α-酮戊二酸对肌肉蛋白质合成的影响

酮戊二酸(α-KG)是戊二酸的两种带酮基衍生物中的一种,是三羧酸循环的中间产物及谷氨酸脱氨基的酮酸产物。因此,其在葡萄糖代谢及氨基酸代谢的调控方面具有特殊的生物学功能。近年来研究表明,其参与肌肉蛋白质代谢主要与哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mTOR)及G-蛋白偶联受体(GPR)的激活密切相关。本文就α-KG的生理功能及其在体内的基本代谢过程,调控肌肉代谢及其信号通路的研究进展进行综述,为进一步推广α-KG在饲料生产中的使用及深入研究α-KG的分子机制提供参考。     

Metabolizable energy,nitrogen balance,and ileal digestibility of amino acids in quality protein maize for pigs

Background

To compare the nutritional value and digestibility of five quality protein maize (QPM) hybrids to that of white and yellow maize, two experiments were carried out in growing pigs. In experiment 1, the energy metabolizability and the nitrogen balance of growing pigs fed one of five QPM hybrid diets were compared against those of pigs fed white or yellow maize. In experiment 2, the apparent and standardized ileal digestibility (AID and SID, respectively) of proteins and amino acids from the five QPM hybrids were compared against those obtained from pigs fed white and yellow maize. In both experiments, the comparisons were conducted using contrasts.

Results

The dry matter and nitrogen intakes were higher in the pigs fed the QPM hybrids (P < 0.05) than in the pigs fed white or yellow maize. Energy digestibility (P < 0.001) and metabolizability (P < 0.01) were higher in the pigs fed the white and yellow maize diets than in those fed the QPM diets. The AID of lysine was higher (P < 0.01) in the QPM diets than in the white and yellow maize. The AIDs of leucine, isoleucine, valine, phenylalanine, and methionine were lower in the QPM diets than those of maize (white and yellow) (all P < 0.05). Maize (white and yellow) had greater SIDs of leucine, isoleucine, valine, phenylalanine, glutamic acid, serine, alanine, tyrosine, and proline (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

Based on these results, it was concluded that QPM had a lower metabolizable energy content and a higher amount of digestible lysine than normal maize.     

猪小肠黏膜上皮细胞对不同能源物质的利用和需求特点研究进展

小肠黏膜上皮细胞的能量营养是保障肠道正常发育的基础。葡萄糖、氨基酸和脂肪酸是所有生命活动的初始底物和供能物质,也是为肠黏膜上皮细胞提供营养和维持其生理功能的重要物质。与其他细胞相比,肠黏膜上皮细胞对三大营养物质有不同的代谢特点和需求差异,这些物质通过不同的代谢途径发挥其营养功能,因此明晰肠黏膜上皮细胞对不同营养物质的需求特点,才能为其提供高效利用的营养物质。本文总结了猪小肠黏膜上皮细胞对3种能源物质的代谢、利用及需求特点,以进一步了解肠黏膜上皮细胞对营养物质的代谢和需求规律,为肠道合理高效的能源供给提供理论支撑。     

Changes in plasma metabolites and muscle glycogen are correlated to bovine spongiform encephalopathy in infected dairy cattle

During the clinical phase of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), a significant decrease was observed in the ratio of muscle glycogen to plasma L-lactic acid concentrations in BSE infected field case and experimentally infected dairy cattle compared with healthy control cattle (P<0.001), this being due to changes in the concentration of both metabolites in the BSE infected cattle compared with the control group. Furthermore, the concentration of plasma alanine was significantly increased (P<0.05) in the infected animals. No significant difference was detected between these two groups in the ratio of hepatic glycogen to plasma lactate. We infer that BSE infected cattle exhibit signs of altered energy metabolism and when applied in conjunction with changes in other metabolite biomarkers these changes may be useful for discriminating BSE infected cattle from healthy cattle or those suffering with other disorders or diseases.     

瘤胃投饲不同形式蛋氨酸对肉牛微生物氨基酸的影响

选择安装瘤胃、十二指肠前端和回肠末端瘘管的肉牛4头,采用4×4拉丁方设计,研究瘤胃投饲不同形式蛋氨酸对肉牛微生物氨基酸的影响,投饲蛋氨酸添加剂分别为0( 组)、DL-Met( 组)、动物油包被Met( 组)和吸附MHA( 组)。试验结果表明, 组不仅显著提高瘤胃液中微生物(LAM)中Phe和Met的含量(P<0.05),降低Asp含量(P<0.05),而且显著提高瘤胃食糜中微生物(SAM)Leu和Ile的含量(P<0.05); 组显著提高LAM中Phe和Met的含量(P<0.05),降低SAM中Ile的含量(P<0.05)。 组和 组显著提高十二指肠微生物Ile、Leu、Phe和Met的流通量(P<0.05)。     

Effects of corn gluten feed inclusion at graded levels in a corn-soybean diet on the ileal and fecal digestibility of growing pigs

Background

This study aimed to determine the effect of the inclusion of corn gluten feed (CGF) on the apparent and standardized ileal digestibility of protein and amino acids and the apparent ileal and total tract digestibility of energy in growing pigs. The study was performed using 16 barrows (weight, 45.3 ± 4.5 kg) that were fitted with a T cannula at the terminal ileum. There were four treatments: a corn-soybean diet without CGF and three corn-soybean diets containing increasing levels of CGF (65, 130, and 195 g/kg). Data were analyzed according to a randomized complete block design, four blocks with four pigs each (one pig per treatment). The trend of the response (linear or quadratic) was determined using orthogonal contrasts, and when a linear effect was determined, a linear equation was obtained.

Results

The results showed that the inclusion up to 195 g/kg of CGF in the corn-soybean diet did not diminish the ileal digestibility (apparent and standardized) of protein and amino acids (P > 0.05), except that of phenylalanine, cystine, and proline. A linear decrease (P < 0.05) per gram of CGF added to the diet in the apparent and standardized ileal digestibility of phenylalanine (0.011 and 0.015 percentage units, respectively), cystine (0.048 and 0.043 percentage units, respectively), and proline (0.045 and 0.047 percentage units, respectively) was noted. Similarly, ileal digestibility of dry matter and energy were adversely affected (reduced by 0.028 and 0.025 percentage units, respectively, per gram of CGF increment in the diet). A significant (P < 0.05) linear reduction in total tract digestibility with increase in CGF amount in the diet was observed for energy (0.027 percentage units), dry matter (0.027 percentage units), crude protein (0.020 percentage units), and neutral detergent fiber (0.041 percentage units) per gram of CGF added to the diet.

Conclusion

CGF did not affect the ileal digestibility of protein and most amino acids but reduced the ileal and total tract digestibility of energy.     

Mussel meal as a replacement for fish meal in feeds for organic poultry – a pilot short-term study

Abstract

A trial was performed to evaluate effects of mussel meal in laying hen diets. The study included 96 hens (Lohmann Selected Leghorn). Four diets with 0, 3, 6 or 9% inclusion level of mussel meal, replacing the same quantities of fish meal, were included. At 26 weeks of age, five eggs from each treatment were collected and analysed for internal egg quality. The different contents of mussel meal had no significant effect on production performance or egg quality parameters except from laying percentage and egg yolk pigmentation. Mussel meal concentration up to 6% tended to improve laying percentage compared to the 0% group. Yolk pigmentation increased significantly with increasing levels of mussel meal. There were no differences between the different diets in fatty acid pattern regarding docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) and linolenic acid in the egg yolk. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) decreased significantly when fishmeal was replaced by mussel meal.     

Involvement of the ERK1/2 MAPK pathway in insulin-induced S6K1 activation in avian cells

In mammals, insulin regulates S6K1, a key enzyme involved in the control of protein synthesis, via the well-documented phosphoinositide-3'kinase (PI3K) pathway. Conversely, S6K1 is activated by insulin in avian muscle despite the relative insulin insensitivity of the PI3K pathway in this tissue. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade is another insulin sensitive pathway. The aim of this study was to explore the potential involvement of the ERK1/2 MAPK pathway in the control of p70 S6 kinase (S6K1) in avian species. Firstly, we characterized ERK1/2 MAPK in various chicken tissues. ERK2 was the only isoform detected in avian species whatever the tissue studied. We also showed that ERK2 is activated in vivo by insulin in chicken muscle. The regulation and the role of ERK2 in insulin signaling were next investigated in chicken hepatoma cells (LMH) and primary myoblasts. Insulin stimulation led to ERK2 and S6K1 phosphorylation, and concomitantly increased kinase activity. U0126, an inhibitor of the ERK MAPK pathway, completely abolished insulin-induced S6K1 phosphorylation and activity in chicken myoblasts, whereas its effect was only partial in LMH cells. In conclusion, these results show that ERK1/2 MAPK is involved in the control of S6K1 by insulin in chicken cells, particularly myoblasts.     

GSD－水解蛋白饲料的营养价值评定Ⅰ．鸡代谢能和氨基酸消化率测定

采用Ｓｉｂｂａｌｄｉ“ＴＭＥ”改良法，测定了中国人民解放军第３４１９工厂生产的ＧＳＤ－水解蛋白饲料的代谢能和氨基酸消化率。结果：该饲料粗蛋白质含量为８１．０６％，总氨基酸含量为６４．４５％，赖氨酸含量与豆粕接近（为２．３６％），可消化赖氨酸为１．１１％，总氨基酸真消化率为４４．５９％，总必需氨基酸真消化率高于总非必需氨基酸真消化率８个百分点；真代谢能值为６．７０５７ＭＪ／ｋｇ。结果说明，ＧＳＤ－水解蛋白饲料是一种值得开发的新型蛋白质饲料资源。     

饲粮外源代谢葡萄糖水平对仔猪门静脉回流组织氨基酸利用的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮外源代谢葡萄糖(MG)水平对断奶仔猪门静脉回流组织(PDV)氨基酸利用量的影响。选择20头健康状况良好、体重在7.74 kg左右的25日龄杜×长×大三元杂交断奶仔猪,分为4个处理组,每组5个重复,给每头猪的门静脉、颈动脉和肠系膜静脉安装血管插管,并安装T型回肠瘘管。待仔猪术后恢复正常后,4组分别饲喂MG水平为22.82%、26.59%、36.37%、42.41%的等能、等氮的玉米-豆粕型饲粮,每种饲粮添加0.1%的二氧化钛(TiO2)作外源指示剂。术后3 d,从肠系膜静脉持续灌注对氨基马尿酸(PAH),并从门静脉和颈动脉采血,并且在回肠段收集食糜。结果表明:仔猪PDV氨基酸利用量随着MG水平增加呈先上升后下降的趋势;PDV对17种氨基酸的利用量均在饲粮MG水平为26.59%时达到最大值;必需氨基酸、非必需氨基酸、生糖氨基酸、支链氨基酸也在饲粮MG水平为26.59%时达到最大值(P<0.05)。可见,饲粮适宜MG水平能够显著增加小肠氨基酸消失量和门静脉氨基酸净吸收量,从而显著提高仔猪PDV对饲粮蛋白质的利用效率。     

氨基酸与母猪营养

母猪饲养是养猪生产中最重要的环节之一。母猪的营养尤其是蛋白质和氨基酸营养不仅直接影响仔猪的生长性能,而且也对母猪的使用年限和繁殖性能会产生很大影响。母猪蛋白质及氨基酸营养受品种、胎次、母猪体况、产仔数、泌乳量、采食量、哺乳期长短等诸多因素影响,增大了母猪氨基酸营养的研究难度。同时母猪个体较大、研究成本高、试验群体偏小、数据采集困难以及试验误差较大等问题也限制了母猪蛋白质及氨基酸营养的系统研究。本文对母猪的氨基酸营养进行综述,旨在为养猪生产实践中母猪日粮的合理配制提供参考。