苦槛蓝对菜青虫的生物活性及生理效应的研究

应用同位素示踪技术研究了＾１４Ｃ－三唑酮在小麦２－３叶期幼苗上的吸收分布和影响因素。结果表明,根部给药后２－２１６ｈ小麦幼苗根部放射性和相对强度由５４．０％下降为２１．７％;在幼苗残存种子上的放射性相对强度由３７．５％上升为５６．６％,＾１４Ｃ－三唑同传导速度很快,在叶片中的积累与根部给药时间呈正相关,由８．５％上升为２１．７％。     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱测定氟唑菌苯胺在小麦植株中的内吸传导特性

建立了超高效液相色谱-串联质谱（UPLC-MS/MS）测定氟唑菌苯胺在小麦植株中内吸传导特性的方法;定量分析了在小麦根部和叶部施药2种处理方式下氟唑菌苯胺进入植株后的分布和累积情况。植株样品前处理采用QuEChERS法,在反相色谱柱C18（100 mm × 2.1 mm, 1.8 μm）上,以0.1%甲酸水和乙腈为流动相,利用梯度洗脱,正离子电离（ESI+）,采用多反应离子监测模式（MRM）进行定性和定量。用基质匹配标准溶液外标法定量。结果表明:在0.5~100 μg/L内,氟唑菌苯胺的质量浓度与对应的峰面积间线性关系良好,线性回归方程为y = 12 808.4x + 308.518（r = 0.999 8）。在0.005、0.05和0.1 mg/kg添加水平下,氟唑菌苯胺在小麦植株中的回收率为92%~126%,相对标准偏差为0.50%~9.1%;以3倍信噪比计算,方法检出限为0.037 μg/kg;最低添加浓度为0.005 mg/kg。研究结果表明,氟唑菌苯胺于小麦植株根部施用后,可迅速在根部吸收并向茎部传导,且随处理浓度增大,药剂在不同部位的累积量增加;随处理后时间延长,药剂在不同部位的累积表现为先快速吸收而后缓慢平衡。其中以0.01 mg/L氟唑菌苯胺经根部施药2 h后,药剂在根、茎和叶中含量分别为10.4、0.6和0.3 μg/kg;氟唑菌苯胺经叶部单叶片施药后,亦可快速被叶片吸收,并可跨叶传导至其他叶片,进而在茎部和根部累积。随处理后时间延长,施药叶片药剂快速下降并达到平衡,其他植株部位药剂快速累积并达到平衡。其中以200 mg/L的氟唑菌苯胺经第2片叶施用20 μL,2 h后氟唑菌苯胺在根和茎中的含量分别为109.0和148.0 μg/kg,在第3片叶和旗叶中的含量分别为904.0和112.6 μg/kg。     

中国河南省小麦纹枯病菌对咯菌腈的敏感性

为明确河南省小麦纹枯病菌对咯菌腈的敏感性,采用菌丝生长速率法测定了咯菌腈对2013年从河南省15个地市分离的98株病菌的毒力。结果表明:咯菌腈对供试小麦纹枯病菌菌株的EC50值在0.009~0.079 μg/mL之间,平均EC50值为(0.025 ±0.012)μg/mL;98个菌株对咯菌腈的敏感性分布呈连续单峰曲线,未出现敏感性下降的亚群体,可将(0.025 ±0.012)μg/mL作为小麦纹枯病菌对咯菌腈的敏感性基线;方差分析(LSD法)及SPSS聚类结果均显示,同一地市内的菌株对咯菌腈的敏感性差异较大,EC50最大值和最小值之比在1.0~4.1之间,而不同地区菌株间对咯菌腈敏感性差异不明显,咯菌腈EC50平均值变化范围在0.015~0.060 μg/mL之间,后者是前者的4倍;小麦纹枯病菌对咯菌腈的敏感性与其对噻呋酰胺、苯醚甲环唑、井冈霉素、丙环唑及戊唑醇的敏感性之间无明显相关性。本研究结果可为河南省小麦纹枯病防控杀菌剂的合理使用提供理论依据。     

8种杀菌剂不同浓度处理对小麦白粉病的田间防效

为筛选防治小麦白粉病的高效杀菌剂,研究了6%寡糖·链蛋白可湿性粉剂、10%氟硅唑微乳剂、20%丙环唑微乳剂、25%腈菌唑乳油、10%苯醚甲环唑微乳剂、25%嘧菌酯悬浮剂、62.25%锰锌·腈菌唑可湿性粉剂、25%三唑酮可湿性粉剂各自高、中、低浓度处理对河南新乡小麦白粉病的田间防效。整体上三唑酮对小麦白粉菌群体仍具较好防控效果。试验中该药剂处理也获得了最高的经济效益(产出/投入);锰锌·腈菌唑与腈菌唑的防效无明显差异,均低于其他药剂;而其他6种杀菌剂防效无明显差异。寡糖·链蛋白和三唑酮的高、低浓度处理药效呈显著差异,氟硅唑的高、中浓度处理药效均显著高于其低浓度处理,锰锌·腈菌唑高、中、低三浓度间防效呈显著性差异。产量分析显示,三唑酮处理区产量最高。     

高效液相色谱法研究啶菌噁唑(SYP-Z048)在番茄幼苗中的内吸传导特性

为明确啶菌噁唑(SYP-Z048)在植物体内的吸收传导特性及其在植物根部的吸收方式,于番茄幼苗根部或叶部施药后,采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)分别测定了啶菌噁唑在根、茎、叶中的积累量;向含啶菌噁唑的培养液中分别添加羰基氰-间-氯苯腙、葡萄糖或色氨酸,以及在不同温度和pH条件下,分别测定了番茄幼苗根部对啶菌噁唑的吸收量及地上部分药剂积累量的变化。结果表明:50、100和200 mg/L啶菌噁唑处理番茄幼苗根部2 h后,在根部和茎部检测到目标药剂的含量分别为78.8、208.0、283.7μg/(g FW)和0.2、6.9、10.3μg/(g FW);16 h后,100 mg/L以上浓度处理组药剂可到达植株叶部;于中部叶片施加≥500 mg/mL的啶菌噁唑后72~124 h内,虽然在茎中未检测到药剂,但在根和上、下部叶片中均可检测到,表明药剂可在叶间传导转运至整个植株。不同浓度的羰基氰-间-氯苯腙、葡萄糖和色氨酸,以及低温条件和pH值等因子对番茄幼苗根部吸收药剂量和地上部分药剂积累量的影响与对照相比均无显著差异。研究表明,啶菌噁唑在番茄植株体内具有明显的向顶传导性及一定的向基传导性,同时其内吸传导过程以被动吸收占主导。     

盐胁迫下己唑醇铜配合物对小麦幼苗脯氨酸合成的影响

以己唑醇为配体与醋酸铜配合获得元素组成异化的己唑醇铜配合物。配合物对小麦种子浸种处理,待萌发生长至幼苗阶段将其进行NaCl胁迫处理,通过对幼苗脯氨酸含量以及脯氨酸合成酶基因P5CS、P5CR表达变化的测定,评价己唑醇铜配合物对植物抗盐能力的影响。结果表明：小麦幼苗脯氨酸含量随着盐浓度的增大及胁迫时间的延长而增加,200 mmol·L^-1 NaCl胁迫下,配合物处理后脯氨酸含量最高,达55.44 μg·g^-1,相比己唑醇和醋酸铜处理分别增加13.68%和58.45%;而100 mmol·L^-1 NaCl处理6 h,己唑醇铜配合物处理小麦幼苗的脯氨酸合成增幅最大,P5CS、P5CR表达量明显增加,在一定程度上缓解了小麦幼苗的渗透胁迫伤害。     

河南省假禾谷镰刀菌对咯菌腈的敏感性

由假禾谷镰刀菌Fusarium pseudograminearum引起的小麦茎基腐病已成为重要的土传病害,并且影响小麦的品质和产量。为了明确中国河南省假禾谷镰刀菌对咯菌腈的敏感性,采用菌丝生长速率法测定了咯菌腈对2019年从河南省6个地市分离的105株假禾谷镰刀菌F. pseudograminearum 的敏感性,通过最小显著差异法(LSD)和SPSS聚类方法对测定结果进行了分析,并测定了假禾谷镰刀菌对多菌灵和戊唑醇的敏感性,分析了咯菌腈与这两种杀菌剂毒力的相关性。结果表明:咯菌腈对供试菌株的最低抑制浓度(MIC)为0.2400 μg/mL。敏感性频率分布图显示,EC₅₀值范围在0.0027~0.0470 μg/mL,敏感性差异达17.41倍;敏感性频率分布为连续单峰曲线,平均EC₅₀值为(0.0263 ± 0.0101) μg/mL,可作为假禾谷镰刀菌对咯菌腈的敏感性基线。方差分析结果显示,不同县市的小麦假禾谷镰刀菌对咯菌腈的敏感性差异较大,EC₅₀值变化范围为0.0150~0.0335 μg/mL,其中咯菌腈对郑州中牟的敏感性最低和最高菌株的EC₅₀值相差16.78倍。聚类分析结果显示,河南省小麦茎基腐病菌菌株对咯菌腈敏感性差异与菌株的地理来源无明显关联性。多菌灵和戊唑醇对病菌的平均EC₅₀值分别为 (0.7881 ± 0.3153) μg/mL和(0.0886 ± 0.1453) μg/mL。病菌对咯菌腈与其对多菌灵和戊唑醇的敏感性之间无明显相关性。温室防效结果显示,用咯菌腈悬浮种衣剂对小麦进行拌种处理,2020年 (咯菌腈有效成分为75.0 μg/g)对小麦茎基腐病的防治效果可达58.00%,2021年 (咯菌腈有效成分为50.0 μg/g)的防治效果可达到63.69%。本研究结果可为咯菌腈在小麦茎基腐病防治中的合理使用提供依据,为病原菌对药剂的敏感性监测提供参考。     

新杀菌剂对番茄灰霉病菌的室内毒力及田间防效

室内采用菌丝生长速率法、孢子萌发法和黄瓜子叶法测定了咯菌腈、抑霉唑、福美双、吡唑醚菌酯和嘧霉胺对番茄灰霉病菌( Botrytis cinerea)的抑制作用。结果表明,菌丝生长速率法和孢子萌发法的测定均以咯菌腈毒力最高,EC 50分别为0.005 2 μg/mL和0.087 6 μg/mL;黄瓜子叶法测定以抑霉唑毒力最高,其EC 50为0.675 3 μg/mL。田间药效试验结果表明：50%咯菌腈可湿性粉剂90 g/ hm2对番茄灰霉病的田间防效达到90%以上,显著高于对照药剂50%啶酰菌胺水分散粒剂300 g/hm2和40%嘧霉胺悬浮剂 480 g/hm2的防效。     

四地区小麦纹枯病菌对6种杀菌剂的抗性比较

从山东和江苏的4个小麦产区采集分离了5个小麦纹枯病菌Rhizoctonia cerealis菌株，为明确小麦纹枯病菌对不同杀菌剂的抗性现状，采用生长速率法测定了5个小麦纹枯病菌菌株对三唑酮、井冈霉素、戊唑醇、咯菌腈、丙环唑、苯醚甲环唑6种常用杀菌剂的抗性。结果表明：江苏镇江菌株（JZ）对三唑酮和井冈霉素的抗性分别高达20．46和23．31倍，山东聊城2个菌株（L1和L2）和泰安菌株（TA）对三唑酮的抗性分别为14．26、10．10和11．98倍，滕州菌株（聊）和泰安菌株（TA）对井冈霉素的抗性分别为14．92和10．46倍。5个菌株对戊唑醇、咯菌腈、丙环唑和苯醚甲环唑抗性均不明显，其中戊唑醇对小麦纹枯病的防治效果最好。     

腈菌唑等药剂防治梨黑星病

本试验于 1 999年 4月 1 8日施药 ,药后 1 0ｄ对梨叶黑星病的防效 ,1 0 %世高可湿性粉剂 50 0 0倍液为 83.5% ,5%霉能灵 1 2 0 0倍液可湿性粉剂为81 .2 % ,1 2 .5%腈菌唑乳油 2 50 0倍液为 79.8% ,1 2 .5%特普唑可湿性粉剂2 0 0 0倍液为 74 .4 %。药后 1 0ｄ对梨叶黑星病的防效 ,世高为 82 .6% ,霉能灵为 81 .8% ,腈菌唑为 78.2 % ,特普唑为75.3%。腈菌唑等药剂防治梨黑星病@严叔平$福建省三明市植保站!365000…     

哈茨木霉在水稻体内的定殖及其对水稻纹枯病抗性的影响

以具有抗腈菌唑标记哈茨木霉TUV-13菌株的分生孢子悬浮液对水稻种子分别进行浸种、蘸根、叶面接种,栽培至2叶1芯期,从秧苗各组织分离回收菌株TUV-13。对经菌液处理的秧苗进行显微及超微观察结果表明,浸种处理能使TUV-13菌株在水稻秧苗的根、茎、叶中稳定定殖;而蘸根处理、叶面接种,TUV-13菌株只能在处理的局部区域定殖。TUV-13菌株定殖后,水稻秧苗与抗病相关的酶活性显著提高,对水稻纹枯病防效达82.9%。     

Uptake and translocation of carpropamid in rice (Oryza sativa L)

Translocation of the antiblast compound, carpropamid, was investigated in rice using [¹⁴C]carpropamid. When applied to the seed, carpropamid was not only readily absorbed but was translocated to different parts of the seedlings emerging from treated seeds. A substantial portion of fungicide appeared to be exuded onto the leaf surface. In 21‐day‐old plants grown from [¹⁴C]carpropamid‐treated seeds, 27.2% of the radioactivity isolated from leaves was present on the surface of lamina. This exuded fraction is probably responsible for its action as a fungal anti‐penetrant compound. Following 30‐min root dipping of 14‐day‐old seedlings, carpropamid was rapidly absorbed and translocated throughout the seedling. Its intra‐laminar distribution was uniform as determined by autoradiography. Only a small fraction (<2%) of fungicide applied to the foliage was translocated beyond the site of application within the treated leaf. Translocation was primarily apoplastic. Approximately 54% of the radioactivity recovered from leaves was in the form of carpropamid. At least seven radiolabelled metabolic products were observed by TLC. Only 8.3% of radioactivity applied through the seeds could be recovered from 21‐day‐old seedlings. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry     

Absorption and translocation of 14C-3,6-dichloropicolinic acid in Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.

Experiments were conducted in a growth cabinet to investigate the absorption and translocation of ¹⁴C-3, 6-dichloropicolinic acid by Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. (Canada thistle, creeping thistle), a sensitive species. Applications were made, either to the middle four leaves of 12-cm-tall vegetative plants grown under low (40%) and/or high (>95%) relative humidity (r.h.), or to four upper or lower leaves of 30-cm-tall flowering plants grown under low r.h. Following application to vegetative plants, absorption and translocation of ¹⁴C-3,6-dichloropicolinic acid was rapid and was approximately doubled by high r.h. High r.h. increased the amount of radioactivity retained by the treated leaves or translocated to the shoots but did not affect greatly the amount retained in the roots. The herbicide was highly mobile, with over half of that absorbed, translocated out of the treated leaves after two days. The apex accumulated most of the radioactivity, while approximately 8% was recovered from the roots. The absorption and translocation patterns were similar to those reported in the literature for picloram in C. arvense. Absorption of 3,6-dichloropicolinic acid was greater in vegetative than in flowering C. arvense plants, and placement of herbicide on lower leaves tended to decrease the amount of radioactivity recovered from shoot apex and increase the amount recovered from the roots. Approximately 15% of the applied radioactivity could not be recovered from treated plants by 2 days after treatment.     

渗透胁迫下钴和DFMA对小麦幼苗多胺含量及膜脂过氧化的影响(英文)

探讨了渗透胁迫下小麦幼苗乙烯与多胺之间是否存在底物竞争以及CoCl2和DFMA对膜脂过氧化的影响。研究结果表明,-1.0 MPa聚乙二醇(PEG)溶液对小麦幼苗根系渗透胁迫6 h时,叶片腐胺、亚精胺含量及乙烯释放量均显著提高,之后随胁迫时间延长,腐胺、亚精胺含量逐渐下降,乙烯释放量逐渐增加;当-1.0 MPa PEG溶液中加入DFMA0.5 mmol/L,在渗透胁迫过程中,相比于未加DFMA的处理,叶片腐胺和亚精胺含量均显著下降,而乙烯释放量没有显著变化;说明在-1.0 MPaPEG溶液根系渗透胁迫过程中,叶片内乙烯与亚精胺之间并不存在显著的底物竞争关系。当-1.0 MPa PEG溶液中加入CoCl22 mmol/L,乙烯释放量的增加被抑制,且腐胺、亚精胺含量显著提高;在PEG溶液中加入CoCl2还提高了叶片抗氧化酶的活力,并在胁迫至24 h时,显著降低了活性氧水平以及MDA含量,进而对细胞膜表现出保护作用。然而,在PEG溶液中加入DFMA,上述指标表现为相反的变化趋势。说明当渗透胁迫加深时,CoCl2提高多胺含量及抑制乙烯产生可以相对降低脂质过氧化程度,且能够减轻细胞膜在深度渗透胁迫下所受伤害。     

Uptake and fate of triticonazole applied as seed treatment to spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Following seed treatment of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with ¹⁴C-labelled triticonazole at a dose of 1·8 g kg^-1 seed, the uptake of radioactivity by shoots and roots was investigated from the two- to three-leaf stage up to the beginning of the booting phase, 80 days after sowing. Triticonazole equivalents taken up by wheat plants reached 5·7% and 14·6% of the applied dose in the shoots and the roots, respectively. Between the two- to three-leaf stage and the beginning of the booting phase, the concentration of triticonazole equivalents in the shoots decreased from 2·5 to 0·15 μg g^-1 fresh weight. This was attributed to uptake of triticonazole by roots not keeping pace with shoot growth and increased retention in the roots of triticonazole taken up. The main factor limiting the uptake of triticonazole by the roots may be the rapid growth of the uptake-active apical root parts out of the dressing zone which had formed in the soil. Distribution of triticonazole equivalents taken up by the main shoot showed a decreasing concentration gradient from the oldest to the youngest leaf. An increase in the seed treatment dose was investigated as a way to increase the concentration of triticonazole in the shoots, but its influence remained limited. © 1998 SCI     

Effect of concentration on absorption and translocation of 2,4,5-T in blackberry (Rubus procerus P. J. Muell.)

Radioactive 2,4,5-T was applied to the leaves of small Rubus precerus (P. J. Muell.) plants grown in pots in the glasshouse in amounts ranging from 24 μg to 55.8 μg per leaf. The amount of 2,4,5-T absorbed and translocated was measured 6h and 24h later. The herbicide was translocated throughout the plant within 6h and the concentration in the various plant parts increased between 6h and 24h. More 2,4,5-T was absorbed at high concentrations than at low concentrations although the percentage absorbed in 24h decreased from 13% to 6% as the concentration was increased Translocation of 2,4,5-T-1-14C was variable, although the amount translocated inereased as the amount applied was increased, and was closely correlated to the amount of herbicide absorbed by the leaves.     

油菜对毒素草酸的吸收代谢与抗性机理

 放射自显影实验发现¹⁴C-放射性物质在抗、感菌核病油菜品种中的分布不同,抗病品种表现限制放射性物质转运。油菜叶对所吸收草酸的转化率在57%以上,而且抗病品种大于感病品种。在放射性物质中未转化的可溶性草酸盐仅占1.2%,而不溶性的草酸盐占28%以上。在草酸转化物糖、有机酸和氨基酸中糖所占比例最大。草酸诱导油菜苗过氧化物酶活性增加,其增加幅度是抗病品种大于感病品种。草酸抑制多酚氧化酶的活性。发现草酸在较高浓度下也抑制苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性。     

Behaviour of the herbicide EL-107 in wheat and rape grown under controlled conditions

The behaviour of ¹⁴C-EL-107 has been evaluated in winter wheat and rape, which are tolerant and susceptible, respectively, under field conditions. After 10- to 13-days’growth under controlled conditions, seedlings were allowed to absorb the herbicide through the roots. Two experiments were conducted to study the absorption and the metabolism of EL-107. Absorption was estimated during a 5-day treatment at the rate of 1–47 μM, and metabolism was studied after a 1-day treatment at 14.7 μM. The results showed that (i) rape plants absorbed more herbicide than wheat, and translocated less radioactivity into their shoots, and (ii) the metabolism of EL-107 proceeded actively only in the shoots, where EL-107 disappeared at similar rates in the two species, giving rise to the same metabolites. In conclusion, the respective degrees of susceptibility of the two species could be partly related to differences in the concentration of the herbicide in the roots, where it can exert its phytotoxic effect.