的 70 %～ 80 %。 5种形态中 ,除盐酸可提态Se趋向于向犁底层富集外 ,其他几种形态均为耕作层接近或高于犁底层。可溶态Se含量受其他形态Se影响较小 ,受土壤 pH值的影响较大 ;可交换态Se则相反 ,与除可溶态Se外的其他形态和土壤全Se含量均有显著正相关关系 ,但与土壤 pH值和土壤有机质无关。 5种有效Se浸提剂中 ,0.5mol/LNaHCO3浸提的Se与植株含Se量有极显著正相关关系 ,可作为低Se土壤的有效Se浸提剂     

土壤吸附砷酸盐动力学的初步研究

本研究目的是了解陕西省的几种土壤吸附和解吸附砷酸盐的速率和过程,以及其吸附能量。Kuo和Lotse导出的双常数速率公式拟合试验资料优于一级、二级、三级反应公式,抛物线扩散和Elovich公式等五个公式。用双常数速率公式(C=k·C₀·t^1/m)分两段拟合能进一步提高拟合优度。根据Arrhenius公式计算出的吸附活化能是0.70—3.40千卡/克分子。低的活化能表明,供试土壤对砷酸盐的吸附作用是一种完全不同于真溶液条件化学反应的物理学过程。土壤吸附和解吸附砷酸盐的速度和容量受作用时间、温度、溶液∶土壤比率,加入的砷量和浓度,以及土壤特性的影响。粘土的吸附反应常数(k),吸附量比沙壤土大。而沙壤土有高的解吸附反应速度常数(k_-1^'),砷酸盐容易被解吸附而释放出来。