涿州市奶牛腐蹄病与矿物元素的关系调查

腐蹄病是奶牛常见的肢蹄病,对奶牛养殖业影响巨大。本文随机抽取涿州市5个奶牛场的腐蹄病奶牛50头,并选取50头健康奶牛作为对照,分别对其蹄角质和血清中的主要矿物元素进行了检测。结果表明:腐蹄病患牛血清中Zn的含量升高,Co、Cd的含量降低;Cr的含量升高,蹄角质中Fe的含量降低。患病组奶牛血清和蹄角质中Ca、P含量降低,钙磷平均比值降低。说明奶牛腐蹄病的发生与体内矿物元素的含量密切相关,这为该地区奶牛腐蹄病的治疗及预防提供了理论依据。     

鸡缺锌对含硫氨基酸代谢的影响

选用２日龄雏鸡,用含锌量低（２８ｍｇ／ｋｇ）的基础饲料饲喂１周后,分为基础饲料组、基础饲料＋锌组、基础饲料＋含硫氨基酸（ＳＡＡ）组、基础饲料＋锌＋ＳＡＡ组,研究了鸡缺锌对ＳＡＡ代谢的影响。结果表明,鸡缺锌时,其体内ＳＡＡ同化作用减弱,异化作用增强,导致血清无机硫（ＳＯ２－４）、粪尿总硫及无机硫（ＳＯ２－４）极显著增多（Ｐ＜０．０１）;缺锌鸡增重、血清锌含量、血清碱性磷酸酶（ＡＫＰ）活性极显著下降（Ｐ＜０．０１）,并表现较典型的临床缺锌症状。添加ＳＡＡ能促进鸡对锌的吸收和利用,使血清锌含量和血清ＡＫＰ活性提高（Ｐ＜０．０１）。     

新疆石河子地区规模奶牛场腐蹄病情况调查与分析

为掌握石河子地区规模奶牛场奶牛腐蹄病发病情况及其致病因素,从2013年2月-2015年4月,对石河子地区12家规模奶牛场饲喂的5 659头成年奶牛进行了腐蹄病的调查。结果发现腐蹄病平均发病率10.00%;每年的3-5月发病率最高,占全年腐蹄病发病牛数的50.71%;腐蹄病患牛平均延迟受孕期约为77 d,多使用冷冻细管平均为4.41个;腐蹄病奶牛的乳汁乳脂率、总固形物、非乳脂固体变化差异极显著(P0.01);病牛血清Fe、Cu含量较健康牛显著降低,二者差异极显著(P0.01)。     

巧治奶牛腐蹄病

正奶牛腐蹄病主要发生在圈舍潮湿不洁、泥泞不堪、排水不利和运动场窄小的饲养环境中,饲喂奶牛的饲料种类较为单一、管理较为粗放也会引起该病的发生。奶牛蹄趾长期浸泡在粪尿和泥水中,会导致奶牛蹄质弹性降低,引起皲裂和发炎,继而感染化脓菌和坏死杆菌等细菌,形成奶牛腐蹄病。病牛趾间潮红肿胀,不敢着地,形成支跛。腐蹄病会导致奶牛喜卧不愿行走,致使采食量下降,逐渐消瘦,影响生产性能。     

中西医结合治疗奶牛腐蹄病

2003-2005年,息县引进奶牛14头,其中有5头发生腐蹄病,经多次灌药、包扎、外科处理,收效甚微。后经用中西结合疗法痊愈。1病因奶牛腐蹄病多发生在炎热季节,其特异病原菌为厌氧丝杆菌和节状梭形菌,直接诱因是地面结构和卫生条件差,造成蹄球损伤,蹄角质过长,蹄冠周围有污染物附着。此外,粪尿、泥泞等均可诱发本病。2临床症状奶牛腐蹄病最初发生于蹄间裂的后部,逐渐向前扩展至蹄冠部,向后扩延至蹄球,以致整个蹄部间隙腐烂。病初患肢跛行,随即病变加剧并侵害深部组织,出现严重跛行。蹄间皮肤局部红肿,充满黄液及坏死组织,表面溃疡并有恶臭味。初…     

猪场饲料与粪便中铜和锌含量的抽样分析

从规模猪场采集配合饲料和相应猪粪样品154份,其中饲料样品和猪粪样品各77份,采用原子吸收光谱法测定其中的铜和锌含量。结果表明:乳仔猪饲料中铜和锌含量最高,分别为175.41和2 204.83 mg/kg,对应的乳仔猪粪中铜和锌含量也最高,分别达到1 029.28和6 224.57 mg/kg;妊娠母猪和哺乳母猪阶段,饲料和粪中的铜和锌含量较低;育肥猪阶段,饲料和粪中铜和锌含量差异较大。总体上看,粪样中铜和锌含量显著高于饲料中的铜和锌含量,饲料和粪便中铜和锌的相关系数分别为0.87和0.89(P0.01)。建议饲料企业和养猪企业在配制饲料时,应参照猪饲养标准,尽量少加铜和锌制剂,或者使用有机微量元素代替无机微量元素。     

合肥地区黑白花奶牛日粮锌适宜添加量的研究

合肥地区黑白蓊奶牛中度缺锌，当在日粮中加锌后，奶牛产乳量、血清锌、轿清碱性磷酸酶活性和乳锌含量显著或极显著地提高；该地共奶牛日粮锌适宜添加量为３０－６０ｐｐｍ通过在奶牛日粮中加适量锌，可增加乳锌含量，进而可提高牛奶的营养和保健价值。     

高锌对奶牛生产性能和乳锌含量影响的研究

选择泌乳中后期的健康中国荷斯坦奶牛24头，分为4组，每组6头，采用单因子试验设计，分别饲喂4种不同锌水平的日粮、对照组（基础日粮，试验1、2、3组分别加锌300，500，800mg/kg日粮干物质，研究高锌对奶牛生产性能和乳成分的影响，试验结果表明：（1）各高锌组产奶量与对照组差异不显著（P＞0．05）。（2）高良不影响乳蛋白含量和乳脂率（P＞0．05）。（3）高锌日粮可极显著提高乳锌含量（P＜0．01），试验1，2，3组乳锌含量分别比对照组提高66．91％，104．83％和115．7％。     

奶牛乳房炎对主要牛奶成分的影响

通过选择年龄、胎次、产奶量、泌乳期等指标相近的健康奶牛4头,临床型乳房炎自然发病病例4头,连续7d分别抽取4头乳房炎患牛正常乳区、患病乳区及4头健康奶牛的牛奶进行测定,测定乳房炎病牛治疗过程中的乳蛋白、乳脂、密度、非脂乳固体、乳干物质、乳糖等成分含量,并对这些测定数据进行相关性差异分析。结果显示,同一头患牛的患病乳区的各乳成分含量极显著高于正常乳区;乳房炎患牛正常乳区组、异常乳区组与健康奶牛组的乳成分含量均存在显著性差异(P<0.05)或极显著差异(P<0.01),健康奶牛的乳脂含量极显著高于乳房炎患牛正常和异常乳区组;乳房炎患牛的正常、异常乳区组与健康奶牛组的牛奶成分含量均值图存在明显变化趋势,健康牛组的牛奶成分在一周内保持稳定,而乳房炎患牛的正常与异常乳区在一周内都存在曲折上升和不断上升的过程。乳房炎患牛正常乳区各成分含量显著低于异常乳区。乳房炎患牛的乳蛋白、非脂乳固体、乳糖含量高于健康牛,乳脂低于健康牛,乳干物质则与健康牛保持相对平衡。     

泌乳早期乳中尿素氮含量对奶牛繁殖性能的影响

为探索奶牛泌乳早期乳中尿素氮含量对产后繁殖性能的影响,本研究选取海丰奶牛场的头胎荷斯坦牛1932头,于产犊后30d内采集乳样,测定乳中尿素氮含量,并收集试验牛只产后繁殖资料,用多因素方差分析法分析乳中尿素氮对产后繁殖性能的影响。结果表明,试验牛只产犊后1个月内乳中尿素氮含量为9．22±2．78mg／dL;乳中尿素氮含量对个体情期受胎率有显著影响（P〈0．05）,而对产后首次配种天数有极显著影响（P〈0．01）,乳中尿素氮含量大于15mg／dL的奶牛产后第一次配种天数显著高于低于此数值的奶牛,且个体情期受胎率显著低于此数值低的奶牛。同时乳中尿素氮含量与个体情期受胎率呈极显著负相关（P〈0．01）。据此认为,作为反映能氮平衡的关键指标,泌乳早期乳中尿素氮含量可作为预测奶牛产后繁殖性能的指标加以利用。     

Locomotion scores and lying behaviour are indicators of hoof lesions in dairy cows

Locomotion scoring, lying behaviour and lesion recording during hoof trimming are all ways of evaluating hoof health in dairy cows. The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between these measures in a random sample of 1340 cows from 42 Danish dairy herds. The hypothesis was that locomotion scoring and/or the monitoring of lying behaviour could be used as tools to identify cows with hoof lesions, either of the horn or of the skin. Cows were locomotion scored, lying behaviour recorded and data on hoof lesions seen during hoof trimming collected. The results were analysed using logistic regression with hoof lesion as the outcome and locomotion score (1-5), mean duration of lying bouts, parity and lactation stage as explanatory variables. This analysis was undertaken for all types of lesions, for hoof horn lesions only and for skin lesions only. Odds of all hoof lesions and of skin lesions increased with increasing locomotion score and increasing mean duration of lying bouts. Odds of horn lesions also increased with increasing locomotion score, but there was no significant association between horn lesions and the mean duration of lying bouts. It was concluded that locomotion scoring and duration of lying bouts may be used as tools in the management of hoof health in dairy herds.     

The effect of Zindep inj. preparation on levels of zinc, T-lymphocytes and beta-lysine in the blood of pregnant dairy cows]

The effects of zinc administration at a rate of 3 mg/kg lw. in the preparation Zindep inj. ad usum vet. (Biotika, Slovenská L'upca) were evaluated as exerted on zinc concentrations in the blood serum of 16 dairy cows in the middle of the 7th month of pregnancy. With respect to zinc injection, T-rosetted lymphocytes and beta-lysine activity were inestigated. Blood was collected from all dairy cows from v. jugularis before the preparation was administered, on days 2, 5, 8, 15, 30 and 60 after Zindep administration. Atom absorption spectrophotometry, applying a flame technique on a Perkin Elmer 1100 apparatus (Bíres, 1986), was used to determine Zn concentrations in the blood serum of all dairy cows. T-lymphocytes were determined by a rosette test after Paul et al. (1977), and beta-lysine was detected spectrophotometrically after Bucharin et al. (1987). Zinc dynamics in the blood serum of dairy cows is presented in Fig. 1. The starting values of zinc in the test cows were 9.68 +/- 2.30 mumol/l and in the control ones 10.15 +/- 1.27 mumol/l. Zincaemia of experimental dairy cows was significantly lower (P less than 0.01) on day 2 after Zindep administration, in comparison with the control group. A significant increase in zinc concentrations in the blood serum of experimental animals, in comparison with the control ones, was observed from day 8 to day 60 (P less than 0.01). The maximum zincaemia values were recorded in experimental dairy cows within days 15 and 30 (15.65 +/- 3.33, and/or 14.55 +/- 2.10 mumol/l).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Relationship between acute phase proteins and hoof horn haemorrhages in postpartum first-lactation heifers

As part of a study of the development of hoof horn haemorrhages in first-lactation heifers, measurements were made of acute phase reactants to investigate the link between the acute phase response and the development of the haemorrhages. Over a period of two years, blood samples were taken from two separate groups of heifers, weekly in the three weeks before they calved and then twice weekly until eight weeks after calving. Plasma total protein, albumin, fibrinogen, haptoglobin, seromucoid and serum iron and caeruloplasmin were measured and the relationships between the peak concentration (or activity) or the area under the curve of each acute phase reactant and the peak scores for sole or white line haemorrhages were assessed by linear regression. The results suggested that the development of the hoof horn haemorrhages observed in the study was not accompanied by an acute phase response, and the haemorrhages were therefore not primarily caused by endotoxicosis. The diets and husbandry systems used were typical of dairy farms in the UK and the results therefore suggest that a significant proportion of hoof horn haemorrhages observed in UK dairy cows may not be caused by endotoxicosis.     

Evaluation of the efficacy of prophylactic hoof health examination and trimming during midlactation in reducing the incidence of lameness during late lactation in dairy cows

OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy of prophylactic hoof health examination and trimming during midlactation at reducing the incidence of lameness during late lactation in dairy cows. DESIGN: Randomized field trial. ANIMALS: 333 Holstein cows. PROCEDURES: Cows without apparent lameness were randomly allocated into 1 of 2 groups approximately 204 days after calving. Cows allocated to the treatment group (n = 161) were examined on a tilt table for diagnosis and underwent hoof-trimming procedures, if needed, for treatment of hoof disorders or lesions. Cows in the control group (n = 172) were not examined. Cows were assigned a locomotion score weekly for 28 weeks after allocation to a group. The number of cows classified as lame during late lactation (approx 205 to 400 days after calving) was compared between groups to assess the efficacy of prophylactic examination and trimming. RESULTS: Incidence of lameness during late lactation was 24% in cows in the control group and 18% in cows in the treatment group. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The 25% decrease in number of new cases of lameness in cows undergoing prophylactic hoof health examination and trimming during midlactation may be relevant for the well-being of dairy cows and should not represent a major economic burden to producers.     

Prevalence of lameness and hoof lesions in all year-round grazing cattle in Brazil

Lameness is a growing concern to the dairy industry worldwide. However, little is known about lameness and its causes in grazing cattle, especially in tropical climates. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of hoof lesions and lameness in dairy herds of all year-round grazing cattle under tropical condition, and to identify the main lesions associated with lameness. We visited 48 farms located in the Minas Gerais state, Brazil, equally divided into four groups based on daily milk production. All lactating cows in the visited farms were locomotion scored, and a representative sample was randomly chosen for hoof inspection. Among the 2267 lactating cows evaluated, 16% were scored as lame and 7% as severely lame. Nearly all cows presented at least one type of hoof lesion, of which heel horn erosion (90%), white line fissure (50%), and digital dermatitis (33%) were the most prevalent. Heel horn erosion was present in all farms and digital dermatitis was present in 96% of the farms. Sole ulcer was observed in a single animal. Additionally, digital dermatitis and white line fissure were correlated to a 2.5 times increase in the odds of a poor mobility score. Collectively, our results demonstrate that digital dermatitis and white line fissure are the main concern and the biggest cause of lameness in grazing cattle under tropical conditions.     

The effects of one-time hoof trimming on blood biochemical composition, milk yield, and milk composition in dairy cows

Although not scientifically proven, hoof trimming has been empirically shown to increase milk yields in healthy dairy cows. In this study, we examined the effect of one-time hoof trimming on blood biochemical composition, milk yield, and milk composition in healthy dairy cows. Eleven cows in the mid to late lactation period that were clinically fit and without hoof disease were subjected to hoof trimming, and metabolic profile tests and dairy herd improving tests were performed before and three weeks after the hoof trimming. The metabolic profiles showed changes in albumin, blood urea nitrogen, ammonia, glucose, and beta-hydroxybutyric acid as a result of the hoof trimming. This was indicated by the fact that the cows began to intake more roughage after hoof trimming than prior to hoof trimming, and rumen fermentation became stable. There was no change in milk yield after trimming. However, the milk fat and milk protein compositions were significantly increased after trimming.     

Mineral composition and microstructure of the abaxial hoof wall in dairy heifers after biotin supplementation

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of daily biotin supplementation on the mineral composition and microstructure of the abaxial hoof wall in dairy heifers. The heifers were housed on a concrete floor and fed for weight gain more than 800 g per day, which is a challenging environment for the hoof. Twelve crossbred dairy heifers (Jersey × Holstein) were divided into two treatment groups. Animals in the control group (n = 6) received a diet without supplemental biotin, while the heifers in the biotin-supplemented feed group (n = 6) each received 20 mg of biotin daily for 120 days. Samples of the abaxial hoof wall were collected from the outer claw of the fore and hind limb, before and after supplementation. The samples were evaluated by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, computed microtomography, atomic force microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Biotin supplementation increased the sulphur content and decreased the calcium and potassium content in the abaxial hoof wall. Biotin treatment also increased the percentage of horn tubules with smaller diameter marrow (17–51 µm). However, biotin did not influence the surface relief of the hoof wall, suggesting that its action is limited to the inner layers of the stratum corneum. Daily supplementation with 20 mg of biotin promoted changes in the mineral composition and microstructure of abaxial hoof wall of crossbred dairy heifers. These findings suggest biotin supplementation improves hoof quality and may help to understand the function of biotin in the stratum corneum.     

Effects of chelated Zn/Cu/Mn on redox status,immune responses and hoof health in lactating Holstein cows

To evaluate the effects of chelated Zn/Cu/Mn on redox status, immune responses and hoof health in lactating Holstein cows, 48 head in early lactation were divided into healthy or lame groups according to their gait score. Cows were fed the same amount of Zn/Cu/Mn as sulfate salts or in chelated forms for 180 days, and foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccine was injected at day 90. The results showed that lame cows had lower antioxidant function, serum Zn/Mn levels, hair Cu levels, and hoof hardness. Moreover, increased antioxidant status, FMD antibody titers, serum and hair levels of Zn/Cu/Mn, and hoof hardness and decreased milk fat percent and arthritis biomarkers were observed in cows fed chelated Zn/Cu/Mn. In summary, supplementation with chelated Zn/Cu/Mn improved antioxidant status and immune responses, reduced arthritis biomarkers, and increased accumulation of Zn/Cu/Mn in the body and hoof hardness in dairy cows.     

奶牛蹄病的治疗

将患有蹄病的牛按病情严重程度分三级,在每级中各选出12头,并将36头随机分成4组,每组共9头。第1组为对照组,第2组每头牛日粮中加35%石粉18g,第3组每头牛日粮中加硫酸锌1.2g,第4组每头牛日粮中同时加35%石粉18g和硫酸锌1.2g。同样护理,每星期对试验牛群进行修蹄及常规治疗。经过1个月的治疗第1组治愈1头,有效3头,无效5头;第2组治愈2头,有效6头,无效1头;第3组治愈3头,有效4头,无效2头;第4组治愈7头,有效2头,无效0头。卡方检测除第2、3两组差异不显著外,其他各组之间差异显著。说明在日粮中适量提高钙和锌对奶牛蹄病有良好的预防和治疗作用。     

奶牛蹄病与产奶量的关系

为了研究奶牛蹄病与其产奶量之间的关系,首先对宁夏某国营奶牛场15头不同程度蹄病患病奶牛15d内日平均产奶量进行统计,并以5头健康奶牛作为对照,比较分析了蹄病对奶牛产奶量的影响。之后对以上15头蹄病患病奶牛进行针对性治疗,治疗后,每隔5d测定其日平均产奶量,连续测6次,分析其产奶量的变化规律。结果发现,蹄病可引起奶牛产奶量下降,蹄病越严重,奶牛产奶量越少;经治疗后,不同程度的蹄病患病奶牛日平均产奶量均有所提高。