昆明市4种城市绿化树种的生态功能比较

以山杜英、云南拟单性木兰、天竺桂、云南樟4种昆明市常用的城市绿化树种为研究对象,分别对其林木的蒸腾速率、水分利用效率、放氧量、降低太阳光直射能力、滞尘能力、改善土壤质量能力和降低大气降水污染的能力进行了测定,以求比较其城市绿化的生态功能。研究结果表明,4种树种的林木都具有良好的生态功能,但各树种林木的生态功能不尽相同。     

衡水市城市绿化树种选择及发展对策

通过对衡水市地理、气候、土壤自然条件下 ,城市绿化树种资源及存在问题的分析 ,提出了合理选择城市绿化树种 ,提高城市绿化效益和绿化质量的树种发展对策。     

包装材料中的植物纤维环保材料的应用

指出了面对日益严重的全球污染问题,研发绿色环保包装材料已成为包装行业发展的重要课题。阐述了植物纤维材料的概念,从环境保护、社会经济、包装美学三个方面论述了植物纤维材料使用的意义,并对植物纤维材料的应用设计思路从两个方面进行了发展和延伸。     

小木块坪地物理性能及绿化效果

利用城市绿化废料加工成小木块进行坪地铺设,不仅美观、抗压性能好,而且具有调节土壤温湿度及肥沃土壤的作用,在城市绿化中具有很好的发展前景。     

平潭综合实验区城市绿化土壤的生态改良原则

针对平潭综合实验区主要土壤类型存在旱、瘦、沙、漏、盐、碱等问题,限制了城市绿化的植物选择、应用和正常生长。提出在充分利用原生植物资源、适地适树的前提下,对土壤进行混配改良,以及促进土壤—植物—水三者生态和谐、良性循环、持续发展的城市绿化土壤的生态改良原则。     

试论现阶段城市绿化存在的不足与改良措施

通过分析城市绿化现状,阐述了现阶段城市绿化在树种选择、栽植时间、土壤培育及养护方面存在的不足,并针对不足之处提出了合理配置树种、缩短栽植时间、改良土壤性质、加强后期管理等改良措施,以期为未来城市绿化的发展提供理论依据。     

影响城市绿化养护管理水平的几大因素

城市绿化养护管理是提高城市绿化水平的关键,通过对几个绿化养护水平不同的城市的比较,得出影响城市绿化养护管理水平的因素有土壤类别、气候、人口密度、引种行为、城市规划和经济等六大因素。     

植物纤维毯对黄土沟壑区沟道边坡产流产沙及土壤的影响

为探究植物纤维毯护坡措施在黄土沟壑区对沟道边坡产流产沙和土壤的影响,采用野外人工模拟降雨试验和野外监测相结合的方法,在模拟降雨试验中,设计3个雨强,测定植物纤维毯的径流量和产沙量;在野外小区监测中,通过测定土壤物理及化学指标,评价植物纤维毯对土壤的改良作用。结果表明:植物纤维毯护坡措施在降雨强度为30 mm·h~(-1)、70 mm·h~(-1)和120 mm·h~(-1)时均能有效地抑制径流产沙,平均减流效益为63.33%,平均减沙效益为84.16%,减流效益和减沙效益均在降雨强度为30 mm·h~(-1)时最高。植物纤维毯护坡措施抑制径流产沙的效果受降雨强度影响,随着降雨强度不断增加,植物纤维毯边坡的径流量和产沙量不断增加,减流、减沙效益不同程度降低,平均径流量由降雨强度为30 mm·h~(-1)时的3.71 L增加到降雨强度为120 mm·h~(-1)时的4.22 L,平均产沙量由降雨强度为30 mm·h~(-1)时的10.99 g增加到降雨强度为120 mm·h~(-1)时的66.72 g;平均减流效益由降雨强度为30 mm·h~(-1)时的72.13%降到降雨强度为120 mm·h~(-1)时的47.76%,平均减沙效益由降雨强度为30 mm·h~(-1)时的88.77%降到降雨强度为120 mm·h~(-1)时的79.95%。植物纤维毯护坡措施可改良坡面表层土壤,植物纤维毯坡面表层土壤的土壤含水量和总孔隙度较裸坡显著提高,土壤含水率平均提高5.70%,总孔隙度平均提高13.07%,全氮和有机质含量也显著提升,全氮含量平均是裸坡的1.88倍,有机质含量平均是裸坡的2.22倍。植物纤维毯能够有效降低黄土丘陵沟壑区沟道边坡土壤侵蚀,减少产流,改善土壤理化性质,减沙效益优于减流效益。     

城市绿地的生态效益

当今城市绿化必须从维护城市生态平衡的观点出发来考虑城市绿化的所有问题,只有这样,才能充分发挥出整个城市绿化的生态效益,达到减轻污染、改善环境、美化城市的目的。因此,城市绿化工作者不仅要建设城市的绿化规模,更要挖潜增效建设城市绿化最本质的内涵,即良好的环境质量和生活质量,最充分发挥出城市绿化对改善城市生态的作用。     

关中西部地区抗污染性园林植物及其应用调查

抗污染性园林植物能够吸收土壤中有害物质、净化空气,有效改善城市环境。本文对关中西部受污染较严重的工业区及其他污染较集中地区的绿化植物的应用及生长状况进行了调查和相关资料整理,归纳总结出关中西部地区防治环境污染的主要植物种类及其在城市绿化中的应用。以便更好地为城区、工矿区及其他环境条件相似的工业城市的绿化植物选择提供依据。     

祁连山水源涵养林土壤水文特征研究

通过对祁连山水源涵养林区的苔藓-青海云杉林、亚高山灌丛、灌木-青海云杉林、中低山灌木林和祁连圆柏以及牧草地等6种植被土壤水分物理性质的测定与计算,比较分析了不同植被的水源涵养能力,建立了主要土壤类型的入渗模型、土壤水分消退方程,评价了不同植被土壤层水文特征及其与植被间的关系.祁连山区主要森林的平均土壤密度均小于1 g·cm-3,土壤的蓄水能力很强但各植被间差异较大.各种森林植被土壤均表现出较高的入渗性能,土壤初渗率、稳渗率及蓄水能力从大到小的次序均为:苔藓-青海云杉林、亚高山灌丛、灌木-青海云杉林、中低山灌木林、祁连圆柏林和牧草地.在相同的环境条件下,森林土壤(山地灰褐土)的保水能力较高,水势消退曲线呈凸形,而牧草地土壤(山地栗钙土)的保水能力相对较弱,水势消退曲线呈凹形.土壤含水量相同时,后者所持水分的有效性更大.     

Über den Einfluß von Witterungsfaktoren auf das Wachstum markierter Erdmäuse (Microtus agrestis L.)

The influence of temperature and humidity of the soil hours of sunshine and precipitation upon growth of 376 marked specimens resp. 675 recaptures of field voles was investigated by means of a correlation analysis. The influence of soil temperature was significantly positive within the observed range of +3°C to +25°C and the soil humidity was optimal at the level of 50% water content of the soil. Great differences of growth potency of the voles were observed in different seasons, especially in the lower weight classes. The weight increase of 286 juvenils which were born in captivity was markedly reduced in the second half of the year. Similar seasonal differences were observed in the field. However, the drastically weight changes of the adults resp. of the higher weight classes were only slightly correlated with climatic factors or seasonal differences of growth tendency in the whole population.     

不同土壤水分条件下雷公藤的生长及光响应特征

选择2年生雷公藤盆栽扦插苗为实验材料,研究了不同土壤水分条件下(土壤含水量分别为土壤田间持水量的80%、60%、40%和20%)雷公藤的生长及光响应特征,结果表明:在4种水分条件下,雷公藤枝条和叶片的生长量及叶片质量均随土壤含水量的增加而逐渐增加,土壤含水量为80%时生长量较好,叶绿素含量及比叶鲜重、干重均较高,土壤含水量为20%时生长相对较差,与各处理间差异显著;随着水分胁迫的加重,雷公藤的光合和蒸腾速率逐渐降低,不同土壤水分条件下,雷公藤光合与蒸腾的光响应均表现出一致的变化趋势,即随着光照强度的增加,其光合与蒸腾速率均呈先上升后下降的趋势。     

落叶松连栽对土壤物理性质及林木生长影响的研究

本文通过对辽东地区落叶松人工林连我与土壤水分、容重、孔隙度等物理性质及林木生长关系的研究,认为落叶松人工林连栽地力衰退的原因之一是土壤物理性质恶化所致。     

黑龙江省西部平原缓丘农区降雨量与水土流失的关系

通过定点定位观测及面上调查与分析 ,阐明了影响黑龙江省西部平原缓丘农区水土流失的主要因子是降雨量、土壤含水率、土壤容重及地表径流量 ,并给出了各因子之间的定量指标 ,为进一步加强和完善生态工程建设提供依据。     

Effects of soil water deficit on gas exchange characteristics and water relations of orchard lychee (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) trees

Eight-year-old lychee (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) trees, cv. 'Bengal,' growing in krasnozem soil were subjected to soil water deficit from one month before flowering until harvest by covering the ground with polyethylene sheeting and withholding irrigation. The ratio of daytime stomatal conductance of unirrigated to irrigated trees decreased 20% during the three months of increasing water deficit. Predawn leaf water potentials of irrigated trees averaged about -0.3 MPa throughout the period, whereas they declined progressively to -0.9 MPa in unirrigated trees. Minimum daytime leaf water potential in the unirrigated trees decreased from -1.0 to -1.1 MPa at the beginning of the drought period to -2.2 to -2.4 MPa after three months, and calculated whole-plant conductance did not change with decreasing availability of water. The calculated soil-root water potential declined to less than -1.0 MPa in unirrigated trees. Capacitance effects on the relationship between leaf water potential and transpiration were significant only at low transpiration rates. Although unirrigated trees reduced soil water content at 0-30 cm depths to an equivalent water potential of -1.0 MPa, fruit shedding was significantly less than in irrigated trees. Water deficit had no effect on the fresh weight of pericarp, but caused increased seed size and decreased fresh weight of flesh, resulting in fruit from unirrigated trees being 16% lower in total fresh weight per fruit than fruit from irrigated trees.     

杉木毛竹混交林土壤理化性状研究

对尤溪县梧园村毛竹纯林改造成毛竹混交林的土壤理化性质进行分析,结果表明:在0～20 cm土层中,杉竹混交林土壤的容重低于毛竹纯林,总孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、通气度、孔隙度比都比毛竹纯林增加,杉竹混交林土壤的毛管持水量、最小持水量增加,土壤的保水能力增强;杉竹混交林土壤的有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、水解性氮、速效磷和速效钾含量比毛竹纯林增加,土壤的酸性得到改善。说明混交有利于改善土壤的通气透水能力,发挥林分水源涵养功能,有利于增加土壤养分及养分的有效化,从而有利于植物的生长。     

观赏海棠品种对土壤干旱胁迫的响应差异

探讨观赏海棠适应土壤干旱胁迫及复水的生长生理机制,筛选观赏海棠抗旱性鉴定的生长生理指标。研究盆栽人工模拟干旱条件及复水条件下的13个观赏海棠品种的叶片相对含水量(RWC)、叶片失水量(WWL)、新梢增长率(SGR)、比叶重(SDW)、净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Cs)、水分利用效率(WUE)、相对电导率(REC)、脯氨酸含量(PRO)、可溶性蛋白含量(SPC)和旱害指数(DI)的变化,并采用聚类分析法对品种的抗旱性进行综合评价。土壤干旱胁迫明显降低观赏海棠的RWC,WWL,SGR,Pn,Tr和Cs;提高DI,WUE和REC;对SDW,PRO和SPC的影响不一。供试观赏海棠品种抗旱性可分4类,比利时直立和王族为特抗型;比利时垂枝、凯尔斯和钻石为高抗型;当娜、高原之火、红花、绚丽和雪球为中抗型;红丽、红玉和印第安魔力为低抗型。不同观赏海棠品种对土壤干旱胁迫和复水的响应不同,其抗旱性存在差异。     

Root growth and water use efficiency of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) and lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl.) seedlings

One-year-old Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) and lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl.) seedlings were grown for 17 weeks in 100-cm deep, 7.8-liter containers. Two Douglas-fir provenances, one from a wet and one from a dry site in coastal British Columbia, and two lodgepole pine provenances, one from a wet and one from a dry site in interior British Columbia, were grown in wet (522% water content) or dry (318% water content) peat/vermiculite soil in a factorial design. Each container was sealed so that water loss occurred only through the seedling. Five harvests were made at three to five week intervals and water use, dry matter increment, root length and root weight were determined at each harvest. Stomatal conductance and shoot water potentials were measured during the last 12 weeks of the experiment. Lodgepole pine seedlings had greater dry matter production, water use, stomatal conductance and new root length than Douglas-fir seedlings. New root weight of lodgepole pine seedlings exceeded that of Douglas-fir seedlings during the last five weeks of the experiment, and specific root length (root length per unit root weight) of new roots was higher for lodgepole pine seedlings throughout the experiment. Douglas-fir seedlings showed higher water use efficiency (WUE) than lodgepole pine seedlings, and both species showed higher WUE in the dry soil treatment. Douglas-fir seedlings had lower water potentials and higher water uptake rates per unit of new root length than lodgepole pine seedlings, although water uptake rates per unit of root dry weight showed little difference between species. Soil water treatment influenced specific root length of new roots, water uptake per unit of new root length, and WUE in Douglas-fir seedlings more than in lodgepole pine seedlings.     

旅游干扰对张家界国家森林公园土壤的影响研究

在调查张家界国家森林公园土壤影响形态及影响范围的基础上,对公园游道两边不同距离土壤的硬度、含水率、容重进行了测定和分析,并通过计算各游览区土壤影响指数（SII）来评价旅游活动对公园土壤的综合影响。结果表明：游客越出游道观光对游道外缘土壤的硬度、水分含量及容重产生了较大的影响。在以上三者中以对土壤硬度的影响最大,对水分的影响次之,对容重的影响最小。土壤保护的主要对策为减小游客对土壤的影响范围及程度,包括设置护栏、铺设植草砖,对已形成的冲击“节”和“链”进行美化处理等。