万寿菊的生物活性及其在动物生产中的应用研究

万寿菊中主要含有叶黄素、黄酮、精油和α-三联噻吩等活性成分,具有抗炎、抗氧化、抑菌杀虫等生物活性.万寿菊在动物生产中具有提高机体免疫力和生产性能、改善畜产品品质等重要作用.文章对万寿菊的生物活性及其在动物生产中的应用进行综述,旨在为万寿菊的进一步开发利用提供参考.     

万寿菊提取物对蛋黄颜色和抗氧化物的试验

<正>目前少有叶黄素种蛋蛋黄颜色及种蛋内抗氧化物质影响的系统研究报道,因此,试验通过种母鸡日粮中添加万寿菊提取物,来研究叶黄素等抗氧     

市售鸡蛋中类胡萝卜素含量的检测及稳定性研究

鸡蛋是人类摄取类胡萝卜紊的重要来源之一。本研究收集市售饲料蛋和土鸡蛋5种,利用HPLC法测定蛋黄中主要类胡萝卜紊的含量。并比较了鸡蛋煮熟前后类胡萝卜紊含量的变化,观察其对热的稳定性。结果表明,市售鸡蛋蛋黄中主要含有叶黄素、玉米黄质、斑蝥黄和阿朴酯,其中叶黄素含量最高,在14．71-25．11mg／kg之间,玉米黄质和斑蝥黄含量小于10mg／kg．阿朴酯含量不到1mg／kg。在煮熟后,蛋黄中各类胡萝卜素组分损失较多,最大损失率约为25％-28％。     

微乳基质成乳条件与稳定性的研究

以肉豆蔻酸异丙酯为油相,聚山梨酯20为表面活性剂,以丙二醇、正丁醇和正戊醇为辅助表面活性剂,以蒸馏水为水相,采用单因素试验及正交试验法,筛选了微乳基质的理想配方,并探讨了表面活性剂、辅助表面活性剂等因素对微乳成乳条件的影响。结果表明,试验研制的微乳基质是一种黏稠度低、稳定性好的透明或半透明分散体系。     

叶黄素产品稳定性研究

本实验对各种叶黄素产品进行了稳定性研究,包括叶黄素晶体、叶黄素酯、叶黄素乙酰酯、水溶性叶黄素粉末及颗粒等在光照、空气等外界条件中的稳定性。研究表明,叶黄素双酯和叶黄素乙酰酯相对于叶黄素晶体表现出更好的稳定性,而水溶性的叶黄素粉末比颗粒的稳定性更好。     

清瘟败毒颗粒的制备及稳定性研究

通过对清瘟败毒颗粒剂制备过程中黄连、黄芩提取工艺的优选,辅料种类和用量的选择,制剂成型及初步稳定性的考察,确定了清瘟败毒颗粒的最佳制备工艺为:黄连加10倍、8倍、8倍水,煎煮3次,分别煎煮1.5h、1.5h和1h;黄芩加8倍、8倍、8倍量水,煎煮3次,均为1h;其余12味,加水温浸1h,煎煮2次,第1次加10倍水,煎煮2h,第2次加8倍量水,煎煮1h,滤过,合并滤液,减压浓缩至密度为1.08~1.10,合并所有稠膏和黄芩苷粉,加辅料适量制成颗粒。通过加速稳定性试验和长期稳定性试验确定产品的稳定性。结果表明,在上述条件下制备的清瘟败毒颗粒在聚酯/铝/聚乙烯药品包装用复合膜的包装下,其长期稳定性试验和加速稳定性试验中各项指标均符合药典规定,显示产品稳定性良好。     

酸凝乳稳定性的研究

研究了三种稳定剂对酸性乳稳定性的影响。结果表明：CMC最适添加量为0．03％，且乳的产粘度最大；黄原胶最适添加量为0．03％，瓜尔豆胶在添加量0．06％时效果较好，但黏度相对较低；复合配比中，CMC、黄原胶、瓜尔豆胶的配比为2：3：1时，乳的稳定性最好。     

不同魔芋粉使用量对肉鸭饲料颗粒稳定性的影响

为了探索魔芋粉含量对肉中鸭饲料颗粒稳定性的影响,试验设计肉中鸭配合料中4种魔芋粉用量,对4组肉中鸭饲料进行含粉率及颗粒稳定性指数(PDI)的测定。试验采用单因子4水平6重复设计,饲料中魔芋粉含量分别为:0、2%、3%、4%。结果表明,不同的魔芋粉含量对肉中鸭的颗粒稳定性有影响。随着魔芋粉含量的提高,饲料的颗粒稳定性指数逐渐提高,而含粉率逐渐下降。     

改良清肺颗粒的稳定性研究

为研究改良清肺颗粒的稳定性,试验采用高效液相色谱法（HPLC）定量检测清肺颗粒中葶苈子中槲皮素-3-O-β-D-葡萄糖-7-O-β-D-龙胆双糖苷含量并使用薄层色谱法（TLC）鉴别。分别通过影响因素试验、加速试验、长期稳定性试验来考察清肺颗粒在光照、高温及高湿条件下的稳定性。试验结果表明：湿度是影响改良清肺颗粒的主要因素,高湿度环境导致改良清肺颗粒颜色加深,放置10 d后水分提高19.37%(P <0.01),粒度降低9.3%(P <0.05),槲皮素-3-O-β-D-葡萄糖-7-O-β-D-龙胆双糖苷含量降低3%(P <0.05)。在加速试验与长期稳定性试验中,改良清肺颗粒的性状、水分含量、粒度、溶化性和槲皮素-3-O-β-D-葡萄糖-7-O-β-D-龙胆双糖苷含量变化不显著。综上所述,改良清肺颗粒稳定性良好,于室温保存12个月各项指标均符合《中国兽药典》稳定性规定。     

不同灌溉模式下金盏花水分动态研究

以金盏花（Tagetes erecta）为试验材料,通过人工控制灌水量的试验,比较了垄作与平作不同灌溉模式下,水分在0~80 cm剖面上的动态迁移规律,并分析了不同灌水模式下的灌溉效率和肥料利用效率。结果表明,金盏花从播种至拔节期,0~40 cm土层土壤含水量平作各处理均高于相应的垄作各处理,但经过拔节期稳定之后,垄作沟灌的土壤含水量要高于平作各处理;垄作沟灌各处理的深层（40~80 cm）土壤水分含量均大于其相应平作处理。金盏花田的土壤水分纵深分布基本呈明显的“W”型分布,垄作沟灌的总产量均略高于相应的平作漫灌,A2B1（垄作沟灌4 200 m3·hm-2）与A2B3（垄作沟灌3 000 m3·hm-2）的总产量基本相当,而A2B2（垄作沟灌3 600 m3·hm-2）处理最高,与A1B1（平作漫灌4 200 m3·hm-2）差异显著,比A1B1增产25%。水分和肥料利用率分别为139.94 kg·mm-1·hm-2和24.9%。垄作沟灌与常规耕作比较, 有效地提高了土壤含水量, 具有较好的节水作用,增产效果明显。     

Effects of carotenoids from lucerne, marigold and tomato on egg yolk pigmentation and carotenoid composition

1. The effects of various sources of natural carotenoids (Px alfalfa concentrate, tomato powder and marigold extract) as feed additives in quail diets on egg yolk pigmentation and carotenoid composition were investigated. 2. Adult Japanese quail were fed one of 5 different diets for 23 d: three diets each contained Px alfalfa concentrate (PX) or tomato powder (TP) or marigold extract (MG), one diet contained marigold extract and tomato powder (MG + TP) and a control diet (wheat/barley based) was low in carotenoid. All products were added at a rate of 2%, apart from marigold extract which was added at a rate of 0.2%. 3. Visual assessment of yolk colour (Roche colour fan) showed a stabilised yolk colour of 1.6, 7.7, 8.5, 8.8 and 10.6 for the control, PX, TP, MG and MG + TP treatments, respectively. 4. The total carotenoid concentration of the egg yolks were 2.2, 22.4, 4.1, 39.0 and 37.7 microg/g for the experimental groups fed the following diets: control, PX, TP, MG and MG + TP, respectively. Deposition of retinol, alpha-tocopherol and gamma-tocopherol in the egg yolk was unaffected by treatments. 5. Lutein was shown to be the major carotenoid in the egg yolk, comprising 1.65, 17.97, 2.03, 31.14 and 28.57 microg/g in control, PX, TP, MG and MG + TP, respectively. Inclusion of TP in the quail diet resulted in lycopene transfer to the egg. 6. It was concluded that, in comparison with the control group, there was an increase in the yolk concentrations of lutein, zeaxanthin, lycopene and beta-carotene in eggs produced by female quail fed diets supplemented with natural carotenoids.     

黄土高原不同草地类型对水稳性团聚体粒径分布及稳定性的影响

本研究在甘肃兰州选择了4种不同类型的人工草地与天然草地为研究对象,分别为苜蓿草地、冰草草地、柠条灌木草地及针茅草地,其中针茅草地为天然草地。分析了4种草地类型0~40 cm土层的土壤水稳性团聚体粒径分布特征、平均重量直径(mean weight diameter, MWD)以及它们之间的差异性和相关性。结果表明,>2 mm和<0.25 mm粒径的水稳性团聚体为优势粒径;在土壤表层0~20 cm,针茅草地>0.25 mm粒径的水稳性团聚体显著高于其他草地类型(P<0.05),而在20~40 cm土层,苜蓿草地最高,说明在表层针茅草地对土壤结构的改良最优,随土层加深苜蓿草地对土壤结构的改良效果突出;苜蓿草地MWD值由表层0~10 cm的1.04 mm降低到30~40 cm的0.72 mm,下降了31%,而其他草地类型下降了50%~80%,说明苜蓿草地对不同层次土壤结构改良效果的差异性最小。MWD值与>0.25 mm粒径的水稳性团聚体含量和有机质呈极显著的正相关关系,与土壤容重呈极显著的负相关关系,表明水稳性大团聚体和有机质含量的增加可有效促进土壤结构的改良,加强土壤结构的稳定性,提高土壤的抗侵蚀能力。     

大蒜素稳定性的研究

大蒜素又名大蒜新素 ,化学名为二烯丙基三硫化合物 ,是从大蒜的球形鳞基中提取出来的一种挥发性油状物。大蒜素具有杀菌、促进生长、调味诱食等多种功能 ,现已在养殖业中得到广泛应用。但大蒜素稳定性较差 ,在外界条件影响下 ,颜色易加深甚至变得粘稠 ,生物学功能和饲用功效也随之降低。1　影响大蒜素稳定性的因素1 1　ｐＨ值对大蒜素稳定性的影响　常温下大蒜素水溶液在偏酸性 (尤其是ｐＨ为 5～ 7)的条件下较为稳定 ;而在碱性条件下大蒜素水溶液的稳定性很差 ,且碱性越强大蒜素含量下降越快。大蒜素在碱性条件下不稳定的原因是 :碱性条件…     

The stability of porcine rotavirus in feces

Rotaviruses are known as major causal agents of diarrhea in humans and animals. They affect young animals in intensive rearing and cause great economic losses. This study evaluated the infectivity of porcine rotavirus maintained for 32 months at approximately 10 degrees C in the original stool specimens. Thirty stool specimens of 1-4-week-old piglets from breeding farms located in the southwest of the State of Parana were selected for this study. They were randomly chosen from stool samples positive for rotavirus RNA by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) at the time of collection. The thirty stool samples maintained for 32 months were re-tested by PAGE and 11 out of 30 were still positive showing physical integrity of the eleven segments of viral RNA. In order to demonstrate the maintenance of viral infectivity processed fecal homogenates were inoculated in MA-104 cell cultures. After an average of three blind passages 5 out of 11 samples demonstrated cytopathic effect similar to that of a simian rotavirus (SA-11) used as positive control. To confirm these findings an immunofluorescence test was performed and typical cytoplasmatic granular fluorescence was observed. Electron microscopy of stool samples showed that most of the virus particles were single-shelled and some were found to be in advanced state of degradation. The viral nucleic acid extracted from six fecal specimens out of those that showed physical integrity of rotavirus RNA by PAGE were also amplified when submitted to RT-PCR demonstrating stability of viral RNA. We therefore concluded that porcine rotavirus infectivity is maintained for a long period of time in stool specimens at low temperature.     

蜂蜜中泰乐菌素A的稳定性研究

泰乐菌素A对控制有土霉素抗性的美洲幼虫腐臭病很有效,且对蜜蜂的生长毒性较小,但过度使用会在蜂产品中残留。由于蜂蜜为弱酸性,泰乐菌素A在酸性条件下易降解。本文研究了不同温度下蜂蜜中泰乐菌素A的稳定性,并建立了蜂蜜中泰乐菌素A及其降解产物脱红霉糖泰乐菌素的测定方法:以pH 6.0的磷酸盐缓冲液为提取剂,经HLB小柱净化富集后,采用高效液相色谱串联质谱法测定。该方法前处理简单,对泰乐菌素A和脱红霉糖泰乐菌素的检出限和定量限分别为1.0和2.0μg/kg,回收率范围为70.75~89.28%,RSD为6.4~8.9%。方法回收率稳定且重现性较好,能满足日常检测工作的需要。     

The comparison of in vivo antigenotoxic and antioxidative capacity of two propylene glycol extracts of Calendula officinalis (marigold) and vitamin E in young growing pigs

The objective of the study was to evaluate the protective effect of Calendula officinalis propylene glycol extracts against oxidative DNA damage and lipid peroxidation induced by high polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) intake in young growing pigs. Forty young growing pigs were assigned to five treatment groups: control; oil (linseed oil supplementation); C. officinalis 1 and 2 groups (linseed oil plus 3 ml/day of C. officinalis propylene glycol extracts); and vitamin E group (linseed oil plus 100 mg/kg of vitamin E). Lymphocyte DNA fragmentation and 24-h urinary 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) excretion were measured to determine DNA damage. Lipid peroxidation was studied by analysing plasma and urine malondialdehyde (MDA), and urine isoprostane concentrations (iPF2α-VI), total antioxidant status of plasma and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) assays. C. officinalis 1 (extract from petals) effectively protected DNA from oxidative damage. It indicated a numerical trend towards the reduction of plasma MDA and urinary iPF2α-VI excretion. Its effect was comparable with that of vitamin E. C. officinalis 2 (extract from flower tops) showed less antioxidant potential than the extract from petals. We can conclude that the amount of C. officinalis extracts proposed for internal use by traditional medicine protects the organism against DNA damage induced by high PUFA intake.     

维生素添加剂的稳定性及品质保护

1 影响维生素稳定性的主要因素1.1 湿度 湿度是影响维生素稳定性的首要因子。由于吸附在维生素表面的微生物的繁衍,使得饲料添加剂易吸收水分,因而加速了氯化胆碱、微量元素和其他化学反应对预混料中维生素的破坏作用。环境湿度及载体或预混料中的含水量过高,均会导致维生素在贮藏过程中的效价降低。Christian（1993）测试了预混料中维生素A的稳定性,贮存3个月后,维生素A的保存率在低温低湿的条件下是88％,高温低湿条件下是86％,高温高湿条件下是2％。由此得出结论:湿度比温度