我国部分地区奶牛乳房炎的病因及发病情况调查

１９８０～１９８９年对２２个城市３２个奶牛场１０３７１头成年泌乳牛进行乳房炎病因及发病情况调查，并对其中３３８４头泌乳期奶牛的１２６６０个乳区进行隐性乳为检查，结果临床型乳房炎奶牛发病率为３３．４１％，隐性乳房炎奶牛头阳性检出率为７３．９１％，乳区阳性检出率为４４．７４％，采集２０１５份患乳房炎和健康奶牛奶样进行细菌性检查，临床乳房炎，隐性乳房炎和健康奶样病原菌检出率分别为８５．３７％，６２．７６     

左旋咪唑对奶牛隐性乳房炎的防治效果

应用左旋咪唑，对西宁奶牛场二分场43头荷斯坦（中国）泌乳奶牛进行了隐性乳房炎的防治试验。结果表明奶牛隐性乳房炎头阳性率由投药前的83．7％，下降为55．8％；乳区阳性率由46．4％下降为31．5％。防治效果明显（P＜0．05）。     

重庆部分地区泌乳奶牛乳房炎的病因及发病情况调查

对重庆部分地区６个奶牛场１１８头泌乳奶牛进行临床型乳房炎的病因及发病情况调查,并对其中７６头泌４乳奶牛进行隐性乳房炎检查。同时对２２６份患乳房炎和健康奶牛奶样进行细菌学分离鉴定,结果表明：临床型乳房炎奶牛及阳性乳区分别为８．４７％（１０／１１８）和３．３２％（１５／４５２）;隐性乳房炎奶牛及阳性乳区分别为７８．９４％（６０／７６）和５０．３４％（１４８／２９４）;临床型乳房炎、隐性乳房炎奶牛的阳性     

重庆部分地区泌乳奶牛乳房炎的病因及发病情况调查

对重庆部分地区６个奶牛场１１８头泌乳奶牛进行临床型乳房炎的病因及发病情况调查,并对其中７６头泌４乳奶牛进行隐性乳房炎检查,同时对２２６份患乳房炎和健康奶牛奶样进行细菌学分离鉴定。结果表明：临床型乳房炎奶牛及阳性乳区分别为８．４７％（１０／１１８）和３．３２％（１５／４５２）;隐性乳房炎奶牛及阳性乳区分别为７８．９４％（６０／７６）和５０．３４％（１４８／２９４）;临床型乳房炎、隐性乳房炎奶牛的阳性乳区奶样和健康奶牛的奶样细菌检出率分别为８６．６７％（１３／１５）、８７．８３％（１３０／１４８）和７３．００％（４６／６３）;检出的细菌主要是葡萄球菌和链球菌。     

贵阳市奶牛隐性乳房炎发病情况调查

采用加州乳房炎检测法(CMT)对贵阳市清镇、乌当区、花溪区和开阳县的4个规模化奶牛场奶牛隐性乳房炎的发病情况进行了调查,共检测了284头泌乳奶牛的1 136个乳区.结果表明,奶牛隐性乳房炎的头发病率和乳区发病率分别为53.8％、26.1％.数据表明,奶牛隐性乳房炎与胎次、年龄有很大关系.不同胎次和年龄的泌乳奶牛隐性乳房炎阳性率差异极显著(P＜0.01).结果提示,规模化奶牛养殖场进行常态化的乳房炎检查和实验室检验是非常必要的,可以随时监控隐性乳房炎的发病情况,为促进奶业发展打下坚实基础.     

对四川奶牛隐性乳房炎的调查研究

本文采用美国加利福尼亚快速诊断法(CMT法)对四川四家大型奶牛场(A、B、C、D)96头泌乳奶牛的360个乳区进行隐性乳房炎的检测,对患隐性乳房炎的奶牛及其乳区的阳性率进行了样本百分数差异显著性检验,并对患隐性乳房炎奶牛的胎次、日产奶量、年龄与发生率的关系进行了相关性检验。结果得出:被检奶牛隐性乳房炎的头发生率为25%,乳区发生率为9.17%;奶牛隐性乳房炎发生率和泌乳奶牛年龄、胎次呈显著正相关,奶牛隐性乳房炎发生率对日产奶量也有显著影响。     

某奶牛场奶牛乳房炎调查

采用SMT法对某奶牛场505头泌乳牛进行乳房炎检测结果显示：该奶牛场奶牛隐性乳房炎阳性率为42.38％(214/505)，临床型乳房炎阳性率为8．32％(42／505),乳区阳性率为22．02％(421／1912)。     

奶牛隐性乳房炎的病原分离及药敏试验报告

调查了合肥郊区部分奶牛场乳房炎发生情况,采用SMT检测法检测该奶牛场的隐性乳房炎，对100头奶牛进行检测，检出69头．隐性乳房炎阳性率为69％，并对乳样进行细菌分离鉴定，选择主要病原菌做药敏试验。结果表明，隐性乳房炎的主要致病菌为葡萄球菌、链球菌和大肠杆菌，它们对头孢噻吩钠、诺氟沙星、氨苄西林、羧苄青霉素等药物均高度敏感。     

重庆地区奶牛隐性乳房炎病原菌的分离鉴定及药敏试验

对重庆地区６个奶牛场的７６头黑白花奶牛２９４份奶样，采用ＬＭＴ方法检测隐性乳房炎，按常规方法分离鉴定病原菌，用纸片法对其病原菌进行药敏试验。结果表明，ＬＭＴ阳性奶牛检出率为７８．９４％、阳性乳区的检出率为５０．４３％；阳性乳区的细菌检出率为８７．８３％；分离鉴定的病原菌以葡萄球菌和链球菌为主，占检出细菌总数的９４．６０％；而这些病原菌对庆大霉素、氯霉素和红霉素的敏感性最高。目前在临床上可首选此类药物治疗奶牛隐性乳房炎     

奶牛隐性乳房炎与其相关因素的调查与分析

通过对枣庄地区5个牛舍内的100头奶牛进行实地调查，进而研究奶牛隐性乳房炎的发病规律。结果表明，该牛场奶牛隐性乳房炎的阳性率为33%；6岁以上奶牛乳房炎的发病率明显高于2~5岁奶牛；前区隐性乳房炎的发病率最高；奶牛隐性乳房炎的发病率随胎次的增加而上升；日泌乳量〈20kg的奶牛隐性乳房炎的发病率明显高于日泌乳量〉20kg组。     

山东省某奶牛场奶牛乳房炎的调查与分析

随机对某奶牛场的300头奶牛进行乳房炎调查和病原菌的分离鉴定,经SMT试验结果显示,该场奶牛乳房炎感染率49.67%,隐性乳房炎的阳性率占为32.33%,按左前、右前、左后、右后乳区的发病率差异均不显著（P〉0.05）;不同月份发病率差异极显著（P〈0.001）,夏季、冬季发病率高,卡方检验显示1～4胎发病率差异不显著（P=0.3126〉0.05）,但第4胎起发病率升高应引起注意。     

大连地区奶牛隐性乳房炎主要病原菌的分离鉴定及药敏试验

为了明确引起大连地区奶牛隐性乳房炎的主要病原菌及其发病情况,对大连市不同地区的256头黑白花泌乳奶牛进行调查研究,对奶牛隐性乳房炎奶样进行病原菌的分离鉴定及药敏试验。结果表明,检出奶牛隐性乳房炎阳性率为65.63%、乳区阳性率为51.95%;病原菌以金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)、链球菌(Streptococcus)和大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)为主,占检出细菌总数的83.33%;体外药敏试验筛选出了对主要病原菌高度敏感的药物,能有效地治疗奶牛隐性乳房炎。     

乳头封闭剂和不同干奶药品对预防奶牛产后乳房炎的研究

奶牛乳腺健康直接关系到奶牛生产性能,和牧场效益息息相关。如何有效预防奶牛乳房炎的发生,是牧场的重中之重。干奶期是奶牛乳腺机能恢复健康的一个重要阶段,对预防奶牛产后乳房炎的发生有着重要意义。本文利用长达1 年的时间,对635 头奶牛进行分组试验,并追踪观察其产后90 天内乳房炎的发生情况和产奶量情况。通过数据分析发现,奶牛干奶期联合使用抗生素和乳头封闭剂对奶牛进行干奶,比单独使用抗生素干奶,产后7 天的体细胞阳性率降低了28.58%;产后60 天临床乳房炎发病率降低了35.40%,产后90天降低了41.32%;各组之间的产奶量并无显著差异（P>0.05）。     

奶牛乳房炎溶血性病原菌分离培养及药敏试验

本试验旨在确定吉林市某奶牛场奶牛乳房炎的主要致病菌及致病菌对某些抗生素的敏感性。无菌采集奶牛乳房炎病例的奶样,进行细菌分离培养和细菌的药敏试验。试验结果显示,该奶牛场奶牛乳房炎的主要致病菌为2种溶血性的链球菌,分别是α溶血性链球菌和β溶血性链球菌,且致病菌的耐药性较强,对大多数抗生素均有耐药性。试验结果表明,该奶牛场奶牛乳房炎致病菌具有强致病性和耐药性。     

The spread and antimicrobial resistance of Staphylococcus aureus in South African dairy herds – A review

Staphylococcus aureus is internationally recognised as a principal agent of mastitis and the foremost reason for economic loss in the dairy industry. The limited data available on organism-specific antibiotic resistance surveillance in dairy cattle have stimulated the need for such a review article. The objective of this study was to review relevant literature on antimicrobial resistance of mastitis-causing staphylococci isolated from dairy cows in South Africa compared to other countries. Factors relating to the incidence of mastitis and treatment strategies in terms of the One Health concept and food security were included. The Web of Science (all databases) and relevant websites were used, and articles not written in English were excluded. The incidence of mastitis varied between South Africa and other countries. Antimicrobial resistance patterns caused by S. aureus also varied in regions within Southern Africa and those of other countries although some similarities were shown. Antimicrobial resistance differed between S. aureus bacteria that were maltose positive and negative (an emerging pathogen). The results highlighted the importance of the availability of organism-specific surveillance data of the incidence of mastitis and antibiotic resistance for specific countries and within similar climatic conditions. Accurate knowledge about whether a specific pathogen is resistant to an antibiotic within a certain climate, country, area or farm should reduce the incidence of unnecessary or incorrect treatment with antibiotics. This should enable dairy farmers to deal with these organisms in a more effective manner. Therefore such research should be ongoing.     

新疆垦区奶牛乳房炎致病菌的调查

本试验选取新疆垦区七个试验牛场,临床调查和试剂诊断,检测奶牛712头,采集奶牛乳房炎阳性乳样314份。其中,奶牛隐性乳房炎阳性检出率平均为36.3%,临床性奶牛乳房炎为16.7%;采集阳性奶样经试验分离鉴定,革兰氏阳性菌仍是引起奶牛乳房炎的主要致病菌,但金色葡萄球菌已基本取代链球菌成为主要的致病菌,其检出率为78.98%。另外,常见环境性致病菌如沙门氏菌、大肠杆菌已明显减少,检出率仅为21.1%和9.24%。相反,绿脓杆菌和蜡样芽孢杆菌的检出率明显增加,其检出率为5.41%和11.15%,而且绿脓杆菌和隐球菌已经成为引起临床性乳房炎爆发的两种新的病原,其中隐球菌已经成为造成顽固性乳房炎的又一种新型病原。     

奶牛乳房炎类型与病原菌感染之间相关性的研究

通过对 2 858份不同类型乳房炎奶样的细菌学检验 ,结果分得细菌共 2 4种 31 38株 ,其中分离鉴定出与乳房炎有密切关系的病原菌 1 2种 1 96 8株 ,病原菌检出率为 6 2 .72 %,各种类型乳房炎常见病原菌的区系分布总的趋势是一致的 ,绝大部分是以无乳链球菌为主 ,其次是停乳链球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌和乳房链球菌等。但不同类型之间、同一类型不同等级之间及隐性乳房炎泌乳期和干奶前之间奶样的细菌分布和细菌种类有所不同。乳房炎的轻重与病原菌检出率呈正相关。奶牛乳房即使在健康的状态下也存在着带菌现象     

生物氧疗法在治疗奶牛临床型乳房炎上的应用

本试验采用生物氧(成分为臭氧)结合抗生素治疗奶牛临床型乳房炎,并对生物氧疗法的疗效进行评价。2009年9月份~11月份,选取患有临床型乳房炎的奶牛30头并随机分为两组,每组15头。试验组采用生物氧结合抗生素疗法,对照组只采用抗生素疗法。结果发现,试验组平均治愈时间为7.4d,治愈14头,治愈率为93.33%,而对照组平均治愈时间为12.6d,治愈11头,治愈率为73.33%。从试验结果可以发现生物氧疗法在治疗奶牛临床型乳房炎上效果显著,有良好的应用前景。     

张家口地区奶牛隐性乳腺炎的流行特点

在春夏秋冬四个不同的季节采集张家口地区奶牛的奶样,通过CMT法检测奶牛隐性乳腺炎的发病率。结果个体阳性平均率为52.3%,阳性乳区平均率为19.2%,奶牛隐性乳腺炎的发病率与季节没有明显的相关性、与胎次呈正相关,后乳区的阳性率明显高于前乳区。     

Efficacy of blanket treatment of cows and heifers with an internal teat sealant in reducing the risk of mastitis in dairy cattle calving on pasture

AIM: To evaluate the benefit of blanket treatment of all milking cows at drying-off and all replacement heifers one month prior to the planned start of mating with an internal teat sealant on the incidence of mastitis, and somatic cell counts (SCC), postpartum in a 650-cow herd with a mastitis incidence in early lactation of 15% in cows and 26% in heifers. METHODS: Prior to drying-off, lactating cattle were divided on the basis of SCC and mastitis history. Cattle with records of individual SCC >150,000 cells/ml or mastitis in the previous lactation were treated with a cloxacillin-based dry-cow therapy (DCT), while the remaining cattle received no antibiotics. Cattle in each of the two groups were then randomly assigned to receive either an internal teat sealant or no further treatment. Additionally, one month prior to the planned start of calving the rising 2-year-old heifers were also randomly assigned to receive either an internal teat sealant or no treatment. All clinical mastitis cases were recorded for the first 10 weeks after the start of calving, while SCC were measured on three occasions during the subsequent lactation. RESULTS: Data were available from 466 cows and 206 heifers; treatment with the internal teat sealant significantly reduced the incidence of mastitis in both groups. For cows, the reduced risk of mastitis due to treatment with the teat sealant was not significantly different between cows, which, based on their mastitis history, required dry-cow antibiotics and those which did not. There was no effect of teat sealant on the mean SCC of any group at any time-point. CONCLUSIONS: On this farm, treatment of all cows and heifers prior to parturition with an internal teat sealant significantly reduced the risk of clinical mastitis. The benefits of an internal teat sealant were the same when used in combination with antibiotics in cows with a history of mastitis as when used alone in cows with no such history. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: These data support the proposition that blanket treatment with an internal teat sealant of all cows due to enter the milking herd can be a useful method of mastitis control. They also suggest that combined therapy with dry-cow antibiotics and internal teat sealants can be beneficial under New Zealand conditions. More detailed research on more farms in more areas of New Zealand is required to confirm these suggestions.