关于“中国土壤系统分类中基层分类研究”的思路

中国土壤系统分类中的基层分类研究的重点是通过选择分异特性和恰当地划分分异特性区间来建立分类指标体系 .分异特性应是易于鉴别的对土壤生产力有重要影响的相对稳定的土壤性质 ;以使土壤分类便于应用于土壤调查 ,更好地服务于土地评价和规划 .研究变量和因变量的定量化关系或土壤性质与土地生产力的定量化关系是准确划分分异特性区间的有效方法 .基层分类最好采用检索方法 ,以求分类的唯一性 .连续命名法可以明确表达分类单元的属性     

土壤命名的沿革和趋势

本文剖析了国际上几种土壤分类制中土壤命名的沿革及其命名法。联系我国土壤命名的发展，提出了中国土壤系统分类土壤命名的前景。     

对全国第二次土壤普查中土类、亚类划分及其调查制图的辨析

按照中国发生分类对新采集的68个北京市山区的土壤剖面进行了分类命名,并与剖面点所在土壤普查图上的分类名称进行比较,结果是只有18个剖面的分类名称一致。造成分类名称不一致的原因:1发生分类以区域典型土壤剖面分类命名,而区域内很多土壤不同于典型土壤剖面;2发生分类往往以现代生物气候带为主要分类标准命名区域土壤,而不是根据土壤性质;3分类不一致的最大原因可能是制图精度不够。研究认为,土壤分类必须依据土壤性质本身,而不是土壤形成因素;采取野外单土壤性质调查制图,室内叠加单土壤性质图形成多属性图斑,根据分类系统对它们进行综合分类,以提高分类制图精度。     

土壤质地分类及其在我国应用探讨

土壤质地是土壤重要的物理特性之一,严重影响土壤的持水、通气等特性,研究统一土壤质地分类制意义重大。针对我国土壤质地分类制混用的现象,文章在介绍国内外主要的土粒分级标准,比较四种土壤质地分类制的特点,回顾第二次土壤普查初期采用前苏联的卡庆斯基制,后期采用国际制的基础上,重点对比了我国的国标、各部门行标或规范等所运用的土壤质地分类标准。研究发现我国目前还没有普遍采用统一的土壤质地分类系统。土壤质地分类推荐采用美国制。     

波兰土壤的发生分类

1956年波兰土壤学会,土壤分类、命名和制图委员会擬裂了波兰土壤的发生分类系统,其中特别着重于耕地土壤的发生分类。进行此项工作是由于在绘制比例尺为1/10000和1:5000的各种土壤详图时需要科学根据。此项工作是在先进的B.B.道库契耶夫和B.威廉士的发生学派的基础上进行的;同时也吸取了西欧土壤科学的成就,特别是库炳纳、拉特、穆肯豪省及其学派的成就。     

2004年国际土壤分类会议会讯

20 0 4年国际土壤分类会议于 8月 3～ 8日在俄罗斯的彼得罗扎沃茨克 (Petrozavodsk)召开 ,来自 2 5个国家的80多名土壤发生与分类方面的专家学者参加了会议。会议分两个阶段 ,8月 3～ 5日是室内报告和讨论会议 ,8月 6～ 9日是野外考察 ,对当地土壤进行分类与命名的讨论。这次会议的第一焦点议题是国际土壤参比基础 (WRB)。现任WRB研究组织主席 ,匈牙利的E .Michi博士介绍了WRB的最新进展和未来的目标 ,即使全世界的土壤类型可以在统一的分类标准下分类命名 ,便于全球土壤对比和国际土壤学交流。前任WRB研究组织主席 ,比利时的J .Deck…     

武汉市典型地区土系的研究

本文以典型区土壤详查和环境研究为基础 ,采用《中国土壤系统分类》(修订方案 1 995)的标准划分了土壤的高级分类单元 ;探讨了土系的划分原则、依据及土系的描述方法 ,并拟定了区域土系检索系统 .为土系的研究和土系制的应用提供范例     

瓦房店地区石灰岩类土壤系统分类初步研究

本文就辽宁省瓦房店地区的10个典型石灰岩类土壤剖面,按《中国土壤系统分类检索(第三版)》中的诊断层和诊断特性对供试土壤剖面进行检索,确定它们在中国土壤系统分类中的归属。诊断层有淡薄表层、黏化层、雏形层,诊断特性有碳酸盐岩岩性特征、温性土壤温度状况、湿润土壤水分状况、铁质特性。10个供试剖面分属于雏形土、淋溶土、新成土3个土纲。1、3号剖面属壤质温性棕色钙质湿润雏形土4,、6、8、9号剖面属壤质温性普通钙质湿润淋溶土,5号剖面属黏壤质温性普通钙质湿润淋溶土,2、10号剖面属粗骨壤质温性石灰扰动人为新成土7,号剖面属壤质温性石灰扰动人为新成土。对30个土壤剖面进行采样、分析和比较,根据基层分类划分的原则和依据,在样区建立了10个土系。探讨供试土壤的系统分类结果与土壤发生分类结果的参比,表明两种分类制对同一土壤的命名差异较大。     

国内外土壤质地自动分类程序介绍

土壤质地是反映土壤物理特性的一个综合指标,土壤质地命名的自动化将有效提高土壤质地分类工作的效率。本文结合土壤质地自动分类程序研究的现状与特点,着重阐述并讨论了目前较为成熟的TAL、TRANGLE和STAC自动分类计算机程序的设计、功能、使用和实例及其异同与优缺点。土壤质地命名的应用试验表明:TAL和TRANGLE程序在批处理数据量、分类制、图形显示、统计功能等方面存在局限,STAC程序则相对较为完善、方便、实用。     

土壤分类的科学基础

五年前,在我发表的论文中,曾依据特别为土壤分类所拟定的原则,来研究有关建立统一的土壤命名问题。统一命名的一般方案,是依据Л.И.Прасолов所制定的,它也可称为是苏联的土壤分类表。在这篇论文中,我曾着重指出了分类表的主要目的,在于意图引用土壤方面已经积累的资料,成为肯定的而且在实用上又很方便的系统,并可能保证在统一的原则的基础上,使各种不同土壤的命名,更能完全相一致。但是现在的情况,是在这方面尚未取得一致,这样就使在     

低丘红壤性水稻土土种及亚种的划分

划分水稻土土种,是以土体构型及诊断层的发育度为依据.为此,须首先确定水稻土的基本土层,规定层位段标准.因不同层位标准基本土层组成的土体构型,心土部位诊断层发育度相应有差异,以潴育型水稻土的渗育层为例,除形态特征不同外,中度发育的含结晶铁及晶胶率高,弱度发育的次之,强度发育的是无定形铁含量明显增高.耕作层肥力状况是划分亚种的主要依据,必须按理化性状及犁底层发育特征综合判断.     

海绵田土壤结构特性与土壤肥力关系的研究

为了综合研究高产稳产田的肥力性状,自1971年以来,我们在山西省大寨大队及其邻近地区于玉米、小麦主要生育期内,测定了海绵田、非海绵田以及加快熟化新修地的土壤有机质、全量氮、磷、钾;并对微生物的季节性变化作了三年的测定;分别测定了雨季和旱季土壤水分和温度的变化;同时还利用薄片研究了土壤结构与土壤肥力的关系.     

Parent material influence on soil distribution and genesis in a Paleudult and Kandiudult complex,southeastern USA

Parent materials greatly influence soil development and the distribution of soils on the southeastern US Coastal Plain. We examined the physical, chemical, and mineralogical properties of 11 pedons in a 1-ha plot on the Upper Coastal Plain of Georgia, USA. Uniformity of parent materials was assessed by sand grain size characteristics. The soils have sandy epipedons of variable thickness and argillic horizons of variable texture. Six of the pedons also have kandic horizons. They are classified (US Soil Taxonomy) in Psammentic, Grossarenic, Arenic, and Typic subgroups of Paleudults and Kandiudults. Loamy pedons possess argillic horizons with two distinct increases in clay and greater differences between eluvial and illuvial horizons than sandy pedons. The upper boundary of the argillic horizon is approximately parallel to the present geomorphic surface, suggesting that it is associated with the contemporary surface. Discontinuities, identified by changes in sand grain size ratios and plots of the third (skewness) and fourth (kurtosis) moments of sand grain distribution, roughly correspond to the bottom of the solum. Our data suggest that there are both eolian and fluvial components in the solum, whereas subjacent horizons are completely derived from fluvial deposits. Sandier pedons have greater gibbsite/kaolinite ratios, possibly because greater permeability has enhanced leaching and Si loss. Our data suggest parent materials largely control soil distribution over this plot.     

Slope gradient and shape effects on soil profiles in the northern mountainous forests of Iran

In order to evaluate the variability of the soil profiles at two shapes (concave and convex) and five positions (summit, shoulder, back slope, footslope and toeslope) of a slope, a study of a virgin area was made in a Beech stand of mountain forests, northern Iran. Across the slope positions, the soil profiles demonstrated significant changes due to topography for two shape slopes. The solum depth of the convex slope was higher than the concave one in all five positions, and it decreased from the summit to shoulder and increased from the mid to lower slope positions for both convex and concave slopes. The thin solum at the upper positions and concave slope demonstrated that pedogenetic development is least at upper slope positions and concave slope where leaching and biomass productivity are less than at lower slopes and concave slope. A large decrease in the thickness of O and A horizons from the summit to back slope was noted for both concave and convex slopes, but it increased from back slope toward down slope for both of them. The average thickness of B horizons increased from summit to down slopes in the case of the concave slope, but in the case of convex slope it decreased from summit to shoulder and afterwards it increased to the down slope. The thicknesses of the different horizons varied in part in the different positions and shape slopes because they had different plant species cover and soil features, which were related to topography.     

苏南地区水稻土的合理耕作的研究

苏南地区传统的土壤耕作要求水稻移栽前耕层土壤“上有泥糊、下有团块”,认为泥糊有利于土壤的养分释放,团块有利于土壤通气^[2];而对于秋耕,力求达到耕层土碎、田面平整。为此,必须耕耙配套,因而每年化费的劳动和能量很大。七十年代以来,由于大面积发展双三制,耕作次数增多和溃水时间延长,难以实现晒堡,农民普遍反映土壤发僵,通气性变坏^[1,4,7],碎土更加困难。为了摸清传统土壤耕作制中存在的问题,探索合理的土壤耕作制,我们于1978-1979年在无锡等地进行了不同整地方法的田间试验,并就出现的问题进行了盆栽对比研究。     

三段式心土混层犁及其改良白浆土效果的研究

三段式心土混层犁为改造白浆土土体构型实现了“上翻20 cm，下混30～40 cm”的农艺要求，白浆层与淀积层的土壤混拌率M_x达到0.7，白浆层向淀积层的土壤转移率T_Aw→B达到了0.3。0～40 cm土层土壤物理性状明显改善，疏松透水，硬度下降，农田表涝现象得到缓解，效果持久稳定，连续4年测定，耕翻一次后至第4年其土壤硬度仍然明显低于常规耕作田块。1996年～1998年大面积示范试验，使用该犁耕翻地块作物增产达10%～27.9%。该犁作业幅宽50 cm，深度60 cm，总牵引阻力30～35 kN。     

Clay mineralogy,specific surface area and micromorphology of polygenetic soils from Eastern Kansas

The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between clay mineralogy, specific surface area (SSA) and micromorphology in polygenetic Konza soil series. Physical, chemical and mineralogical analyses were performed on disturbed soil samples, and micromorphological investigations of selected horizons were done on undisturbed soil samples. X-ray diffraction indicated that lower part of each parent materials has more mectite and less clay mica content than that of the upper horizons in each parent material. Greater amounts of smectite can be attributed to transformation product of the clay mica in to smectite, eluviation from upper horizons or originated from parent material. Specific surface area of upper horizons in each parent material tended to increase to lower horizons. Clay content gradually increased from surface (21%) to the lower part (～48%) of the solum. Clay in Bt horizons had strong birefrengent, sharp boundary, and strong orientation pattern. SSA, clay content increase, clay mineralogy and oriented clay features agreed to one another. Therefore, this relationship gives opportunity to make predictions on extend of SSA and related soil processes by looking at one of these features.     

河南省典型土系的特定土层特征与分类研究

根据土壤发生学理论,在土壤景观相似的土壤中(如相同母质、相似气候、相同地形以及相似的植物类型和动物活动),土壤的属性具有相似性;然而由于地理环境中复杂的成土因素的影响,土壤绝无完全相同的土壤个体。在划分土壤地理发生分类基层单元土种和系统分类基层单元土系时,特定土层被用于反映土体构型差异。但特定土层类型多样,目前尚处于模糊状态,随着土系划分研究的深入,有必要对其进行分门别类与归纳整理。本文以河南省典型土系为例,梳理和总结了土系划分时涉及的主要特定土层,从特定土层形成根源上将其分为现代成土环境下土壤发生过程形成的、地质成因或地质时期土壤环境下发育形成的和人类活动产生的三个类型,并提出了基于土系概念的特定土层分类与检索体系,旨在使特定土层的概念更为系统、全面、开放,以便于使用。     

Occurrence and genesis of secondary magnesium-bearing calcites in soils

The presence of magnesium-bearing calcites is indicated in soil carbonate accumulation layers and concretions. A differential solubility method permitted estimation of the mol percent magnesium-carbonate content of calcites in the presence of dolomite. The relationship between diffraction spacings and mol percent MgCO₃, of selected samples is in good agreement with that depicted by other workers for biogenic magnesium-bearing calcites.Magnesium-containing calcites are concentrated in clay (< 2 μ) and fine silt (2–10 μ) sizes of Cca horizons. Their presence in the clay fraction of Ck horizons is an indication that carbonate mineralogy may change at profile depths often considered to be unaffected by pedogenic processes.The dissolution of existing carbonates within solum horizons, the translocation of ions in solution and the reprecipitation of calcite in Cca and underlying horizons are the main processes applicable to a variety of different natural situations. The Mg level of the secondary calcites is likely regulated by the partitioning effect during their precipitation. Periodic moisture movement to greater depths and lateral movement of soil solutions serve as a regulating factor in maintaining soluble Mg at levels favorable to the precipitation of low-magnesium calcites in upland chernozemic soils of central Saskatchewan; higher magnesium contents occur in calcites occurring in subsoils underlying solonetzic and depressional chernozemic soils of the same area. Formation of magnesium-bearing calcites within concretions in soils of the Rusizi basin in Africa were likely influenced by Mg-rich ground waters; associated dolomite may also have been of a secondary nature.     

关于水稻土形成特点的探讨——花斑状形态特征的形成

水稻土引人注目的形态特点是呈花斑状,这种形态特征是在基质色调的背景上由铁锰斑点,灰色胶膜与潜育斑镶嵌而成的。在进行水稻土剖面观察时,从远处看基本上是灰色或灰棕色色调,而在近处仔细观察,则不难看出在底色的背景上穿插着纵横交错的杂色斑纹。其镶嵌程度要比相应的起源土壤细致得多。这种形态特征,无疑同水稻土的形成特点有关系。