草本植物纤维生物提取菌种资源整理与整合

本文按照国家微生物资源标准化整理与整合要求,从中国农业科学院麻类研究所保存的微生物资源中随机选择802份菌种资源进行规范化描述,累计整合信息数据64574项,修复、补充信息数据27767项,经过分类鉴定证明,这些菌种资源涉及22属38种;同时,经过活化、提纯、复壮并保藏菌株615份,涉及20属31种。相关信息和实物整合到中国农业微生物菌种保藏管理中心(ACCC)保藏。     

菌种保藏方法和条件对花生大豆根瘤菌生长、结瘤固氮的影响

我国花生、大豆根瘤菌的研究和应用已近半个世纪,各单位均选育和收藏了大量的菌种资源,这是国家的宝贵财富。采用适当的方法保藏菌种使这些菌种的生物学和遗传学性状得以稳定,同时在需用时能够方便快速获得活菌体,是微生物工作者的愿望和要求。花生、大豆根瘤菌是慢生型革兰氏阴性细菌,对于干燥相当敏感,移接和保藏容易污染杂菌。所以研究适     

苎麻脱胶细菌菌株的筛选、分类鉴定与多样性分析

旨在为生物脱胶技术提供菌种资源。从不同生境中采集微生物样品,以苎麻原麻和果胶为主要基质,通过富集和选择性培养进行分离、筛选,获得78份具有降解苎麻韧皮胶质功能的细菌资源,通过形态特征、生理生化试验和16S rDNA测序,对菌种进行分类鉴定、种群多样性和聚类分析,初步鉴定为17属,至少27种,再通过脱胶实效法进一步复筛,选出10株代表性菌株,并进行了产脱胶关键酶的初步验证。     

盐碱土耐盐菌株保存方法的研究

菌种的保存,是微生物研究重要的基础工作.本实验利用滤纸片保存法和冷冻管保存法对PDA上生长的菌株进行长期保存,使用斜面保藏法和菌液保存法对LB上生长的菌株进行长期保存.结果表明,真菌更适合滤纸片保存法,细菌和放线菌均可使用斜面保藏法和菌液保存法.本实验对盐碱土中耐盐菌种的长期保存提供了具体的方法.     

甘蔗渣对灵芝菌丝生长的影响及菌种保藏评价

为了筛选出最适合灵芝菌种复壮的培养基和灵芝菌种的保藏方法,通过添加不同含量的甘蔗渣提取液作为灵芝菌株复壮的培养基,观察灵芝菌丝在不同培养基下的生长速度和生长状况,并通过对灵芝菌种酶活力进行测定分析,比较几种不同保藏方法对灵芝菌种活力的影响.结果表明:马铃薯葡萄糖培养基(PDA)培养基添加甘蔗渣提取液能更好促进灵芝菌丝生...     

香菇菌种液氮保藏技术研究

液氮适合菌种的保藏。以香菇菌种为材料,从降温速率、保护剂浓度、解冻温度、培养基质和菌龄方面进行液氮保藏技术研究。研究结果表明:在4℃以下,以1℃/min的速率降至-40℃、添加10%甘油、35℃下解冻、木屑作培养基质和取生长旺盛的菌块作为香菇菌种的液氮保藏效果最好。     

芝麻种质资源信息数据库的设计与构建

农作物种质资源信息的数据建设对品种改良至关重要。本研究对我国收集保存的8 115份芝麻种质资源的基本信息、形态特征和生物学特性、品质特性、抗性等数据进行规范整理,以90 420条芝麻信息为数据来源,采用LMAP数据库技术构建了在线芝麻种质资源信息数据库http://www.sesame-bioinfo.org/phenotype/index.html。数据库主要功能包括芝麻种质资源信息浏览、信息检索及实物索取。本数据库的创建打破了传统纸质或综合性数据库存储芝麻种质资源信息的局限,有效解决芝麻种质资源数据保存分散,共享、交流、利用困难等问题,实现了芝麻资源数字化管理和交流,将极大促进资源的有效利用。     

棉花副产品综合利用研究取得多项成果

湖南农学院工原作物教研室,自1985年承担《棉花副产品综合利用》研究课题以来,经过三年努力,开展多方协作,重点攻关,已取得多项成果,获得了显著的经济效益和社会效益。一、棉仁饼粕的微生物脱毒。在试验中,选用不同类型的微生物菌种,经多次重复研究,最后成功地筛选出两个脱毒效果最     

华南地区热带亚热带草种质资源考察收集与保存利用现状及前景

作为最基本的农业自然资源,牧草在草地畜牧业、生态环境保存和农业可持续发展方面具有重要作用。本文简述了热带亚热带草种质资源在华南地区的调查收集、保存鉴定及繁育保存的方法。自20世纪40年代以来,中国热带农业科学院热带牧草研究中心一直致力于热带亚热带草种质资源的收集、保存和利用。目前已建成完整的热带牧草种质资源保存利用体系,包括低温保存种子库、离体保存库及无性繁殖材料田间保存圃,已收集保存华南地区12科161属435种5 190份野生牧草种质资源,引进保存豆科和禾本科2科42属87种1 042份外来牧草种质资源。其中低温种子库保存6科96属207种2 870份,离体保存3科6属6种482份,无性繁殖材料田间保存3科8属10种341份。     

20年来国外果树引种与利用进展

近２０多年来，我国从４０多个国家和地区引进包括２８个科３６个属１３１个种的果树品种资源１６８０多份，成活１４２９份，去除重复实际为我国增添果树品种资源１１７７份。经过检疫，繁殖、已有９１５份丰入国家果树种质圃。经试种７６４份材料，２３３个优良品种和良砧提供生产直接利用，５５份具优良特性的种质资源用作育种亲本，育出一批新良种，经济效益和社会效益显著。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).