上海地区奶牛场球虫感染现状调查

为了解上海地区规模化奶牛场奶牛感染球虫的情况,我们对上海地区17个牧场的奶牛球虫感染状况进行了随机抽样调查,分别于2005年10月和2006年4月按不同年龄阶段共采集粪样316份。调查结果显示:17个牧场都有球虫感染,1个牧场的感染率最高达70%,其中10月份调查的感染率为36.45%,4月份调查的感染率为40.05%,两者没有明显的差异;从不同年龄阶段奶牛的感染情况来看,发现感染率最高的2个阶段为0~2月龄和4~6月龄,感染率高达为45%,感染率最低的年龄阶段为12月龄以上的奶牛,感染率为25%;从感染强度来看,上海地区牧场奶牛的球虫感染强度大部分平均OPG低于1000,占58.82%,只有一个牧场的平均OPG比较高,为14250;从本次调查结果发现有6种艾美耳球虫(Eimeria),分别是牛艾美耳球虫(E.bovis)、椭圆艾美耳球虫(E.ellipsoidallis)、邱氏艾美耳球虫(E.zurnii)、怀俄艾美耳球虫(E.wyomingensis)、柱状艾美耳球虫(E.cylindrica)、亚球形艾美耳球虫(E.subspherica),优势虫种为牛艾美耳球虫、邱氏艾美耳球虫、椭圆艾美耳球虫,其他3种球虫所占比例较少。     

新疆乌鲁木齐绵羊球虫感染调查及驱虫试验

试验旨在对新疆乌鲁木齐绵羊球虫感染季节动态变化进行调查及药物驱虫试验。采用饱和盐水漂浮法和麦克马斯特计数法计算感染率和感染强度,使用磺胺二甲嘧啶进行驱虫试验,计算卵囊减少率和转阴率,用SPSS 17.0软件分析成年羊和羔羊驱虫前后平均OPG。结果表明,绵羊总感染率为71.38%,夏季感染率为65.28%,秋季感染率为78.24%,冬季感染率为62.18%,春季感染率为81.58%;羔羊感染率最高;经形态学鉴定共发现7种绵羊球虫,感染单一虫种的占42.75%,感染2~4种的占53.94%,感染5种以上的占3.31%。成年羊高剂量组的卵囊减少率和转阴率最高,与中、低剂量组相比,驱虫效果较好;羔羊使用低剂量就能取得明显的驱虫效果。因此针对新疆乌鲁木齐绵羊球虫感染,今后应做好羔羊及春、秋季节的驱虫工作,使用磺胺二甲嘧啶进行驱虫,能取得较好的驱虫效果。     

提高寒冷季节乳牛配种受胎率的措施

1　冬、春季受胎率低的原因分析由于冬季寒冷 ,气温偏低 ,牛体热量散失增加 ,用于防寒方面的能量消耗加大 ,影响乳牛正常性机能活动 ,导致受胎率下降。饲料单一 ,供给量不足。特别是缺乏富含维生素的饲料 ,时间一长 ,不仅使产奶量和发情受影响 ,也导致排卵机能失调 ,奶牛表现发情不排卵或排卵时间延后等现象 ,失去了正常的受胎机会。由于天气寒冷 ,配种场所缺乏取暖设备 ,虽在室内配种 ,但气温在 0℃以下 ,解冻后的冷冻精液温度在 36～38℃ ,二者温差大 ,降低了精子活力和存活时间 ,甚至造成精子冷休克。冬季昼短夜长 ,光照严重不足 ,乳牛舍…     

石河子地区绵羊球虫感染季节调查

在石河子市对绵羊球虫卵囊的感染季节动态进行了调查，结果表明，绵羊球虫卵囊在羊的不同生长期检出率和检出数量均不相同，在新羔羊4月初粪便中出现球虫卵囊，4月下句检出率大大提高，夏季时达以数量高峰，以后逐渐下降，甚至消失，在下一个产羔季节到来之前，虽然是隆冬季节，产前母羊粪便中又出现球虫卵囊，成为新一代羔羊球是现的传染源。     

一氧化氮与球虫感染

一氧化氮(NO)是一种气体自由基,化学性质非常活泼。现已证实NO能在动物机体的许多组织中合成。在机体内,NO的作用广泛,它不但参与调节血管平滑肌松弛、血小板聚集以及信号转导,而且还是机体免疫系统的调节分子和效应分子,在微生物和寄生虫感染以及宿主免疫过程中发挥着一定的作用。本文就NO的生物特性、作用机制及其与球虫感染的关系和影响因素进行简要综述。     

乳牛附红细胞体感染的诊治

附红细胞体是一种人畜共患的疾病 ,现已证实附红细胞体可感染牛、羊、猪、犬、猫、鹿等动物。该病原体呈圆形、卵圆形 ,它们单个或成链状附着在红细胞表面 ,或围绕在整个细胞周围 ,在血浆中可看到自由运动的附红细胞体。此病在我国猪群中发生较多 ,自 1999年以来 ,全国各地许多地区都有发生 ,但牛附红细胞体病报道较少 ,笔者在临床诊治中遇到此病例 ,将有关诊治过程总结如下 ,以供同行参考。1　传播途径此病有水平传播和垂直传播两种方式 ,可通过吸血昆虫、螨虫、疥癣、空气飞沫、水源、饲草、母体胎盘、血液等传播。2　临床症状牛附红细胞…     

柔嫩艾美尔球虫和巨形艾美尔球虫混合感染致病性研究

材料和方法１．试验动物ＡＡ肉鸡,购自江苏省家禽研究所,出壳后运回实验室饲养在杀灭卵囊的笼具中至１５日龄,经数次粪检未见卵囊后供试验。２．球虫卵囊为本教研室分离鉴定的纯种柔嫩艾美尔球虫和巨形艾美尔球虫孢子化卵囊,４℃保存。３．试验分组挑选体况相近的１５日龄ＡＡ肉鸡５０羽,分成５组。第１组为不感染对照组;第２组为单种球虫感染组,每羽经口接种柔嫩艾美尔球虫孢子化卵囊１万个;第３、４和５组为混合感染组,每羽分别同时感染柔嫩艾美尔球虫和巨形艾美尔球虫孢子化卵囊：０．５＋５万、１＋１０万和２＋２０万个。４．…     

球虫感染与家禽生理生化变化

<正> 球虫感染可引起家禽发生一系列生理生化变化,其中包括组织器官生理常数及血液成分的改变,某些物质及元素代谢的异常和内分泌系统功能的变化等。深入研究这些变化,不但对于阐明球虫病病理生理学有重要意义,同时对通过改变日粮组成或使用某些有添加物质来减轻或消除球虫病所造成的某些有害影响而减轻或挽回经济损失也十分有益。本文的目的在于     

Follicular cysts in dairy cows

Follicular cysts are the most critical reproductive disorder in dairy cows and disturb the normal ovarian cycle, resulting in a prolonged interval from calving to conception. Therefore, this condition causes significant economic losses to the dairy industry. Two direct causal factors for cysts are suggested in this review; ovulation disorder and the delay of regression. Ovulation disorder has been accepted to be a main etiology of cystic follicle. This seems to be caused by the deficiency of positive feedback of estrogen to the hypothalamus, leading to the lack of luteinizing hormone surge. On the other hand, if a large anovulatory follicle is regressed immediately after the failure of ovulation, its follicle does not continue to grow, resulting in no cystic follicle being formed. Therefore, it is proposed that another cause of a cystic follicle is the delay (or absence) of the degeneration system of the follicle. This review will introduce these two causes separately, referring to recent advances in understanding the follicular cyst in dairy cows.     

Characterization of ruminal dynamics in Holstein dairy cows during the periparturient period

We used four pregnant Holstein cows to delineate ruminal adaptations as cows transitioned from one lactation to the next. Cows were fed typical diets through far-off and close-up dry periods and lactation. We measured ruminal characteristics on day 72 (late lactation), 51 (far-off dry), 23 and 9 (close-up dry) prepartum and on days 6, 20, 34, 48, 62, 76 and 90 postpartum (early lactation). Measurements included: ruminal fill (weight of actual contents), ruminal capacity (volume of rumen when fully filled), digestibilities and ruminal passage rates. Ruminal capacity tended to increase linearly during early lactation but was stable during dry and transition periods. Both total and liquid fill decreased linearly during the dry period, increased across parturition, and increased linearly through early lactation. Dry matter fill decreased as cows were fed the close-up diet at day 23 prepartum then increased near parturition and continued to increase across early lactation. Solid passage rate was greatest when cows were fed the close-up diet, and decreased throughout the transition period. In lactation, solid passage rate responded quadratically with peak at day 48 followed by decreases through day 90 postpartum. Liquid passage increased linearly across the transition period. Total tract organic matter digestibilities increased linearly over the dry period with significant increases prior to or immediately after parturition, then they remained relatively stable over early lactation until they increased at day 90. Fibre digestibilities demonstrated quadratic responses over early lactation, being higher on day 6 and day 90 than at other times. Starch digestibilities decreased linearly across both the dry and transition periods with decreases in lactation until day 62 followed by increases until day 90. High producing lactating dairy cows go through a multitude of ruminal adaptations, in terms of digestion, passage, capacity and fill, as they transition from one lactation to the next.     

不同生理状态乳牛卵巢卵母细胞基因的差异表达

为了研究不同生理状态下的卵巢卵母细胞基因的表达情况,采集乳牛的卵巢,分离了卵母细胞,以单个卵母细胞的mRNA作为模板,用设计的随机引物和锚定引物,采用一步法RT-PCR扩增了卵母细胞基因。经聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳检测,发现有功能黄体和无黄体卵巢卵母细胞基因的电泳条带之间无明显差异,对一条明显差异条带进行回收、纯化,将纯化的PCR产物连接到T载体,阳性克隆经鉴定后,进行测序和同源性比较。结果显示,与体外培养的牛早期胚胎的一条序列具有很高的同源性。     

盐藻粉在奶牛生产中的应用

盐藻(Dunaliella salina)是一种单细胞无细胞壁的真核生物,主要用于提炼天然β-胡萝卜素和多糖。盐藻粉是盐藻干燥后获得的粉状颗粒,具有抗氧化、抗病毒、抗肿瘤和提高免疫力等生物学活性。目前,盐藻粉在人类和啮齿类动物上的研究较多,而其在奶牛生产中的应用很少。本文从瘤胃发酵、氧化应激调控、免疫功能、营养素利用和生产性能5个方面综述了盐藻粉对奶牛代谢的影响和潜在应用价值,以期为盐藻粉在奶牛生产中的应用提供参考依据。     

我国奶牛普通病的危害特点与防治对策

我国奶牛的普通病发病呈现逐年升高的趋势,尤其是内科病和产科病,大多数疾病呈隐性经过,因缺乏高效诊断技术这些疾病对我国奶牛业的健康发展危害较大,笔者着重分析了奶牛乳房炎、不孕症、营养代谢病、肢蹄病、胎衣不下、犊牛腹泻和真胃移位等常见疾病的发病情况、所造成的经济损失以及防治中存在的问题,并从流行病学调查、诊断技术、发病机理、防治药物、疾病监测体系、综合防控技术和奶牛标准化养殖等方面提出了奶牛普通病的防治对策。     

石河子垦区奶牛临床型乳房炎的发病规律及治疗现状

为了统计和研究石河子垦区大中型奶牛场临床型乳房炎的发病规律及治疗情况,选择石河子垦区6个大中型奶牛场2 600头奶牛作为调查对象,通过对临床型乳房炎进行鉴定及不同治疗方法进行比较。结果表明2 600头奶牛在4—9月份临床型乳房炎发病270头,发病率10.38%;10—3月份发病163头,发病率6.99%。目前在石河子垦区大中型牛场一般常见的治疗药物主要有左旋咪唑拌料、青霉素钾或先锋Ⅴ等＋糖皮质激素、中草药组方和青霉素钾或先锋Ⅴ等＋中草药组方等。结果,经过预防和治疗后,在4—9月份奶牛临床型乳房炎发病率降至4.92%;10—3月份奶牛临床型乳房炎发病率降至3.00%。调查结果表明：中西医结合用药对临床型乳房炎起到了积极的治疗作用。     

益生菌对奶牛亚急性瘤胃酸中毒的保护作用

亚急性瘤胃酸中毒对奶牛的生产性能有很大影响,使用益生菌来稳定奶牛分娩后-产奶过渡期瘤胃pH可以减轻这种代谢紊乱的症状。因此,本试验选择了体重(741±55)kg,产奶期在(212±19.5)d的奶牛4头,试验采用4×4拉丁方设计,共4种日粮:对照组饲喂基础日粮,处理1组为日粮添加0.5 g/d米曲菌,处理2组为日粮添加2.5 g/d米曲菌,处理3组为日粮添加2 g/d粪肠球菌和酿酒酵母菌的混合物。每组经过3 w的适应期、4 d酸中毒期以及3 d恢复期。结果显示:瘤胃最大pH范围在5.6～6.0,占比最高,与适应期和中毒期的结果相似。中毒期间,其他pH范围表现为显著差异(P <0.05)。中毒期,处理3组较对照组显著提高了瘤胃pH(P <0.05),同时处理3组瘤胃pH在5.6～6.0的占比也显著高于对照组(P <0.05)。日粮添加2.5 g/d米曲菌显著降低了产奶量(P <0.05)。奶牛遭受瘤胃酸中毒后,随着时间的推移,丙酸、丁酸和戊酸含量显著升高(P <0.05),而乙酸、异丁酸和异戊酸含量显著降低(P <0.05)。除了处理3组外,其他组瘤胃乳酸含量随时间的增加而升高(P <0.05)。饲喂12 d后,处理3组较对照组显著提高了乳酸含量(P <0.05)。瘤胃白球菌和大肠杆菌含量在饲喂2 h后显著升高(P <0.05),之后在6 h达到稳定。结论 :粪肠球菌和酿酒酵母菌复合物可以缓解奶牛亚急性瘤胃酸中毒的症状,米曲菌可以调控瘤胃pH,但高剂量米曲菌添加水平对瘤胃pH无显著影响。     

Identification of plasma and hepatic parameters related to metabolic robustness in dairy cows

Blood plasma and hepatic parameters were identified that describe the differences between metabolically robust or vulnerable dairy cows grouped according to their past health status. Data from a field study on dairy cows were used from which metabolically challenged dairy cows were selected that had a milk fat percentage of >4.5 mg/g and a fat to protein ratio of >1.5 in their previous early lactation. The selected cows were either classified as metabolically robust or vulnerable based on the occurrence of various metabolic and (re)production disorders in their previous lactations. Blood and liver tissue samples were collected in week 3 ante partum (a.p.) (-3 wk), in week 4 (+4 wk) and in week 13 (+13 wk) post-partum (p.p.). Plasma concentrations of metabolites and hormones and mRNA expression of genes involved in metabolic pathways in the liver were used as variables for a two-group discriminant analysis (DA). Average discriminant scores (centroids) were different (p < 0.05) in -3 wk, +4 wk and in +13 wk. In -3 wk, significant variables that best explained the differences between metabolically robust and vulnerable cows were parity, plasma triglycerides, glucose and mRNA abundance of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2 (CPT2). In addition, based on the classification matrix, 69% of the dairy cows were correctly classified. In +4 wk, identified significant parameters were parity, plasma glucose and urea, and 67% of the cows were correctly classified. In +13 wk, significant variables that explained the differences between the groups were parity, mRNA abundance of acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain 1 and CPT1, and 66% of the cows were correctly classified. In conclusion, the identified variables may distinguish from metabolically challenged cows, those cows that had a poorer health performance in their previous lactations.     

乳牛产后血浆瘦素动态与亚临床酮病的相关分析

对某奶牛场16头乳牛产前10d至产后56d血样的瘦素、酮体、葡萄糖、脂肪水平及其动态特征和相关性进行了检测。结果表明，血浆瘦素、血酮、血脂含量在不同乳牛和不同时间点之间均有显著差异。酮体在产后14～49d出现高峰，瘦素和血脂从产后第0d到产后第56d内逐渐升高。瘦素水平与血脂水平呈极显著正相关，血酮与血糖呈极显著负相关。亚临床酮病组乳牛的瘦素和血脂水平分别极显著或显著低于血酮正常组，其瘦素、血酮和血糖在试验期内的波动频率明显减少，跨度变长，瘦素在试验期内仅出现一个两端接近0、波峰不超过1．5ng／mL的波。证实，产后乳牛瘦素、血酮、血糖含量的低频率波动变化和产后8周内血浆瘦素跨时持久的单峰动态变化与乳牛亚临床酮病的发生有关。     

日粮添加碳酸氢钠对荷斯坦奶牛生产性能的影响

选择体重、胎次、泌乳期、乳脂率和产奶量基本一致的健康无病的中国荷斯坦奶牛30头,随机分成3组,分别为试验组Ⅰ,Ⅱ和对照组。试验组Ⅰ,Ⅱ奶牛日粮每日每头分别添加130、150g碳酸氢钠,对照组奶牛日粮每日每头分别添加110g碳酸氢钠,试验期28d。结果表明,试验组Ⅰ干物质采食量、粪便pH比对照组高1.41%、0.20(P0.05),非脂乳固体比对照组低0.4(P0.05);试验组Ⅱ干物质采食量、产奶量、4%标准乳、粪便pH分别比对照组高2.04%、2.01%、2.68%、0.42(P0.05),乳脂率高0.13%(P0.05),乳蛋白、非乳脂固体分别低0.36%、0.51%(P0.05)。另外,碳酸氢钠的增加使得牛乳中体细胞数显著降低,且与乳脂肪呈显著负相关(P0.05),而与乳蛋白质呈显著正相关(P0.05)。由此可知,在每头奶牛日粮中添加150g碳酸氢钠的范围内,随着日粮中碳酸氢钠的增加,能显著改善荷斯坦奶牛的生产性能,有效预防奶牛瘤胃酸中毒。