青海高原禾草内生真菌资源的调查和分离

青海高原的高寒特性决定其生境内禾草植物的多样性和特异性,然而有关青海高原地区禾草内生真菌的研究报道较少,本研究对青海高原地区48个样点内禾草植物内生真菌带菌率和内生真菌分离进行了研究.结果表明,14种禾本科植物内生真菌平均感染率低于50％,而12种植物内生真菌平均感染率大于50％.其中,缘毛鹅观草(Roegneria pendulina)、紫花针茅(Stipa purpurea)、醉马草(Achnatherum inebrians)、中华羊茅(Festuca sinensis)、硬质早熟禾(Poa sphondylodes)、微药羊茅(F.nitidula)、毛稃羊茅(F.kiritowii)和紫羊茅(F.rubra) 的平均带菌率均超过80％.同时,同属禾草植物内生真菌带菌率存在差异.禾草内生真菌分离率较低,其中紫花针茅、麦宾草(El ymus tangutorum)、光稃早熟禾(P.psiolepis)和异针茅(S.aliena)内生真菌在菌落和分生孢子形态上存在差异.可见,青海高原禾草内生真菌带菌率较高,同时不同禾草内生真菌可能存在多样性.     

内生真菌和水引发对NaCl胁迫条件下中华羊茅种子萌发的影响

本试验以带Epichloё内生真菌(E+)及不带内生真菌(E-)中华羊茅种子为研究材料,研究其水引发后,在NaCl胁迫条件下的萌发情况。结果表明,NaCl胁迫显著降低中华羊茅种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、胚芽长、胚根长和干重。除对照处理外,相对于不带内生真菌的中华羊茅种子,内生真菌能显著提高不同NaCl浓度胁迫条件下中华羊茅种子的萌发力及幼苗生长。水引发与内生真菌可产生互作,在引发时间为20 min时与内生真菌的互作效果最为明显,在不同NaCl浓度胁迫下中华羊茅种子各萌发指标及幼苗生长情况均显著高于其他处理。在对各指标的相关性分析显示,中华羊茅种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、胚芽长、胚根长和干重相互之间均呈极显著正相关。     

禾本科植物内生真菌研究10——内生真菌共生体的苗期生物学特性

有些禾本科植物内生真菌能为宿主植物带来抗病虫害、抗旱、促进苗期生长和分蘖等性能。研究利用种子中Neotyphodium属内生真菌含菌率不同的苇状羊茅Festuca arundinacea、多年生黑麦草Lolium perenne和野生鹅观草Roegneria kamoji进行了室内发芽试验、室外和人工气候箱内的盆栽试验以及室内外蚜虫接种试验,调查了内生真菌对其宿主苗期生物学特性的影响。发现种子含菌率比较高的苇状羊茅和多年生黑麦草分蘖多,幼苗抗虫性明显提高;种子含菌率比较高的鹅观草发芽率高,出苗整齐,生长快,分蘖多,但幼苗无明显的抗虫性。研究结果进一步说明了禾本科植物内生真菌在农业上具有广阔的利用前景。     

高寒地区青海中华羊茅适应性及高产栽培技术研究

青海省位于高寒地区,该地区约有9个草地类型。为提高草原应用价值,针对青海地区的草地生态系统,采取种植中华羊茅的方式。这不仅适合高寒地区牧草高产的价值趋势,还可以维护草原地区的生态,具有一定的应用价值。本文对中华羊茅在高寒地区青海的适应性进行分析,并初步研究中华羊茅牧草高产的栽培技术。     

高寒地区青海中华羊茅适应性及高产栽培技术研究

青海中华羊茅具有强抗寒性、耐盐碱、返青早、枯黄晚的特性,适宜于在高寒牧区栽培。就青海中华羊茅在高寒牧区的适应性及高产栽培技术进行了阐述,以期为高寒牧区的生态畜牧业发展和生态治理工程提供参考。     

中华羊茅 Epichloё内生真菌的actin 序列分析

Epichloё内生真菌与禾本科植物很常见。现已有大量关于禾草Epichloё内生真菌系统演化研究的报道,但是尚未发现中华羊茅所带Epichloё内生真菌系统演化方面的研究。本研究经过检测采自青海、甘肃、四川等地中华羊茅8个种群的Epichloё内生真菌带菌率发现8个种群的Epichloё内生真菌均带有Epichloё内生真菌,带菌率为100%。该结果为研究中华羊茅所带Epichloё内生真菌系统演化的研究提供了优良的材料。因此,本研究通过克隆actin(act)序列,并与已报道Epichloё内生真菌act序列构建系统进化树。结果表明,供试菌act序列在进化树上成单支分布,表明该菌属于同一种Epichloё内生真菌,且可能是一个新种。此外,遗传距离分析也证明了供试菌为同一菌种。进化关系同时发现分布在相同或相近地理位置的Epichloё内生真菌聚集在同一个分支,表明它们之间的亲缘关系较近,表明Epichloё内生真菌亲缘关系与宿主采集地密切相关。     

甘肃中华羊茅内生真菌形态多样性

本研究以采自甘肃夏河桑科草原和甘加草原的野生中华羊茅(Festuca sinensis)为材料,通过对种子和茎髓部内生真菌带菌的检测,并在PDA培养基上进行分离培养,总共得到48个内生真菌菌株.再经水琼脂培养基次级培养以促进产孢,依据菌落生长形态、分生孢子、分生孢子梗等形态学特征的现察与测定,最终可将其分为3个形态群....     

苇状羊茅及多年生黑麦草内生真菌的研究进展

本文介绍了重要禾本科牧草苇状羊茅及多年生黑麦草内生真菌对家畜的影响、对寄主本身的影响及内生真菌的传播、控制、鉴定和运用。苇状羊茅与多年生黑麦草内生真菌同属枝顶孢霉属(Acremonium),极为相似。苇状羊茅内生真菌导致牛的苇状羊茅中霉症。多年生黑麦草内生真菌造成羊及其它家畜的黑麦草蹒跚病。内生真菌可促进寄主的生长、延长寄主的寿命、抵抗病虫的侵害。内生真菌通过种子传递给牧草后代,牧草生产中用种子贮藏、种子高温处理、种子或植株药物处理控制内生真菌,防止牛的苇状羊茅中毒症和羊的黑麦草蹒跚病。草坪生产中通过接种内生真菌增加草坪草的抗虫、抗病能力,并延长其寿命。     

内生真菌与高羊茅之间的共生关系

从内生真菌的涵义及其基本生物学特征出发,着重对国内外近10 年来有关内生真菌与高羊茅关系的研究情况作了综述,主要包括内生真菌对高羊茅生长发育及其抗逆性的影响、内生真菌对高羊茅植物群落及生态系统的影响等,并对内生真菌研究的实际意义及其应用前景作了总结。     

内生真菌发酵液浸种对干旱胁迫下黑麦草种子萌发的影响

为了探究离体Epichlo?内生真菌对萌发期多年生黑麦草(Lolium perenne)种子抗旱性的影响。本研究以醉马草(Achnatherum inebrians)内生真菌(Epichlo3gansuensis)、披碱草(Elymus dahuricus)雀麦内生真菌(E.bromicola)和中华羊茅(Festuca sinensis)内生真菌(Epichlo?sp.)3种禾草内生真菌发酵液对多年生黑麦草种子进行浸种,采用纸上发芽法(TP)测定不同浓度PEG处理下种子萌发指标。结果表明:随PEG浓度的增大,黑麦草种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数和活力指数均逐渐降低,幼苗苗长和幼苗含水量逐渐减小,种子霉变率先增大后减小,根系长度均在-0.6 MPa时达到最大值。PEG浓度在~(-1).2 MPa时,种子萌发活力丧失。相与无浸种对照相比,内生真菌发酵液浸种可显著(P0.05)促进黑麦草种子的萌发、幼苗和根的生长,有效降低种子的霉变率。醉马草内生真菌发酵液浸种下,多年生黑麦草种子发芽指数、活力指数、幼苗含水量、幼苗苗长和根系长度大于披碱草和中华羊茅浸种。综上所述,内生真菌发酵液对干旱胁迫下黑麦草种子的萌发具有一定的促进作用,且3种发酵液中,醉马草内生真菌发酵液抗旱效果比较明显。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -