土壤有机质转化的研究——Ⅰ.苏打盐土中有机质转化与脱盐脱碱培育肥力的关系

土壤有机质的研究中心,是研究土壤中植物残体主要组成的转化及其所形成的有机物质的特征与作用,例如在苏打盐土中可能导致的脱盐、脱碱与培育肥力的作用.我所在吉林省郭前旗苏打盐土区利用排灌洗盐、施加有机肥和种稻,从1955-1959年连续获得了增产、稳产及改良土壤的良好效果.     

水稻耐盐性的初步研究

实践证明种稻是改良盐碱地的有效措施之一。稻田经常维持一定水层,能抑制表土层返盐,并淡化土壤溶液浓度,既有利于水稻生长又可达到土壤脱盐效果^[1];另一方面,水稻本身也有一定的耐盐力^[2,3]。     

不同利用方式的苏打盐渍土剖面盐分组成及分布特征

通过野外调查、采样和室内分析,研究了松嫩平原不同利用方式的苏打盐渍土剖面形态特征及可溶盐含量与组成在土壤剖面中的变化。结果表明,土壤的利用方式不同,土壤剖面腐殖质层厚度、耕层和腐殖质层的有机质含量等有明显差异。在围栏草原、旱田、新水田及老水田4个剖面中,土壤可溶盐总量、pH与ESP均是在剖面中部最高,上部和下部较低;可溶盐组成均以K++Na+和HCO 3-、CO23-为主。表明草原围栏、旱田及水田利用均有抑制苏打盐分表聚的作用。放牧草原剖面的可溶盐含量自下向上逐渐增多,盐分表聚非常显著。开垦20余年的水田剖面中,表层土壤的可溶盐总量、pH和ESP值分别降至0.21%、7.56和9.1%,表明苏打盐碱地种稻较草原和旱田利用更有利于土壤脱盐脱碱。     

农田耕作与土壤盐分的变化

采用原状土隔离池进行了盐分运移的定位试验。结果表明：含盐量0.11-0.28%的轻盐渍化或脱盐潮土处在不断脱盐过程中，平均年脱盐速率为0.0125%；小麦种植期，土壤处于返盐过程，盐分在上层积累；夏玉米种植期，土壤处于脱盐过程；盐分运动是一个盐离子的层次间传递过程，不同盐离子传递的强度不同，以氯根和纳离子变动最大，而硫酸根和钙离子变幅较小，碳酸根较稳定。     

苏北旱改水中的磷肥施用问题

苏北响水县东风大队向阳生产队共有耕地380亩,经过这几年的种稻洗盐,土壤得到了改良,现除有小面积的盐斑以外,表土含盐量一般在0.15%以下,作物都能立苗。     

不同改良措施下新疆重度盐渍土壤盐分变化与脱盐效果

为了比较盐渍化土壤不同改良措施的治理效果,以新疆新开垦的重度盐渍化农田为研究对象,设置5个处理分别为农业改良措施、根区隔盐+农业改良措施、暗管排盐+农业改良措施、化学改良+农业改良措施和天然对照区,通过3 a的试验研究土壤盐分运移的影响因素、动态变化与不同改良措施脱盐效果。结果表明:人为灌溉、农田蒸散量、地下水埋深与土壤盐分均达到极显著相关,生育期灌水对耕层土壤盐分影响最大,相关系数为-0.871。整个改良过程中农业改良措施处理表层和底层盐分含量较高,根区隔盐处理盐分表聚现象明显,暗管排盐、化学改良处理均表现出底层盐分明显高于表层。从各处理3a的脱盐效果来看,第1年脱盐效果均不理想,第2年脱盐率显著提升,其中根区隔盐和暗管排盐处理各土层脱盐率均超过44%,改良效果最好,由于土壤总盐分含量减少第3年各措施脱盐率明显降低。总体来看,各改良措施均能够有效降低耕层土壤盐分,根区隔盐、暗管排盐处理在0~80 cm耕层脱盐率分别为61.33%、59.37%,优于其他处理;化学改良处理0~40 cm土层脱盐效果优于底层,其脱盐率为55.32%,明显高于农业改良处理的脱盐率45.42%,但0~80 cm土层脱盐率2处理间差异不大。新疆盐碱化程度重,农田根区隔盐、暗管排盐工程改良结合农业深耕、秸秆还田、增施有机肥等措施是综合治理重度盐渍化土壤的有效途径,研究结果能够为新疆干旱区盐渍化土壤有效改良和合理开发利用提供理论依据和参考。     

不同灌排模式下盐渍化土壤盐分及离子迁移规律及均衡分析

为探明盐渍化灌区不同灌排模式下土壤盐分及离子迁移及聚集规律,于2021年5—10月在巴彦淖尔市五原县盐碱化耕地改良示范区分别对“滴灌+明沟排水”与“黄灌+暗管排水”模式下农田进行土壤水盐监测与灌排水量监测,分析不同灌排模式下农田土壤盐分迁移分布规律,利用均衡分析探讨土壤盐分和盐分离子积盐及脱盐特征,为灌区的节水规划及盐渍化防治提供科学依据。结果表明：不同灌排模式下农田土壤均处于脱盐状态,黄灌与暗管排水模式下土壤脱盐效果相对较好,脱盐率为37.73%;滴灌与明沟排水条件下农田中出现HCO₃^-累积,积累量为0.3 t,黄灌与暗管排水模式下农田中出现Ca²⁺与Mg²⁺的累积,积累量分别为2.962 4,0.577 4 t。滴灌与明沟排水模式下整个生育期内,0—40 cm土层处于脱盐状态,40—80 cm土层出现盐分积累现象,黄灌与暗管排水模式下整个生育期0—100 cm土层处于脱盐状态。不同灌排模式下地下水埋深变化趋势相同,黄灌与暗管排水模式下地下水埋深较低,滴灌与明沟排水模式下土壤积盐与地下水质整体呈负...     

滨海盐渍土的碱化问题

滨海盐渍土是否有碱化问题,特别是在开垦利用以后,土壤是否会向碱化方向演化,这是很多生产单位所关心的问题。对此,过去已做了不少工作。有人认为滨海盐渍土由于长期受海水浸渍,土壤胶体表面吸附着大量的钠离子,因此有比较高的碱化度,盐渍程度愈重则碱化度愈高,随着土壤脱盐同时脱碱,当不致进一步碱化^[3]。也有人认为滨海盐债土耕垦后不会发生碱化,其碱化度随改良利用年限而降低^[1]。还有人在滨海盐溃土耕垦种稻后,观测到在土壤脱盐过程中,土壤pH值和总碱度有所增高,认为土壤发生了碱化^[2,5]1)。我们就这一间题曾先后对浙江上虞、乐清,江苏东台、大丰、滨海、灌云以及辽宁兴城、锦县、大洼等县的滨海地区进行了调查研究和室内试验。     

干旱区大田膜下滴灌土壤盐分运移与调控

膜下滴灌节水技术在新疆已推广应用了160多万hm2且面积仍在持续增加.为研究干旱区大田膜下滴灌土壤盐分运移特征,该文通过在新疆巴州灌溉试验站进行的膜下滴灌试验,结果表明,在单次滴灌后,剖面土壤内的盐分产生了定向重分布,形成脱盐区、稳定区与积盐区,具有调控田间尺度土壤盐分的作用.脱盐区的面积要大于积盐区.在0～40 cm的深度内,双管对表层盐分重分布的作用大于单管;在0～80 cm深度,双管对剖面盐分重分布的作用弱于单管.在棉田的整个生育期内,剖面土壤的盐分则受灌水周期的影响,呈上下振荡、振幅缩小且总体脱盐的变化趋势,形成了一种对作物生长有利的局部环境.膜下滴灌不仅是一种滴灌和覆膜相结合的节水技术,而且通过对其控制性精准灌溉的灵活应用,可达到生育期控盐与非生育期排盐的结合,从而为在干旱区实现节水控盐的目标提供技术保障.     

河北滨海平原土壤盐分空间异质性与淋排均质化作用研究

本文运用经典统计学和地统计学方法,结合GIS技术,研究了滨海盐土土壤盐分的空间异质性和采用降雨淋盐与暗管排盐措施后土壤盐分变化及淋排均质化作用的分析,主要结果如下:1雨淋管排可促进土壤盐分均质化。淋排后,变异系数CV由48.13%降至28.14%,空间相关程度(C0/(C0+C))由72.86%变化至59.42%;2雨淋管排后土壤盐分存在"高盐异质性–低盐均质性"转化趋势。7 g/kg的土壤含盐量经雨季淋排可降至1.5~2 g/kg,且在7 g/kg土壤含盐量范围内,脱盐率与初始土壤含盐量呈正相关,反之,为负相关;3对"高盐异质性–低盐均质性"转化过程的定量分析结果显示,淋排后,实验区土壤类型由中重度盐渍化土降为轻度盐渍化土,雨季土壤脱盐量为67.78 t,其中重度盐渍化土对脱盐量的贡献最大,可达91%,轻度盐渍化土反而因淋排作用有所增加,其脱盐量的贡献为负值(–35%)。     

红壤稻田土壤理化及生物学性状的动态变化特征

Rice production plays a crucial role in the food supply of China and a better understanding of the changes in paddy soil fertility and the management effects is of practical importance for increasing rice productivity. In this study, field sampling in a typical red soil region of subtropical China, Jiangxi Province, was used to observe changes in the soil physical, chemical, and biological properties in a cultivation chronosequence of paddy fields. After cultivation, clay (< 0.002 mm) content in the soil, which was 39% in the original uncultivated wasteland, decreased, to 17% in the 80-year paddy field, while silt (0.02--0.002 mm) content increased. Additionally, macroporosity increased and pore shapes became more homogeneous. Soil Ph generally increased. Soil organic C and total N content of the 0-10 cm layer increased from 4.58 and 0.39 g kg-1 to 19.6 and 1.62 g kg-1, respectively in the paddy fields after 30-year cultivation and then remained stable. Soil total P content increased from 0.5 to 1.3 g kg-1 after 3 years of rice cultivation, indicating that application of phosphate fertilizer could accelerate phosphorous accumulation in the soil. Total K content in the 0--10 cm soil layer for the 80-year paddy fields decreased by 28% compared to that of the uncultivated wasteland land. Total Fe and free Fe contents declined with years of cultivation. The bacterial population increased and urease activity noticeably intensified after years of cultivation. In this chronosequence it appeared that it took 30 years to increase soil fertility to a relatively constant value that was seen after 80 years of cultivation.     

Salt composition of groundwater and reclaimed solonetzes in the Baraba Lowland

Solonetzes of experimental trials established in 1981 and 1986 in the Baraba Lowland were examined. It was found that gypsum-based ameliorants improve the soil and lead to a decrease in the content of soluble salts in the soil profile. Exchange processes between cations of the soil adsorption complex and calcium of gypsum were particularly intensive in the first years after gypsum application. This resulted in a sharp rise in the content of soluble salts that migrated down the soil profile to the groundwater. In the following years, the reclaimed solonetzes were desalinized under the conditions of relatively stable groundwater level. On the 30th year after single gypsum application, the groundwater level sharply rose (to 50 cm), and the soil was subjected to the secondary salinization; the contents of bicarbonates, carbonates, and sodium in the soils increased. Spring leaching caused some desalinization, but the content of soluble salts in the upper soil meter increased again in the fall. A close correlation between the salt compositions of the groundwater and the reclaimed solonetzes was revealed.     

微润管埋深与间距对日光温室番茄土壤水盐运移的影响

为探求微润灌溉对于日光温室次生盐渍化土壤的影响,设置3种毛管埋深（10、20和30 cm）和3种毛管间距不同的布置（1管2行、2管2行、3管2行,2行指番茄行）,以膜下滴灌（CK）为对照,分析日光温室土壤水盐分布的变化。结果表明,日光温室耕层土壤（0～20 cm）平均含盐量达2.745 g/kg,接近阻碍作物生长的临界点（2.75 g/kg）,发生了轻度次生盐渍化。与CK比较,微润灌溉具有较高的脱盐效果,0～60 cm土层平均相对脱盐率较CK提高了32.49%,0～30 cm主根区较CK提高了76.30%（P<0.05）。可用幂函数较好地描述微润灌溉日光温室番茄主根区土壤盐分随定植后天数的动态变化过程。微润管埋深是影响土壤水盐分布的重要因素,在微润管埋深处土壤形成一个高水低盐区,毛管浅埋有利于主根区土壤（0～30 cm）盐分的淋洗,深埋有利于次根区土壤（>30~60 cm）盐分的淋洗,埋深30 cm,1管2行组合番茄生育末期土壤含盐量有升高趋势,可能会加剧土壤次生盐渍化。结合日光温室盐分累积及番茄根系分布特征,埋深10 cm,3管2行为轻度次生盐渍化土壤适宜的应用模式（该组合综合脱盐效果最好,0～60 cm土层平均相对脱盐率为22.27%,主根区相对脱盐率为29.86%,比CK提高1倍以上）。该研究为微润灌溉在日光温室的应用提供参考。     

Mathematical simulation of water and salt transfer in geosystems of solonetzic soils in the Northern Caspian region

The Dzhanybek two-dimensional radial-axial mathematical model was developed for water and salt transfer in geosystems of solonetzic complexes of the Northern Caspian region; the model is capable of considering the geochemical links and revealing the features of migration processes between the conjugated elements of the microcatena. The simulation results suggested that the stabilization of salinization-desalinization processes occurs under stable weather conditions within approximately 100 years. When the weather conditions changed (the total moisture pool of the area increased from 1978), the simulation results indicated a tendency toward salinization of dark-colored soils in microdepressions and removal of salts in the upper 1-m thick soil layer on microhighs and microslopes. Predictions for 2040 showed that a deep accumulation of salts in microdepressions and desalinization of soils of microhighs and microslopes will occur under the current weather conditions. Thus, the changes in the halogeochemical capacity of geosystems of solonetzic complexes primarily depend on the climatic conditions, although the capacity value remains almost constant with increasing total water reserves; the changes occur only between the conjugated soils of solonetzic complexes, which is of great importance for predicting the soil-geochemical status of the entire landscape.     

新疆玛纳斯河流域不同地貌类型土壤盐分累积变化

为详细分析干旱荒漠区土壤盐分长期累积变化的区域差异，以玛纳斯河流域为例，选择冲积洪积扇、冲积平原和干三角洲3种主要地貌类型，通过取样、典型调查等方法讨论其土壤盐分变化情况，结果表明：位于山前冲洪积扇缘以上部位是最稳定的地区，地下水位低，基本不存在盐碱化问题。相比之下，冲积洪积扇缘部分地区由于普遍较高的地下水位和地下水矿化度，短期内仍将处于持续积盐状态。冲积平原部位表土虽明显脱盐，但由于底土含盐量高，且部分地段地下潜水埋深上升至临界深度以下，仍处于脱盐不稳定或脱盐积盐反复型状态。干三角洲部位经过多年的开垦，地下水位出现上升，随着深层盐分上移，也将导致土壤盐渍化发生。分析认为冲洪积扇缘、冲积平原和干三角洲部位部分地区将来土壤盐渍化威胁依然很大。该研究将为区域土壤盐渍化治理提供依据。     

土壤盐－水动力学: V.土壤剖面盐平衡

Salt balance in simulated soil coulumns was calculated on the basis of a large amount of long term observation data.The results showed that under the climate conditions of semi-arid region of the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain,the soils in the columns were under salt accumulation conditions when the groundwater depth was controlled at less than 2.0m,and under desalinization conditions when at larger than 2.5m.In the soil columns with clay soil and silty loam soil intercalated with a clay layer,the amount of salt accumulated was far less than that in the soil column with silty loam soil throughout the whole profile.Under no irriagtion conditions crop planting may increase groundwater evaporation and hence salt accumulation in soil,making the soil columns under desalinization be under salt accumulation conditions.     

Changes in the salinity of solonetzic soil complexes of the Ergeni Upland under long-term anthropogenic impact (soil studies at the Arshan’-Zel’men Experimental Station of the Russian Academy of Sciences)

Unique experiments performed since the 1950s at the Arshan’-Zel’men Experimental Station have formed the basis for afforestation in the dry steppe and semidesert zone without irrigation on the salt-affected soils of solonetzic soil complexes of the Ergeni Upland. Ameliorative measures favored the accumulation of productive moisture in the upper 2-m-thick soil layer, which ensured the growth of trees and the partial leaching of soluble salts to a depth of 1–1.4 m. However, no complete desalinization of the soil profiles took place. The degree of removal of exchangeable sodium from the exchange complex (soil dealkalization) was smaller. The monitoring of changes in the salt status of the soils upon agroforest reclamation was performed until the early 1980s. Our investigations of 2005–2006 showed that the soil amelioration is still in progress: the salt maximum in the profile of the solonetzes descended to a depth of 2.2 m, and the exchangeable sodium was lost from the plow layer (0–40 cm). Plowed soils between forest shelterbelts were also subjected to desalinization and dealkalization of their soil profile, though less intensely than those under the shelterbelts.     

香石竹设施栽培土壤可溶性盐分主成分分析

为探索香石竹设施栽培土壤盐害的防治方法与技术途径,对香石竹设施栽培土壤可溶性盐分进行了主成分分析。结果表明:土壤中可溶性盐分可分为主成分1(SO42-、NO3-、Ca2+、Cl-、K+)和主成分2(CO32-、HCO3-)两个成分,主成分1中SO42-、NO3-、Ca2+与土壤EC值三次模型拟合度较高(R2>0.850**),并与土壤EC值呈不同强度的正相关性;土壤EC值与全盐量呈强正相关性(r=0.99**),并接近线性关系(线性模型R2=0.976**,三次模型R2=0.984**);土壤EC值可作为一个有效指标,反映土壤盐渍化及土壤可溶性盐分,特别是反映SO42-、NO3-、Ca2+的变动情况,盐害防治重点在于SO42-、NO3-、Ca2+。研究对指导香石竹设施栽培土壤管理与持续利用具有重要意义。