miRNAs在植物色泽调控中的研究进展

色泽是影响植物外观品质及其商品价值的重要因素,目前关于植物色泽的研究主要集中于生理生化及转录水平上,而在转录后水平上报道较少。microRNA(miRNA)是一类在真核生物中广泛存在的非编码单链RNA分子,它可以通过对靶标mRNA的互补配对而降解或抑制m RNA的翻译,从而在转录后水平上对基因的表达进行负调控。简述了miRNA的作用机理,并对近几年miRNA在植物色泽调控中的研究进展进行了综述,以期为植物色泽在转录后水平上的调控奠定基础。     

拟南芥miRNA及其靶序列配对特征分析

microRNAs(miRNAs)是真核生物中一类长度约为22 nt的非编码小分子RNA,miRNA与AGO等蛋白形成RISC沉默复合体,通过剪切或翻译抑制对靶基因起负调控作用。对拟南芥miRNA序列及其配对的靶序列间的特征进行了统计分析,结果表明miRNA序列5′端富含A、U,第1、第19碱基位对U、C具有较强的倾向性;miRNA与靶序列间常有1~4个碱基错配,错配碱基常出现在第1,第2和第21位,而第3~第6,第9~第10,第16~第17碱基配对较为保守,为人工合成miRNA的设计及miRNA靶基因的预测以提供了依据。     

miRNA-mediated gene silencing by translational repression followed by mRNA deadenylation and decay

microRNAs (miRNAs) regulate gene expression through translational repression and/or messenger RNA (mRNA) deadenylation and decay. Because translation, deadenylation, and decay are closely linked processes, it is important to establish their ordering and thus to define the molecular mechanism of silencing. We have investigated the kinetics of these events in miRNA-mediated gene silencing by using a Drosophila S2 cell-based controllable expression system and show that mRNAs with both natural and engineered 3' untranslated regions with miRNA target sites are first subject to translational inhibition, followed by effects on deadenylation and decay. We next used a natural translational elongation stall to show that miRNA-mediated silencing inhibits translation at an early step, potentially translation initiation.     

人类Ago2蛋白与肿瘤的关系研究

Argonaute2 （Ago2）蛋白是RNA诱导沉默复合体（RNA-induced silencing complex、RISC）的核心元件,不仅在miRNA/siRNA通路中促使靶mRNA降解或抑制其蛋白质翻译,调节miRNAs生物合成和成熟,对生物生长发育、干细胞分化和肿瘤形成等有密切关系.     

飞蝗Argonaute1的分子特性及生物学功能

【目的】MicroRNAs(miRNAs)是一类长度约22 nt的非编码RNA,通过转录后调控的方式在多种生命活动中发挥重要功能。Argonaute1(AGO1)蛋白作为miRNA沉默复合物(miRNA silencing complex RISC)的重要组成部分,在miRNA调控通路中起着关键作用。论文旨在研究AGO1的生物学功能及其对飞蝗(Locusta moratoria)生长发育的影响,为探索昆虫miRNA的生物合成和农业害虫的有效控制提供理论依据。【方法】采用生物信息学方法在飞蝗转录组数据库中获得Lm AGO1 c DNA序列;使用在线蛋白翻译软件(Ex PASy)对Lm AGO1进行蛋白翻译,利用SMART分析Lm AGO1蛋白的功能结构域;选取家蚕(Bombyx mori)、果蝇(Drosophila melanogaster)和赤拟谷盗(Tribolium castaneum)等模式昆虫的同源序列与Lm AGO1氨基酸序列进行聚类分析,采用Phyml软件构建昆虫AGO蛋白的系统发育树;为了进一步研究Lm AGO1在飞蝗生长发育过程中的作用,使用T7 RiboMAX~(TM) Express RNAi System体外合成Lm AGO1的ds RNA,在飞蝗4龄第2天和5龄第2天若虫期连续两次注射ds RNA进行干扰,同时注射ds GFP作为对照。分别收集注射ds RNA后48 h和72 h的整虫样品提取RNA,反转录为c DNA。通过实时荧光定量PCR(RT-q PCR)检测Lm AGO1在不同时间点的干扰效率并观察虫体的发育表型。同时,为了检测Lm AGO1沉默是否会影响miRNA的生物合成,采用RT-q PCR对飞蝗体内5个高丰度miRNA表达进行定量分析。【结果】Lm AGO1蛋白含845个氨基酸,具有典型的AGO蛋白家族保守结构域,即位于213—348位点的PAZ结构域和502—804位点的PIWI结构域。聚类分析表明,Lm AGO1蛋白与其他昆虫的AGO1蛋白聚为一类。通过AGO1氨基酸序列同源比对结果显示Lm AGO1与模式昆虫果蝇、家蚕AGO1的氨基酸序列一致度高达82.2%和86.9%。RNAi结果表明,虫体注射ds Lm AGO1 48 h和72 h后,与对照组相比,Lm AGO1表达量均显著降低,干扰效率分别为88.1%和93.0%;进一步观察试虫生长发育的表型特征,与对照组相比,飞蝗4龄期注射dsL m AGO1后其生长发育并没有出现明显异常,待蜕皮发育至下一龄期(即5龄期)时,出现大量死亡,死亡率为89.3%;荧光定量PCR结果显示注射ds Lm AGO148 h后,飞蝗体内miRNA-252和miRNA-8的表达显著下降,干扰72 h后miRNA-7、let 7、miRNA-252、miRNA-8的表达均显著下降。【结论】飞蝗AGO1除参与RSIC的形成以外,还可能参与miRNA的剪切加工过程进而调控飞蝗的正常发育。     

RNA干扰研究现状

RNA干扰(RNAi)是指生物体内利用双链RNA(dsRNA)诱导同源靶基因的mRNA特异性降解,从而导致转录后基因沉默的现象。其在抵抗病毒感染、抑制转座子活动、调控内源性基因表达等方面发挥重要作用。RNAi以其高特异性、高效性等显著优势将成为研究基因功能的全新手段。简要概括RNAi作用机制和siRNA技术的原理,同时也讨论了RNAi技术在其他领域,如在基因信号通路研究、高通量研究基因功能、基因治疗如肿瘤研究和疾病治疗等方面的应用。     

苹果‘金冠’AGO1基因克隆及与发育相关miRNA表达分析

为明确miRNA沉默靶基因的调控机理,克隆AGO1蛋白基因并了解其作为沉默复合物核心成员在miRNA沉默通路中的作用,本研究在分析‘金冠’苹果基因组的基础上,以‘金冠’叶片cDNA为模板,克隆获得了3 234bp AGO1基因全长,蛋白分子质量为119ku,等电点为9.41,包含2个保守的AGO蛋白特征结构域:PAZ和Piwi区,命名为MdAGO1。苹果‘金冠’不同组织MdAGO1基因及13种与发育相关miRNA实时定量PCR分析结果表明:1)MdAGO1在花和果实中表达量均高于叶片;2)miRNA在果实和花中表达量均较高,叶片相对较低。MdAGO1与13种发育相关miRNA表达一致,在苹果中MdAGO1可能与miRNA协同作用调控植物的生长发育。     

A MicroRNA Catalog of Swine Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells Identified by Deep Sequencing

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous ∼22 nt RNAs that play important regulatory roles in targeting mRNAs for cleavage or translational repression. Despite the discovery of increasing numbers of human and mouse miRNAs, little is known about miRNAs from pig. In this study, we sought to extend the repertoire of porcine small regulatory RNAs using Solexa sequencing. We sequenced a library of small RNAs prepared from immortalized swine umbilical vein endothelial cells (SUVECs). We produced over 13.6 million short sequence reads, of which 8547658 perfectly mapped to the pig genome. A bioinformatics pipeline was used to identify authentic mature miRNA sequences. We identified 154 porcine miRNA genes, among which 146 were conserved across species, and 8 were pig-specific miRNA genes. The 146 miRNA genes encoded 116 conserved mature miRNAs and 66 miRNA*. The 8 pig-specific miRNA genes encoded 4 mature miRNAs. Four potential novel miRNAs were identified. The secondary structures of the 154 miRNA genes were predicted; 13 miRNAs have 2 structures, and miR-9 and miR-199 have 4 and 3 structures, respectively. 36 miRNAs were organized into 19 compact clusters. miR-206, miR-21 and miR-378 were the relatively highly expressed miRNAs. In conclusion, Solexa sequencing allowed the successful discovery of known and novel porcine miRNAs with high accuracy and efficiency. Furthermore, our results supply new data to the somewhat insufficient pig miRBase, and are useful for investigating features of the blood-brain barrier, vascular diseases and inflammation.     

A microRNA as a translational repressor of APETALA2 in Arabidopsis flower development

Plant microRNAs (miRNAs) show a high degree of sequence complementarity to, and are believed to guide the cleavage of, their target messenger RNAs. Here, I show that miRNA172, which can base-pair with the messenger RNA of a floral homeotic gene, APETALA2, regulates APETALA2 expression primarily through translational inhibition. Elevated miRNA172 accumulation results in floral organ identity defects similar to those in loss-of-function apetala2 mutants. Elevated levels of mutant APETALA2 RNA with disrupted miRNA172 base pairing, but not wild-type APETALA2 RNA, result in elevated levels of APETALA2 protein and severe floral patterning defects. Therefore, miRNA172 likely acts in cell-fate specification as a translational repressor of APETALA2 in Arabidopsis flower development.     

Identification of virus-encoded microRNAs

RNA silencing processes are guided by small RNAs that are derived from double-stranded RNA. To probe for function of RNA silencing during infection of human cells by a DNA virus, we recorded the small RNA profile of cells infected by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). We show that EBV expresses several microRNA (miRNA) genes. Given that miRNAs function in RNA silencing pathways either by targeting messenger RNAs for degradation or by repressing translation, we identified viral regulators of host and/or viral gene expression.     

A distinct small RNA pathway silences selfish genetic elements in the germline

In the Drosophila germline, repeat-associated small interfering RNAs (rasiRNAs) ensure genomic stability by silencing endogenous selfish genetic elements such as retrotransposons and repetitive sequences. Whereas small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) derive from both the sense and antisense strands of their double-stranded RNA precursors, rasiRNAs arise mainly from the antisense strand. rasiRNA production appears not to require Dicer-1, which makes microRNAs (miRNAs), or Dicer-2, which makes siRNAs, and rasiRNAs lack the 2',3' hydroxy termini characteristic of animal siRNA and miRNA. Unlike siRNAs and miRNAs, rasiRNAs function through the Piwi, rather than the Ago, Argonaute protein subfamily. Our data suggest that rasiRNAs protect the fly germline through a silencing mechanism distinct from both the miRNA and RNA interference pathways.     

A microRNA in a multiple-turnover RNAi enzyme complex

In animals, the double-stranded RNA-specific endonuclease Dicer produces two classes of functionally distinct, tiny RNAs: microRNAs (miRNAs) and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). miRNAs regulate mRNA translation, whereas siRNAs direct RNA destruction via the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway. Here we show that, in human cell extracts, the miRNA let-7 naturally enters the RNAi pathway, which suggests that only the degree of complementarity between a miRNA and its RNA target determines its function. Human let-7 is a component of a previously identified, miRNA-containing ribonucleoprotein particle, which we show is an RNAi enzyme complex. Each let-7-containing complex directs multiple rounds of RNA cleavage, which explains the remarkable efficiency of the RNAi pathway in human cells.     

动物病毒microRNA的研究进展

MicroRNAs(miRNAs)是一种含有约22～25个核苷酸的非编码单链RNA分子,广泛存在于人类及其他各种生物中。它通过与靶mRNA特异性的碱基互补配对,引起靶mRNA降解或者抑制其翻译,从而调节基因的转录后表达水平。病毒microRNA是新发现的一类miRNA,综述了近年来病毒microRNA的产生、作用机制、生物学功能及其在动物上的研究进展。     

植物微小RNA（microRNA）研究进展

真核细胞中存在大量的非编码RNA,～22nt的小RNA是其中一类非常重要的调控RNA,主要包括siRNA和miRNA两种类型,二者均由类似RNaseⅢ的核酸内切酶一Dicer加工产生,随后进入沉默复合体抑制靶基因表达。miRNA分子与siRNA类似,但miRNA的前体在基因组上具有独立的转录单位,可自身折叠成发卡结构,其靶基因主要是与器官发生及生长发育相关的转录因子以及调控蛋白。miRNA在生物生长发育的各个时期都扮演着重要的角色,调控许多重要的生物途径,处于基因调控网络的核心位置。