High night temperature stimulates photosynthesis,biomass production and growth during the vegetative stage of rice plants

Abstract

The effects of night temperature on biomass accumulation and plant morphology were examined in rice (Oryza sativa L.) during vegetative growth. Plants were grown under three different night temperatures (17, 22 and 27°C) for 63 days. The day temperature was maintained at 27°C in all treatments. The final biomass of the plants was greatest in the plants grown at the highest night temperature. Total leaf area and tiller number were also the greatest in this treatment. Growth analysis indicated that the relative growth rate in the 27°C night-temperature treatment was maximal between days 21–42 and this was caused by increases in leaf area ratio, leaf weight ratio and specific leaf area. Plant total nitrogen contents did not differ among treatments. However, nitrogen allocation to the leaf blades was highest and the accumulation of sucrose and starch in the leaf blades and sheaths was the lowest in the 27°C night-temperature treatment by day 42. Despite this, dark respiration was also highest, and both the gross and net rates of CO₂ uptake at the level of the whole plant at day 63 were the highest in the 27°C night-temperature treatment. Thus, high night temperature strongly stimulated the growth of leaf blades during the early stage of rice plant growth, leading to increased biomass during the vegetative stage of the rice plants. As the CO₂ uptake rate per total leaf area was higher, photosynthesis at the level of the whole plant was also stimulated by a high night temperature.     

夜温升高对早籼稻产量和品质的影响

利用2间玻璃室内夜间不同的温度条件,研究了生长期间夜温升高对早籼稻产量和品质的影响。结果表明,夜温升高促进早籼稻的生长发育,缩短早籼稻生育期;前期夜温升高能提高早籼稻的分蘖能力,增加有效穗;中后期夜温升高不利于早稻颖花分化和籽粒灌浆,导致结实率的下降;另外,夜温升高显著降低早籼稻稻米的碾磨和外观品质。但夜温升高对早籼稻产量的影响与生育期内的白天温度有关,白天温度较低时,夜温适度升高,有利于产量增加。     

Increased grain yield and biomass allocation in rice under cool night temperature

Abstract

The effects of different night temperatures on grain yield were examined in rice (Oryza sativa L. Akita-63) during the ripening period. Plants were grown under two different night temperatures (22 and 27°C) from anthesis to harvesting. The day temperature was maintained at 27°C in both treatments. Although the final biomass at harvest did not differ between the treatments, the dry weight of the panicles was significantly greater in the cool night temperature treatment. This increase in panicle weight was associated with increases in the 1000-kernel weight and the ratio of filled spikelets. Although panicle respiration in the high night temperature treatment decreased to almost zero just after the cessation of grain filling, the net CO₂ fixation rate per day in the whole plant in this treatment tended to be higher, and this was associated with a higher level of starch accumulation. After grain filling, the starch content decreased and the final dry weight of other plant parts, including dead organs and new tillers, was greater in the high night temperature treatment. Thus, the noted decline in yield at the high night temperature led to changes in carbon allocation to new sinks for vegetative reproduction at the whole plant level. From these results, we considered the possibility that a cool night temperature tends to favor carbon allocation to panicles, resulting in higher yield.     

Positional difference in potassium concentration as diagnostic index relating to plant K status and yield level in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Plant tissue testing is used as a guide for rice (Oryza sativa L.) fertilization and has been extensively used in the diagnosis of potassium (K) deficiency. However, little attention has been paid to the variation in the diagnostic index of K status in different parts of the rice plant. Here, we assessed the feasibility by testing K concentrations of whole plants, leaf blades and leaf sheaths to develop a suitable diagnostic index of plant K status and yield level in rice under different K application rates. The results showed that this research could satisfy the requirements of K status diagnosis, based on the quadratic-plus-plateau relationship between K application rates and grain yield. The K concentrations of the leaf blades and leaf sheaths on the main stem showed differences based on position. Leaf blade K concentrations significantly decreased from the top of the plant to the bottom in the effective tillering and jointing stages. Conversely, K concentrations in the lower leaf blades exceeded those in the upper leaf blades in the booting and full heading stages. K concentrations in the leaf sheath were significantly reduced with declining leaf position except during the jointing stage under high K treatments. Leaf sheath/leaf blade K concentration ratios increased significantly more in lower tissues than in upper plant tissues. Correlation analysis showed that the K concentrations of all sampled plant tissues were positively correlated to plant K uptake and grain yield. However, K concentrations of the whole plant were more useful as a diagnostic index at the effective tillering stage than at other growth stages. Leaf sheaths in lower positions were preferable to upper leaf sheaths and all leaf blades for evaluating plant K status, although their K concentrations were greatly influenced by plant growth stage. Furthermore, this study demonstrated that the ratio between the K concentrations of the first and fourth leaf blades (LBKR_1/4) was grouped into significantly exponential curves (P < 0.01) to describe the relationship between plant K uptake and relative grain yield. Thus, LBKR_1/4 could be an ideal indicator of rice plant K status and yield level, as it eliminated the effects of plant growth stage.     

Effect of Application of Different Types of Organic Composts on Rice Growth under Laboratory Conditions

In the present study, pot experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of the application of two different kinds of composts: pea-rice hull compost (PRC) and cattle dung-tea compost (CTC) on rice growth. These composts differed in their nitrogen composition, as well as in their effect on plant height, number of tillers, dry matter yield and nutrient uptake (nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K)) of rice plants. Plants were cultivated in 1/5,000 Wagner pots, which contained 3 kg of soil, completely mixed with the composts (PRC 404 g; CTC 380 g) and chemical fertilizer (CHEM), respectively in the first crop. The residual effect of the composts was studied after the plants of the first crop were harvested. All the treatments were replicated four times, with a randomized complete block design. The nutrient concentrations in the roots, leaf sheaths, leaf blades, stalks, and grain were analyzed at different growth stages. At the most active tillering and heading stages of the plants of the first crop, the number of tillers, dry matter yield and the amount of nutrients absorbed from the CHEM treatment were found to be higher than those in the other treatments. The values of the plant height, straw growth and nutrient uptake of the rice plants with the PRC treatment were the highest among all the treatments at the maturity stage. In the plants of the second crop, the values of the plant height, number of tillers, straw and whole plant yield and the N and K uptake from the PRC treatment were the highest among all the treatments at the heading and maturity stages. The chemical fertilizer was a fast-release fertilizer used to supply nutrients at the early stage of rice growth in the first crop. The beneficial effect of the composts on rice growth and nutrient uptake was conspicuous in the second crop, compared with that of routine treatment of chemical fertilizer.     

Patterns of mineral nutrient fluctuations in soybean leaves in relation to their position

Dry weight accumulation in blades for the trifoliolate leaf as well as the concentration per gram of dry weight and accumulation of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu) were determined during the vegetative and reproductive phases at different leaf positions of soybean [Glycine max (L) Merrill, var. Halle] grown in the field without fertilization. The leaf blades at each position were sampled three times at seven day intervals. Mature (middle) leaves showed a higher rate of dry weight accumulation particularly during the vegetative stage in comparison to the older (lower) and younger (upper) leaves. These differences increased with the progress of plant growth. The minimization to zero of the rate of dry weight accumulation in blades after the development of pods is differentiated in leaves of different age. The N, P, and K concentration in leaf blades increase and those of Ca and Mg decrease from older (lower) to mature (middle) and younger (upper) leaves. Rates of N and P accumulation at the vegetative stage are greater than the rate of dry weight accumulation. During the reproductive stage, P mobilization and transport to reproductive sinks was observed. Older and mature leaves sustain significant levels of N and P up to the end of the plant life cycle. In the upper leaves, the decline of N and P concentration during the same period is ascribed to dilution and change of the carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratio due to the late increase of dry weight. Potassium in blades of mature and upper leaves seems to be mobilized to reproductive sinks. This did not seem likely for the lower leaves. High Ca concentration in the blades was attributed to the high level of available Ca in the soil, combined with the prevalence of dry growth conditions during the summer. The rate of Ca accumulation is smaller than the rate of dry weight accumulation during the vegetative stage and greater during the reproductive one. The Mg fluctuations indicate a small influence of reproductive sinks on Mg concentration in the blades. The older leaves have the greatest Ca and Mg concentrations compared to the mature and upper leaves. In lower leaves, indications of faster Mg redistribution are found. Iron, Cu, and Zn concentrations in the blades are higher before flowering, then afterwards in a contrary manner than that for Mn. A decline of Fe, Cu, Zn, and Mn concentration in blades from the lower to the mature and upper leaves was determined. Iron shows the greatest change with the highest concentration being during the early vegetative stage and a rapid decline shortly afterwards. Older leaves were found to be significant Fe reserves during the vegetative stage, while after pod development, they present an impressive accumulation of Zn and Mn.     

Effects of Temperature during Seedling Stage on Growth and Nutrient Absorbance of Gerbera jamesonii Growing in Organic Substrate

The effects of different temperature treatments during the seedling stage on growth and nutrient absorbance of Gerbera jamesonii cv ‘Sunshine Coast’ growing in the organic substrate were investigated. The temperature treatments were conducted in growth chamber where the day/night temperature were set to 15/10, 20/15, 25/20, and 30/25°C individually. The results showed that the fresh and dry weight of aboveground part and that of roots, average number of leaves and lateral roots were greater at 30/25°C than other treatments. The highest level of macro elements nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) in the leaf samples were also detected at 25/20°C and 30/25°C. However, there was no significant influence of different temperatures on zinc (Zn) levels in leaves. In general, the day temperature 25～30°C and night temperature 20～25°C are thought to be the better temperature condition for gerbera growth as well as the nutrient uptake and accumulation in the plants during the seedling stage.     

Zinc nutrition affects alfalfa responses to water stress and excessive moisture

The interactive effect of applied zinc (Zn) and soil moisture on early vegetative growth of three alfalfa (lucerne) (Medicago sativa L.) varieties was investigated in a sand‐culture pot experiment to test whether there is link between Zn nutrition and soil moisture stress or excessive moisture tolerance in alfalfa plants. Three varieties (Sceptre, Pioneer L 69, and Hunterfield) with differential Zn efficiency (ability of a variety to grow and yield well in a Zn deficient soil is called a Zn‐efficient variety) were grown at two Zn levels (low Zn supply: 0.05 mg Zn kg^‐1 of soil, adequate Zn supply: 2.0 mg Zn kg^‐1 of soil) and three levels of soil moisture (soil moisture stress: 3% soil moisture on soil dry weight basis; adequate soil moisture: 12% soil moisture on soil dry weight basis; excessive soil moisture: 18% soil moisture on soil dry weight basis) in a Zn deficient (DTPA Zn: 0.06 mg kg^‐1 soil) siliceous sand. Zinc treatments were applied at planting, while soil moisture treatments were applied three weeks after planting and continued for two weeks. Plants were grown in pots under controlled temperature conditions (20°C, 12 h day length; 15°C, 12 h night cycle) in a glasshouse. Plants grown at low Zn supply developed Zn deficiency symptoms, and there was a severe solute leakage from the leaves of Zn‐deficient plants. Adequate Zn supply significantly enhanced the leaf area, leaf to stem ratio, biomass production of shoots, and roots, succulence of plants and Zn concentration in leaves. At low Zn supply, soil moisture stress and excessive moisture treatments significantly depressed the shoot dry matter, leaf area and leaf to stem ratio of alfalfa plants, while there was little impact of soil moisture treatments when supplied Zn concentration was high. The detrimental effects of soil moisture stress and excessive soil moisture under low Zn supply were less pronounced in Sceptre, a Zn‐efficient alfalfa variety compared with Hunterfield, a Zn‐inefficient variety. Results suggest that the ability of alfalfa plants to cope with water stress and excessive soil moisture during early vegetative stage was enhanced with adequate Zn nutrition.     

Consequences of high temperature under changing climate optima for rice pollen characteristics-concepts and perspectives

The enhancement in both frequency and intensity of high temperature, besides its large variability will result in up to 40% yield reduction in rice by the end of 21^st century. Vegetative growth in rice continues with day time temperature up to 40°C but development of florets is extremely sensitive to temperature higher than 35°C. The effect of night time temperature stress is even more adverse than day. Heat stress results in deprived anther dehiscence, impaired pollination and abnormal pollen germination that cause floret sterility. The decrease in pollen viability is presumably caused by imbalance in proteins expression, abandoned biosynthesis, partitioning and translocation of soluble sugars, imbalance in phytohormones release, and loss of pollen water content. Rice responds to heat stress by adjusting various physiochemical mechanisms viz., growth inhibition, leaf senescence and alteration in basic physiological processes. Antioxidant enzymes, calcium and iron also play an important role in managing heat stress. Response of rice to heat stress varies with plant ecotype, growth stage, heat intensity and time of stress application. High temperature stress can be managed by developing heat-tolerant genotypes. Rice breeding and screening may be based on anther dehiscence, pollen tube development and pollen germination on stigma.     

Growth of rice plants under red light with or without supplemental blue light

Abstract

The effects of blue light supplementation to red light on growth, morphology and N utilization in rice plants (Oryza sativa L. cv. Sasanishiki and Nipponbare) were investigated. Plants were grown under two light quality treatments, red light alone (R) or red light supplemented with blue light (RB; red/blue-light photosynthetic photon flux density [PPFD] ratio was 4/1), at 380 mol m^?2 s^?1 PPFD. The biomass production of both cultivars grown under RB conditions was higher than that of plants grown under R conditions. This enhancement of biomass production was caused by an increase in the net assimilation rate (NAR). The higher NAR was associated with a higher leaf N content per leaf area at the whole-plant level, which was accompanied by higher contents of the key components of photosynthesis, including Rubisco and chlorophyll. In Sasanishiki, preferential biomass investment in leaf blades and expansion of wider and thinner leaves also contributed to the enhancement of biomass production. These morphological changes in the leaves were not observed in Nipponbare. Both the changes in physiological characteristics, including leaf photosynthesis, and the changes in morphological characteristics, including leaf development, contributed to the enhancement of biomass production under RB conditions, although the extent of these changes differed between the two cultivars.     

The effect of temperature regime and substrate Mn on growth and manganese concentrations in rice

Three rice cultivars, IR712, M1–48 and E425 were grown in solution culture for 10 weeks in temperature controlled glasshouses at IRRI, Los Baños, Philippines. Treatments consisted of two Mn levels, 0.5 and 50 μg.cm^‐3 and two temperature regimes, 35/27 and 20/20 (day/night) in °C. Dry matter and Mn concentrations were determined at 2‐week intervals. In a second experiment, the M1–48 cultivar was grown in solutions containing 0.5, 1, 40 and 80 μg.cm^‐3 Mn at 35/27, 29/21 and 20/20 °C (day/night) temperatures.

It was concluded that rice is more sensitive to excess Mn under cool conditions and that the concentration of Mn in the tissue at which toxicity symptoms appear or growth is decreased depends on the age of the tissues and the environmental conditions under which the plant is growing. Growth of two‐day old seedlings exposed to excess Mn was decreased to a greater degree than was that of 2‐week old seedlings. It is suggested that in screening rice cultivars for tolerance to excess Mn the environmental conditions should be rather rigidly controlled.     

机械化种植方式对不同品种水稻株型及抗倒伏能力的影响

为探明机械化种植方式对不同品种水稻株型及抗倒伏能力的影响,试验选用籼粳交水稻(甬优2640和甬优1640)、常规粳稻(南粳9108和武运粳27)和杂交籼稻(新两优6380和II优084)共6个水稻品种为材料,系统研究高产栽培模式下钵苗机插、毯苗机插和机械直播方式对水稻叶形、叶姿、穗型、秆型及植株抗倒性能的影响,初步研明不同机械化种植方式下水稻株型特征与抗倒伏能力及差异。结果表明,钵苗机插水稻产量最高,毯苗机插水稻产量其次,机械直播水稻产量最低,差异显著(P0.05)。与毯苗机插和机械直播相比,钵苗机插使水稻上三叶叶长增长,比叶重增大,叶基角和披垂度减小,使水稻群体高效叶叶面积增加,剑叶叶绿素含量和净光合速率协同增加,穗型变大,粒叶比提高,并且使水稻株高增高,秆长增长,穗下节间增长(P0.05)。水稻基部1~3节间于钵苗机插方式下,较毯苗机插和机械直播,长度缩短、茎秆变粗、茎壁增厚、节间干质量增加、充实度变好、抗折力和弯曲力矩增大、倒伏指数降低(P0.05)。因此,长江下游稻麦两熟地区,钵苗机插能改善水稻株型,优化水稻群体结构,提升水稻抗倒性能,是实现水稻丰产、高产且低倒伏风险的较优机械化种植方式。     

Biochar but not earthworms enhances rice growth through increased protein turnover

The aim of this work was to compare the effects of biochar and earthworms on rice growth and to investigate the possible interactions between both. In addition to classic macroscopic variables we also monitored some leaf-level cellular processes involved in protein turnover. Both biochar and earthworms significantly increased shoot biomass production. However, biochar had a higher effect on the number of leaves (+87%) and earthworms on leaf area (+89%). Biochar also significantly increased the leaf turnover. At the cellular level, biochar but not earthworms enhanced protein catabolism by an increase in leaf proteolytic activities. This could be related to the increased expression of three of the six genes tested related to protein catabolism, one serine protease gene OsSP2 (+24%), one aspartic acid protease gene, Oryzasin (+162%) and one cysteine protease gene OsCatB (+257%). Furthermore, biochar also enhanced the expression level of two genes linked to protein anabolism, coding for the small and large subunits of rubisco (+33% and +30%, for rbcS and rbcL, respectively), the most abundant protein in leaves. In conclusion, our data gives evidence that biochar increased rice biomass production through increased leaf protein turnover (both catabolism and anabolism) whereas earthworms also increased rice biomass production but not through changes in the rate of protein turnover. We hypothesize that earthworms increase nitrogen uptake at a low cost for the plant through a simultaneous increase in mineralization rate and root biomass, probably through the release in the soil of plant growth factors. This could allow plants to accumulate more biomass without an increase in nitrogen metabolism at the leaf level, and without having to support the consecutive energy cost that must bear plants in the biochar treatment.     

施硅对夜间增温条件下水稻生长和产量的影响

通过大田试验研究了施硅对夜间增温条件下水稻分蘖期、拔节期、抽穗期、灌浆期和成熟期植株分蘖数、叶面积指数、生物量和产量的影响。夜间增温设常温对照（CK）和夜间增温（NW）两个水平;施硅量设不施硅（Si0）和施钢渣硅肥（Si1,200kgSiO2·hm-2）两个水平。结果表明：（1）水稻冠层和5cm土层全生育期夜间增温处理平均温度分别提高1.21℃和0.41℃,夜间最低温度分别提高1.21℃和0.62℃,夜间最高温度分别提高1.20℃和0.28℃。（2）夜间增温使水稻成熟期植株分蘖数、叶面积指数、地上部生物量、地下部生物量和产量较对照分别减少10.81%、5.65%、8.20%、3.29%和4.45%;施钢渣硅肥可使各项指标较对照分别增加16.22%、11.18%、14.16%、6.51%和22.10%;夜间增温下施硅比不施硅各项指标分别增加16.67%、11.71%、12.56%、6.74%和20.90%。（3）与对照相比,夜间增温使水稻有效穗数、每穗实粒数、千粒重和结实率分别减少2.66%、12.72%、1.53%和2.06%;施用钢渣硅肥可分别较对照增加6.91%、15.49%、2.00%和4.48%;夜间增温下施硅比不施硅各项指标分别增加4.37%、22.50%、2.15%和3.31%。研究认为,施硅对夜间增温条件下水稻生长有显著影响,对产量的影响主要通过影响有效穗数和每穗实粒数实现。     

Influence of Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria on Corn Growth Under Different Fertility Sources

A greenhouse study was conducted to evaluate the effects of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on root establishment and biomass production of corn (Zea mays L.) using three fertility sources (poultry litter (PL), biosolids, and urea). Applying PL significantly improved root morphological parameters and increased plant biomass at the V4, V6, and VT growth stages when compared to the other fertility sources. At the V4 stage, PGPR stimulated root growth and enhanced aboveground biomass with urea and PL, while no differences were observed with biosolids. At the V6 stage, PL, biosolids, and urea with PGPR significantly increased some growth parameters (e.g., plant height, leaf area, and root morphology). However, at the VT stage, PGPR’s influence on plant growth was minimal regardless of fertility source. Applying the fertility sources at 135 kg N ha^?1 may have masked PGPR’s influence on corn growth as the plants reached their later vegetative growth stages.     

DYNAMICS OF FABA BEAN GROWTH AND NUTRIENT UPTAKE AND THEIR CORRELATION WITH GRAIN YIELD

Growth parameters and nutrient uptake of faba bean with 12 different genotypes were studied at the end of four subsequent growth periods, viz. first vegetative (V1), second vegetative (V2), first reproductive (R1) and second reproductive (R2) periods for two years and correlated with final grain yield. All parameters including plant height, leaf number, leaf area index (LAI), above ground plant dry matter (DM) and root DM, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) uptake and concentration of N, P, K, Ca, and Mg showed different patterns with advancement of the growth period. All the mentioned parameters were fitted in either quadratic or linear equations. Significant correlations were found among nutrients, growth parameters and grain yield during different growth stages. On the basis of these experiments it was clear that nutrient uptake was directly related to biomass. In V2 and R1 biomass production was greatest resulting in high nutrient uptake. Among the growth parameters, biomass and LAI showed the highest significant correlation with grain yield. The findings especially models derived from two year data across twelve genotypes can be used for better fertilizer management of faba bean.     

基于3CCD摄像机的水稻农学参数估算

水稻农学参数的估算是调控水稻生长、预测水稻产量的重要基础和根据。该文以广东省农业科学研究院大丰农场水稻研究所的稻田为研究对象,根据植物反射光谱的特性,研究3CCD摄像机水稻叶面积指数、生物量、叶绿素含量、叶长、叶宽、株高、产量等农学参数的估算,结果表明:分蘖期农学参数不适于用3CCD摄像机估算;叶面积指数在分化期估算最准确;生物量、叶绿素含量、产量均在抽穗期估算较好;3CCD摄像机不适用于大面积水稻株高、剑叶长、剑叶宽等外部特征的估算。该文为CCD摄像机的水稻估产打下基础。     

Partitioning of biomass in water‐ and nitrogen‐stressed cotton during pre‐bloom stage

The partitioning of biomass between aboveground parts and roots, and between vegetative and reproductive plant parts plays a major role in determining the ability of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) to produce a crop in a given environment. We evaluated the single and combined effects of water and N supply on the partitioning of biomass in cotton plants exposed to two N supply levels, 0 and 12 mM of N, and two water regimes, well irrigated and water‐stressed at an early reproductive stage. The N treatments began when the third true leaf was visible, while water deficit treatments were imposed over the N treatments when the plants were transferred into controlled‐environment chambers at a leaf area near 0.05 m². Both water deficits and N deficits inhibited total biomass accumulation and its partitioning in cotton. Water deficit alone and N deficit alone inhibited the growth of leaves, petioles, and branches, but did not inhibit growth of the stem and enhanced the accumulation of biomass in squares. When water deficit was superimposed on N deficit, leaf growth was inhibited, although to a lesser extent than when it was the sole stress factor, and the accumulation of biomass in squares was also inhibited. Yet, the dry weight of squares in plants exposed to water and N deficits was greater than that of non‐stressed plants. Water and N deficits, either alone or in combination, did not inhibit the growth of the tap root. Growth of lateral roots was not inhibited either by water deficit alone or in combination with N deficit, but was enhanced when plants were exposed to N deficit alone. Exposure to water deficit alone or in combination with N deficit decreased the shoot:root ratio through the inhibition of shoot growth. Exposure to N deficit alone decreased the shoot:root ratio through the combination of shoot growth inhibition and root growth enhancement.     

Supra‐optimal growth temperature exacerbates adverse effects of low Zn supply in wheat

Rising temperatures are a major threat to global wheat production, particularly when accompanied by other abiotic stressors such as mineral nutrient deficiencies. This study aimed to quantify the effects of supra‐optimal temperature on growth, photosynthetic performance, and antioxidative responses in bread wheat cultivars grown under varied zinc (Zn) supply. Two bread wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L., cvs. Lasani‐2008 and Faisalabad‐2008) with varied responsiveness to Zn supply and drought tolerance were cultured in nutrient solution with low (0.1 µM) or adequate (1.0 µM) Zn under optimal (25/20°C day/night) or supra‐optimal (36/28°C day/night) temperature regimes. Supra‐optimal temperature severely reduced root but not shoot biomass, whereas low Zn reduced shoot as well as root biomass. Shoot‐to‐root biomass ratio was reduced under low Zn but increased under supra‐optimal temperature. Supra‐optimal temperature inhibited root elongation and volume particularly in plants supplied with low Zn. In both cultivars, Zn efficiency index was reduced by supra‐optimal temperature, whereas heat tolerance index was reduced by low Zn supply. Supra‐optimal temperature decreased photosynthesis, quantum yield, and chlorophyll density in low‐Zn but not in adequate‐Zn plants. In comparison, low Zn decreased specific activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and increased glutathione reductase (GR), where supra‐optimal temperature increased SOD, decreased GR and did not change APX activity in leaves and roots. Moreover, supra‐optimal temperature severely reduced shoot Zn concentration and Zn uptake per plant specifically under adequate Zn supply. Overall, supra‐optimal temperature exacerbated adverse effects of low Zn supply, resulting in severe reductions in growth traits viz. shoot and root biomass, root length and volume, and consequently impeded Zn uptake, enhanced oxidative stress and impaired photosynthetic performance. Adequate Zn nutrition is crucial to prevent yield loss in wheat cultivated under supra‐optimal temperatures.     

夜间增温对水稻生长、生理特性及产量构成的影响

2015年6-11月,在大田条件下采用铝箔反光膜覆盖对水稻(南粳46)进行夜间增温试验。试验设置夜间增温(NW)和对照(CK)两个处理,在水稻主要生育期(分蘖期、拔节期、抽穗扬花期、灌浆期和成熟期)观测水稻分蘖数、叶绿素含量(SPAD值)、叶面积指数、光合作用和蒸腾作用参数以及产量构成(有效穗数、穗粒数和千粒重)。结果表明:(1)铝箔反光膜覆盖达到了夜间增温的目的,整个生育期夜间水稻冠层平均气温比对照提高0.4℃。(2)夜间增温条件下,水稻分蘖数比对照平均每株减少4.33个;各生育期叶片叶绿素含量(SPAD值)分别下降0.2%、2.75%、6.31%、10.77%和32.03%,而叶面积指数差异不大。(3)NW处理各生育期水稻叶片的光合和蒸腾作用参数,包括净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率均显著低于对照(P0.05)。(4)NW处理每穗粒数和有效穗数分别比对照低12.76%和19.02%,产量下降32.54%,千粒重增加3.93%。研究认为,夜间增温对水稻的生长及光合作用产生显著影响,在未来气候变化背景下,应进一步研究不同增温方式对水稻生产的影响及其模型模拟。