北京鸭臂三头肌内感觉神经元和交感节后神经元的定位—HRP法研究

将 HRP 蒸馏水溶液注入北京鸭臂三头肌内,逆向追踪了分布于北京鸭臂三头肌内的感觉神经元和交感节后神经元细胞体的位置,定位研究结果如下:1.分布于臂三头肌内的传入神经的细胞体位于 C_(14)-T_4脊神经节内,标记细胞分布的峰值在 T_1,在脊神经节内,标记细胞无特异的位置分布、整体上具有节段性分布特征。2.分布于臂三头肌内的交感节后神经元胞体,位于 C_(14)-T_3交感干神经节中,标记细胞分布的峰值在 T_1,具有节段分布特征。在神经节内,标记细胞主要分布于节的中部,具有明显的定位趋势。     

鸡卵巢交感传出神经节后神经元的分布

本研究选用16只母鸡,将 CB—HRP24μl 注入其卵巢内,逆行追踪了支配鸡卵巢交感传出神经节后神经元的位置。结果表明:1双侧 C_(15)～L_4交感干神经节出现18087个酶标细胞;高峰位于T_5～T_7。2腹腔神经节、肠系膜前神经节出现7569个标记细胞,分别为1886和5683个;主动脉性腺(卵巢)节有标记细胞。3肠神经节出现大量标记细胞,高峰位于回肠段,空肠段和直肠段次之。4酶标细胞大部分呈多极形,均以小型细胞占优势。     

狗肾脏交感节后纤维来源的研究

采用辣根过氧化物酶逆行追踪技术(HRP技术)将CB_HRP注入狗的一侧肾脏,对8只狗肾脏交感节后纤维来源进行了研究.结果表明:交感节后神经元标记细胞分布于注射侧T6~L3节段交感干神经节,高峰节段为T12~L2节段,8例共见标记细胞7 077个,占交感干神经节内标记细胞总数90.86%.在注射侧腹腔神经节、肠系膜前神经节和主动脉肾神经节也见有大量交感节后神经元标记细胞.标记细胞以梭形、卵圆形和多极的中小型细胞为主,交感干神经节内标记细胞靠边缘分布,而其它部位则均匀、散在分布.说明狗肾脏交感节后纤维来源广泛.     

鸡腔上囊传入神经元的分布——HRP法研究

用CB—HRP法研究鸡腔上囊的感觉神经分布,结果表明:初级传入神经元位于T_6—LS_(13)脊神经节内,主要在LS_9—LS_(11)和LS_1—LS_2;初级传入神经元的中枢突在LS_8—LS_(12)髓节沿背角外侧缘延伸,止于中央管背测阳背外测区;部分初级传入神经元位于迷走神经结状节内。     

奶山羊颈交感干节后纤维的起源——用HRP法研究

将HRP注入奶山羊颈交感干后,在注射侧的颈中神经节、星状神经节、T_(2-5)椎旁节以及交感干中可见数量不等的标记细胞.其中以颈中、星状神经节标记细胞最多。椎旁节中的标记细胞向尾侧逐渐减少,交感干的标记细胞以弥散方式存在。在颈前节中未见标记细胞。以上结果表明,颈交感干中含有起于颈中神经节、星状神经节、T2—5椎旁节以及交感干上散在的小神经节的上行节后纤维。     

奶山羊颈交感干节前纤维的起源

将辣根过氧化物酶(HRP)注入奶山羊一侧颈交感干,逆向追踪投射到颈交感干的脊髓交感节前神经无胞体的分布节段及定位。标记细胞出现于第1至第9节胸髓(T_(1-)同侧的中间外侧核主那(u。)、中问外侧追索部(汀;)、中介惊(IC)、中介核室管膜旁部(IC_)和腹角外侧缘部(VH)。标记细胞总数的91.17%集中在T_(1-5)髓节,高峰在T_3髓节,占29.87％。标记细胞总数的91.92%分布于T_(1-0)髓节IL_p,79.98%集中在T_(1-5)髓节IL_p,高峰在T_3髓节IL_p,占29.15%。     

猪膈的神经支配及其运动神经元和感觉神经元的节段性分布——辣根过氧化物酶(HRP)法研究

用13头小猪做实验,以8%的辣根过氧化物酶水溶液100微升注入膈内,研究膈的神经支配及其运动神经元与感觉神经元的节段性分布。其结果如下:1、猪的膈受膈神经及肋间神经膈支所支配。2、膈运动核位于 C_4—C_6节脊髓灰质腹角的内、外侧柱之间的部位,少数例子向前可达 C_3。3、膈神经和肋间神经膈支被标记的感觉神经元,分别位于 C_4—C_6节和 T_6—T_(14)节的背根节内。4、分布到膈的交感纤维,来源于星状神经节及第二胸神经节。     

北京鸭食管的副交感神经支配—HRP法

将HRP溶液注入北京鸭食管的腹侧壁内,追踪其副交感节前神经元和感觉神经元。结果表明,标记的神经元在脑干仅位于迷走神经背侧运动核(DMX)。DMX 的前区单一亚核中央及双亚核段的背侧亚核和前中区背侧亚核发出纤维支配颈部食管和胸部食管。DMX 的闭合区尚发出纤维支配颈部食管的后段。因而注射颈部食管后段在 DMX 内出现的是前后两个分离且相距甚远的标记区。食管的传入几乎全由副交感途径入脑,脊神经节内的标记神经元十分少见。标记神经元以颈静脉节最多,部分出现于结状节和岩神经节。     

鸡胸腺副交感神经的支配─—CB—HRP法研究

本实验将ＣＢ—ＨＲＰ注入鸡一侧胸腺内，通过逆行和跨神经节追踪支配鸡胸腺的副交感节前神经元的位置。其结果如下：１．在延髓双侧迷背核内发现标记细胞，标记细胞出现在闩后０．８２～０．１０ｍｍ，和闩前１．５５～２．４６ｍｍ两个区域内，主要应于闩后的尾背侧大细胞亚核和尾腹侧中细胞亚核，闩前的前背侧中细胞亚核、前背侧小细胞亚核、前腹侧小细胞亚核。标记细胞大多为中小型的圆形、椭圆形和梭形细胞。２．双侧舌咽神经背运动核出现标记细胞。３．双侧舌咽神经腹运劝核出现标记细胞，际记细胞为中等多极神经元，树突明显，交织成网。４．在双侧疑后核，中间带和中介核内都出现少量标记细胞。研究证明：支配鸡胸腺的副交感节前神经元位于迷背核、舌咽神经背运动核、舌咽神经腹运动核，亦位于疑后核、中间带及中介核。一侧胸腺受双侧神经支配。     

奶山羊内脏大神经交感节前神经元的定位和分布节段——用HRP法研究

用 HRP 法对奶山羊内脏大神经的节前神经元在脊髓的分布部位及节段进行了研究,结果表明,内脏大神经的节前神经元分布于胸(T_3)——腰(L_1)和十二个节段,越向胸髓尾端,标记细胞趋于增多,主要集中于 T_(8-13)节内,而以 T_(11—12)节标记细胞最多,其高峰在 T_(12),标记细胞分布于脊髓手术同侧的五个区,即中间外侧核主部(IL_p)、中间外侧核索部(IL_f)、中介核(IC)、腹角外侧缘核(LM)、中介核旁室管膜部(ICpe),但95.51％的标记细胞集中在 IL_p。标记细胞多为梭形、三角形或椭圆形。50微米以下者占73.35％,50微米以上者仅占2.59％。此外,在腹角中央外侧区(CL)也发现标记细胞。     

鸡嗉囊的副交感神经元定位

本文用１４只１．０～２．５ｋｇ重的成年鸡研究嗉囊的副交感神经元定位。将ＨＲＰ注入嗉囊，动物存活２～４天后心室固定。取迷走神经远神经节、岩神经节和颈静脉神经节及延髓，制成５０μｍ厚的冰冻切片，用Ｍｅｓｕｌａｍ氏ＴＭＢ法反应呈色，明视野观察，结果如下：１．被标记的嗉囊副交感节前神经元出现于迷走神经背侧运动核和中间核内。嗉囊的标记细胞在迷走神经背侧运动核内的分布有局部定位关系。２。被标记的嗉囊感觉神经元出现于远神经节、岩神经节和颈静脉神经节内。     

Nerve growth factor attenuates neurotoxic effects of taxol on spinal cord-ganglion explants from fetal mice

Most neurons in organotypic cultures of dorsal root ganglia from 13-day-old fetal mice require high concentrations of nerve growth factor for survival during the first week after explanation. These nerve growth factor-enhanced sensory neurons mature and innervate the dorsal regions of attached spinal cord tissue even after the removal of exogenous growth factor after 4 days. In cultures exposed for 4 days to nerve growth factor and taxol (a plant alkaloid that promotes the assembly of microtubules) and returned to medium without growth factor, greater than 95 percent of the ganglionic neurons degenerated and the spinal cord tissues were reduced almost to monolayers. In contrast, when the recovery medium was supplemented with nerve growth factor, the ganglionic neurons and dorsal (but not ventral) cord tissue survived remarkably well. Dorsal cord neurons do not normally require an input from dorsal root ganglia for long-term maintenance in vitro, but during and after taxol exposure they become dependent for survival and recovery on the presence of neurite projections from nerve growth-factor-enhanced dorsal root ganglia.     

鸡颈皮神经的感觉神经元和交感节后神经元—HRP法研究

此项研究用了体重1.0～2.5kg的成年母鸡18只,以追寻鸡颈皮神经的感觉神经元和交感节后神经元。将C_6～C_(11)皮神经断端浸渍于20％HRP溶液中2～3天以引入酶。取相应的颈交感干神经节和脊神经节及其前后相邻的神经节,制成厚50μm的连续冰冻切片。TMB反应,明视野光镜观察。标记的交感节后神经元胞体出现于与酶引入皮神经相连的交感干神经节。少数出现于相邻的后一个交感神经节。标记的脊神经感觉神经元胞体只出现于与酶引入皮神经相连的脊神经节。     

Innervation of periosteum and bone by sympathetic vasoactive intestinal peptide-containing nerve fibers

Neural control of bone metabolism and growth has been suggested, although the identity of participating neurons and neurotransmitters effecting this control has not been established. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated a system of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-immunoreactive nerve fibers that innervate periosteum and bone in several mammalian species. Thoracic sympathetic chain ganglionectomy resulted in an ipsilateral loss of VIP-immunoreactive fibers in the periosteum of ribs, whereas dorsal root ganglionectomy had no effect. Injection of fast blue into rib periosteum labeled a population of VIP-immunoreactive sympathetic postganglionic neurons. Thus, postganglionic sympathetic neurons may provide an important means by which VIP regulates bone mineralization.     

支配北京鸭心脏的交感节后神经元的定位——HRP法研究

本研究应用 HRP 追踪法对20例北京鸭各心区交感节后神经元进行定位。标记细胞多位于颈16(C_(15))、胸1～2(T_(1-2))交感神经节(峰值在 T_1节,约占61%),偶见于颈15(C_(15))和胸3(T_3)交感神经节;呈双侧性;以同侧略占优势。标标细胞为多突起的星形运动神经元,以中小型(φ≤29μm)为主(占97%);在交感神经节内,大部分位于节的下角端部。支配心脏各区的交感节后神经元胞体在交感神经节内的位置没有差异,但两侧心交感神经分布不对称。     

Astrocytes block axonal regeneration in mammals by activating the physiological stop pathway

Regenerating sensory axons in the dorsal roots of adult mammals are stopped at the junction between the root and spinal cord by reactive astrocytes. Do these cells stop axonal elongation by activating the physiological mechanisms that normally operate to stop axons during development, or do they physically obstruct the elongating axons? In order to distinguish these possibilities, the cytology of the axon tips of regenerating axons that were stopped by astrocytes was compared with the axon tips that were physically obstructed at a cul-de-sac produced by ligating a peripheral nerve. The terminals of the physically obstructed axon tips were distended with neurofilaments and other axonally transported structures that had accumulated when the axons stopped elongating. By contrast, neurofilaments did not accumulate in the tips of regenerating axons that were stopped by spinal cord astrocytes at the dorsal root transitional zone. These axo-glial terminals resembled the terminals that axons make on target neurons during normal development. On the basis of these observations, astrocytes appear to stop axons from regenerating in the mammalian spinal cord by activating the physiological stop pathway that is built into the axon and that normally operates when axons form stable terminals on target cells.     

Spinal sympathetic neurons: possible sites of opiate-withdrawal suppression by clonidine

Morphine, methadone, meperidine, fentanyl, and clonidine rapidly depressed transmission through sympathetic preganglionic neurons in cats with the spinal cord transected. Naloxone promptly antagonized this effect of the opiates but not that of clonidine which was reversed by alpha 2-adrenergic receptor antagonists. The independent depression of preganglionic neurons by clonidine may contribute to the ability of this drug to depress the symptoms of opiate withdrawal that are characterized by sympathetic hyperactivity.