Effect of Bitter Lupin Extract on Growth and Yield of Different Crops

Lupin extract is a mixture of alkaloids, mineral salts and carbohydrates taken out in mechanical debittering of lupines by a process developed by Mittex AG. The possibility of using this extract as growth regulator, sprayed in quantities up to 60 kg/ha, or as fertilizer, dosage up to 500 kg/ha, was studied. Two years (1985, 1986) experiments have shown that if factors like plant physiological stage, N fertilization, and weather were harmonized extract spraying worked as growth regulator yielding increases of 4, 8, 18 and 23% in winter wheat, maize, soybean and potatoes, respectively. Potato yield in organic farming was even increased up to 33%. Yield increases from 6 to 38% were also registered in carrots, onion and Chinese cabbage. Application of extract as fertilizer gave still higher increases reaching as high as 17, 43 and 57 % in winter wheat, maize and cabbage, respectively. 250 kg/ha soil application of extract reduced the N fertilizer input from 180 kg/ha to 90 kg/ha along with 20 % increase in chinese cabbage yield.     

施磷对不同间作体系间作优势与磷肥利用的影响

为了探明施磷水平对不同间作体系产量间作优势和磷肥利用的影响,在河北曲周主要研究了施磷对玉米‖蚕豆、玉米‖大豆和玉米‖油菜3种间作体系土地当量比(LER)、磷吸收量、磷肥吸收效率和磷间作优势的影响。结果表明：玉米‖蚕豆的LER是1.24~1.31,玉米‖油菜的LER是1.20~1.24,玉米‖大豆的LER是1.11~1.15,均大于1,具有明显的间作优势;3个磷水平下,吸磷量表现为玉米‖大豆>玉米‖蚕豆>玉米‖油菜,除玉米‖油菜间作体系外,比单作玉米分别高21.5%%~40.2%和13.3%~22.9%,且均随着施磷量的增加而增加,但增加幅度降低;3种间作体系均具有明显的磷间作优势,除玉米‖大豆间作体系外,施磷后均降低;磷肥吸收效率除玉米‖蚕豆在施磷90 kg/hm²外均低于单作玉米,并且随着施磷量的增加而降低。这表明,通过活化磷能力强的作物与玉米间作可以提高土壤难溶性磷的利用,玉米‖大豆和玉米‖蚕豆比玉米‖油菜效果好,适宜的施磷量为90 kg/hm²。     

Effect of Component Densities on the Productivity of Soybean/Maize and Soybean/Sorghum Intercrop

Field experiments were conducted during the wet seasons of 1986 and 1987 at the Yandev Agricultural Experiment Station to investigate the effects of component density on the yield of sorghum or maize intercropped with soybean. Seed yield of the monocrops of sorghum, maize and soybean were higher than the individual components in the intercrops. Yields of component crops in the intercrop varied significantly with the components population density. The sorghum/soybean intercrops which had LER (Land Equivalent Ratio) up to 1.40 in 1986 and 1.35 in 1987 were more productive than soybean/maize intercrop with maximum LER of 1.28 and 1.34 respectively during 1986 and 1987. Similarly the ATER (Area X Time Equivalent Ratio) of sorghum/soybean was greater than in soybean/maize. However, for maximum productivity of sorghum or maize intercropped with soybean, optimum population of one component crop plus 1/2 optimum population of the companion crop is recommended depending on which of the crop is regarded as main or minor crop.     

控失肥与普通化肥对夏玉米养分积累与生长发育的影响

为了比较研究控失肥和普通化肥对夏玉米养分累积与生长发育的影响,于2014-2015年在河北农业大学辛集试验站进行了大田试验。采用玉米杂交种郑单958为试材,测定了不同时期玉米形态和生理性状及其养分吸收效率。结果表明:在施入相同养分含量(N 144 kg/hm~2,P2O572 kg/hm~2,K2O 72 kg/hm~2)的控失肥和普通肥料后,玉米生长发育、干物质积累和营养元素累积量均发生了显著的变化,控失肥处理玉米产量显著高于普通肥料。与普通肥料相比,控失肥可提高玉米千粒质量、干物质和产量分别为12.3%,12.8%和6.9%;控失肥处理的器官营养元素含量高于对照肥料。控失肥处理提高了玉米灌浆期叶面积指数和光合强度。同时,控失肥处理增加了基部茎秆粗度和抗穿刺强度,抗倒伏性大为提高。控失肥作为一种新型肥料将对提高玉米产量、提高施肥效益和保护资源环境起到重要作用。     

基于正交设计的玉米有机无机培肥模式优化研究

为优选有机无机培肥模式,采用L₉（3⁴）正交试验设计,研究不同氮磷钾施用量和秸秆还田量对土壤物理、化学性质及玉米产量的影响。结果表明：有机物料秸秆的施用对土壤物理性质的改善有极显著影响,而无机化肥用量对其影响不显著;秸秆和施氮量对土壤有机质和碱解氮含量影响显著;磷肥和钾肥用量分别对有效磷和速效钾含量影响显著,通过因素不同水平的综合平衡分析比较,在辽宁中部玉米主产区采用施氮量180kg/hm²、施磷量90kg/hm²、施钾量120kg/hm²、秸秆还田量6 000kg/hm²的玉米生产和土壤培肥技术模式,可达到改善土壤结构、提高土壤质量和增产增效的最佳效果。     

黑龙港流域夏玉米肥料效应与养分平衡利用研究

为了研究黑龙港流域典型农业县域玉米施肥产量效应及土壤养分利用平衡状况,以夏玉米为供试材料,设计不同氮磷钾用量水平处理,开展田间试验。结果表明：施肥可显著增加夏玉米产量,且在本区域内,氮磷钾三大元素中,玉米产量对氮素最为敏感,其次为钾,最后为磷;随着氮磷钾肥用量增多,土壤中氮磷钾盈余随之增加。研究中夏玉米氮磷钾肥利用率为10.0%~31.6%、13.3%~23.3%和52.5%~60%。综合考虑产量、养分平衡和吸收利用情况,推荐本区县域氮磷钾合理用量为：N 225~255 kg/hm2,P2O5 60~75 kg/hm2,K2O 120 kg/hm2。     

Nitrogen Balance of Legume-Wheat Cropping Sequences

In a lysimeter trial the legumes faba bean ( Vicia faba ), red clover ( Trifolium repens ), and alfalfa ( Medicago sativa ) were grown for two years, followed by winter wheat on all plots in the third year. Plots fertilized with mineral nitrogen and a rye/maize – wheat cropping sequence were included for comparisons. These four cropping sequences were replicated twice in 1982–1984 and 1985–1987, respectively. Two soils, a loamy sand and a sandy loam were used.
On average of both soils:
– N fixation during two years was 461 kg N/ha, 803 kg N/ha, and 790 kg N/ha for faba bean, red clover, and alfalfa, respectively.
– Leaching of nitrogen occurred mainly during the periods of winter fallow or, in case of the perennial legumes, after incorporation of residues into the soil and planting of wheat. Average leaching for all 6 years was 49, 28, and 29 kg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ for faba bean, red clover, and alfalfa, respectively.
– In the period of wheat growth and before planting the new crop (1.5 years) in 1984/85 51–64 kg N/ha and 1986/87 68–94 kg N/ha were leached after growing legumes. Leaching was less for rye/maize fertilized with mineral N, 41 kg N/ha in 1984/85, and 51 kg N/ha in 1986/87, respectively.
– Winter wheat grown after legumes took up 18 kg N/ha < 47 kg N/ha < 65 kg N/ha on average of both soils and 2 years (1984, 1987) after faba bean, red clover, and alfalfa, respectively. This indicates a nitrogen recovery of 24–44% of the legume N potentially available, and consequently a loss by leaching from 56 to 76 %.
On the sandy loam amount of drainage water and N leaching were lower, and faba bean and wheat yields higher than on the loamy sandy soil.     

Differential Response of Soybean Cultivars Promiscuous to Native Rhizobia to Split Application of Fertilizer N in Nigerian Savanna

Field experiments were conducted to ascertain the differential response of promiscuous soybean cultivars to split application of fertilizer N during 1984 and 1985 at Yandev Agricultural Experiment Station, Nigeria. The cultivars were grown with and without 205 kg N/ha and was applied into equal splits at 20, 40, 60 and 80 days after planting in 1984. In 1985, however, graded doses of 0, 50, 100 and 200 kg fertilizer N/ha were equally split into 3 and applied at 30, 50 and 70 days after planting.
In both years, averaged over all cultivars, split application of N increased the grain yield and total N content of shoot and decreased the nodulation significantly. Cultivars X N interaction existed in affecting the grain yield and total N content wherein cultivars like TGX 297-35C, TGX 536-02D, TGX 713-011D and TGX 306-036D showed significant increase in grain yield and total N content as against no effect on these attributes of other cultivars. This probably proves our hypothesis that, though some promiscuous cultivars yield moderately better without inoculation with R. japonicum or fertilizer; they are incapable of fixing sufficient quantity of atmospheric N symbiotically for maximum soybean yields and therefore require fertilizer N to be applied into splits at several growth and development stages of crop.     

施氮量对酒用糯高粱品种红缨子产量及氮素吸收利用的影响

为探明贵州地区糯高粱氮肥高效利用的施肥技术,以品种红缨子为研究对象,设置0（N0）、120（N120）、240（N240）、360（N360）、480（N480）、和600kg/hm2（N600）6个施氮水平,研究了糯高粱的产量和氮素吸收利用特征。结果表明,糯高粱产量、干物质积累总量和氮素积累总量随氮素水平的提高呈先升高后降低的趋势,增施氮素较不施氮素能够显著提高糯高粱的产量、干物质积累总量和氮素积累总量,其中以N240处理增幅最大,较N0处理分别增加28.87%、35.83%和49.62%。随着施氮量的增加,糯高粱氮素表观回收率、氮肥农学利用率、氮肥利用率、氮肥偏生产力和产投比呈下降趋势。利用二次多项式和平方根模型分别拟合糯高粱产量和效益的施氮效应,当施氮量分别为294.5和252.6kg/hm2时产量最高,施氮量分别为168.2和132.7kg/hm2时效益最大。兼顾产量、效益及氮肥利用效率,120~240kg/hm2的氮肥施用量是适宜的。     

污泥生物有机肥对大豆产量和氮磷吸收的影响

试验采用随机区组设计,设5个施肥水平(CK为常规化肥;A为化肥+8kg/hm2污泥生物有机肥;B为化肥+11kg/hm2污泥生物有机肥;C为化肥+15kg/hm2污泥生物有机肥;D为化肥+20kg/hm2污泥生物有机肥),2种施肥方式(拌肥和拌种肥),研究了污泥生物有机肥对大豆产量及其营养器官(叶片、主茎和根系)氮、磷养分吸收的影响。结果表明:在施入污泥生物有机肥后,大豆产量及其营养器官中的氮、磷含量均高于对照(C>B>A>D>CK)。且拌种肥处理均高于拌肥处理,其中拌种肥的C处理大豆产量最高,为1 898.5kg/hm2,增产8.18%。说明污泥生物有机肥可提高大豆产量,并对氮、磷吸收有一定的促进作用。     

栽培措施对青贮玉米粗蛋白质含量及产量的影响

通过三因素最优饱和设计,建立了氮肥、磷肥与种植密度三因素与不同收获时期青贮玉米粗蛋白质含量、产量的回归模型,各因素效应分析结果表明:随着收获期延迟,P对粗蛋白质含量的作用逐渐增强,氮和密度的作用逐渐减弱。不同收获期三因子对粗蛋白质产量的作用均表现为:N(X1)>密度(X3)>P(X2);总体来看,随氮、磷用量的增加,粗蛋白质的含量、产量均呈“单峰”曲线变化,随密度的增大则呈“U”型曲线变化。在散粉、灌浆、乳熟期3个不同时期收获,氮、磷对粗蛋白质均有显著的增产作用。呼和浩特地区青贮玉米生产中,获得较高粗蛋白质及产量的适宜施氮量为270~350 kg/hm2,施磷量为100~140 kg/hm2,此结果可作为呼和浩特地区青贮玉米生产的施肥标准。     

长期定位施肥对土壤有机质、不同形态氮含量及作物产量的影响

通过长期定位试验,研究不同施肥处理对河北省低平原区土壤有机质、不同氮形态含量及作物产量的影响,旨在为该区冬小麦–夏玉米轮作系统秸秆全量还田下土壤肥力和作物产量的提高提供理论依据。结果表明,经过36个小麦玉米轮作周期的不同施肥处理后,与不施肥处理（CK）相比,施肥可以提高土壤有机质和全氮含量,且随化肥施用量的增加而逐渐增加。在化肥施用量≤N 360kg/hm²+P₂O₅ 240kg/hm²时,秸秆还田较不还田可显著提高土壤有机质和全氮含量,在化肥施用量为N 540kg/hm²+P₂O₅ 360kg/hm²时,增加速度减缓。与CK相比,长期施肥提高了土壤碱解氮和硝态氮含量,而对土壤铵态氮含量没有显著影响。单施化肥时,表层土壤碱解氮和硝态氮含量随氮肥施用量的增加而增加;在秸秆还田下,N360+P240+S9000处理表层土壤碱解氮和硝态氮含量最高。施肥显著提高了作物产量,单施化肥处理,小麦、玉米产量均随施肥量的增加而逐渐增加;秸秆还田条件下,小麦产量在化肥施用量≤N 360kg/hm²+P₂O₅ 240kg/hm²时较单独施用化肥的处理增产。由以上结果可知,长期施肥可提高土壤肥力,增加土壤有机质和全氮含量,适宜的氮肥施用量配合秸秆还田可固持土壤有机碳和全氮,过量氮肥不利于土壤有机质的累积。长期单施化肥或化肥配合秸秆还田均可提高土壤碱解氮和硝态氮含量,对土壤铵态氮含量无显著影响。长期施肥可提高作物产量,在秸秆还田条件下,化肥施用量为N 360kg/hm²+P₂O₅ 240kg/hm²时,增产效果较好。     

The Effects of Intercrop Spacing Patterns on the Silage Yield of Maize and Soybean

The effects of intercrop spacing patterns on the silage yields of both maize (lea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) were examined from 1985 to 1987. Dwarf maize was intercropped with nonnodulatmg or nodulating soybean in the spacing patterns, S_40same (two crops in the same row, 40 cm row width) and S_20ait or S_40ak (two crops in alternate rows, 20 cm or 40 cm row width, respectively). Tall maize was intercropped with nodulating soybean in S_40sames S_40alt and S_40pair (maize in 40 cm paired rows, soybean rows 20 cm outside each maize row and 80 cm from the next set of four rows) at 0 or 60 kg N ha⁻¹ and at population densities of 67% maize: 67% soybean or 50 % maize: 50% soybean. Maize and soybean were also intercropped and stripcropped on a farm-scale. The only difference between intercrops arranged in the same rows versus those in alternate rows was that the average soybean protein yields were higher in S_40same than in S_40alt. In 1986, the S_40alt maize-soybean intercrops produced higher maize yields, total biomass yields and Land Equivalent Ratios (LERs) than in S_40pirs, and in 1987, these responses were higher in intercrops than in stripcrops. In 1986, at 0 kg N ha⁻¹, the soybean biomass and protein yields were lower in S_40alt, than in S_40pairs and in 1987, these responses were lower in intercrops than in stripcrops.     

滴灌水肥一体化下施氮量对小麦氮素吸收及土壤硝态氮含量的影响

为探明华北地区山前平原水肥一体化条件下小麦合理的氮肥运筹。于2013-2015年2个小麦生长季,设置4个滴灌施氮量(N0-不施氮、N1-120 kg/hm~2、N2-240 kg/hm~2、N3-360 kg/hm~2)处理,研究滴灌水肥一体化下施氮量对小麦氮素吸收积累和土壤硝态氮含量的影响。结果表明:施氮量N1、N2和N3处理的小麦干质量及产量较处理N0显著增加,N1、N2和N3处理间无显著差异;施氮量对小麦茎秆的氮含量影响较大,但对籽粒氮含量的影响差异不显著;处理N3的小麦总吸氮量分别显著高于处理N0、N1和N2,但处理N1和N2之间无显著差异;氮肥收获指数以N2处理最高,氮肥当季回收利用率、氮肥农学效率、氮肥生产效率和氮肥利用效率均表现出随施氮量增加而降低的趋势;施氮量超过240 kg/hm~2,土壤硝态氮含量增加,且随种植年限的延长更加明显。采用一元二次方程拟合,获得小麦最高产量的施氮量为238.46~250.78 kg/hm~2,经济施氮量为174.28~207.18 kg/hm~2。综合考虑经济效益和生态效益,该条件下小麦滴灌经济施氮量以174~207 kg/hm~2为宜。     

氮磷互作对春玉米产量及氮素吸收积累的影响

研究旨在掌握玉米适宜的氮磷肥施用量,为吉林省东部春玉米高产和氮肥高效利用提供理论依据和技术支撑。采用田间小区试验的方法,设置氮肥和磷肥各5个施肥水平,研究不同氮磷水平的配合施用对春玉米产量及氮素吸收积累的影响。结果表明:在钾肥施用量相同(K_2O 120 kg/hm~2)的条件下,适宜的氮磷互作可显著提高春玉米产量,且影响效果表现为NP;随着生育期的进行,植株氮素积累量逐渐增加,成熟期达到峰值,其中氮磷互作量为N 280 kg/hm~2、P_2O_5 110 kg/hm~2时植株氮素积累量达到峰值,为338.9 kg/hm~2;适宜的氮磷互作可提高植株氮素吸收速度和阶段积累量,在生育后期维持较高的氮素积累量,且可获得较高的氮肥利用率、氮素吸收效率和氮肥偏生产力。综合考虑产量和氮素吸收利用效率等因素,在K_2O 120 kg/hm~2条件下,施N 280 kg/hm~2、P_2O_5 110 kg/hm~2,可获得较高的氮素吸收利用率,也可使产量达到最大值,为12796.4 kg/hm~2。     

小麦-玉米高产区肥料施用状况与养分平衡研究

以兖州市为例,分析了1985年以来高产粮区的肥料施用和养分平衡状况。结果表明：1985—1993年兖州市的化肥施用量呈逐年递增趋势,1993年以后化肥施用量基本趋于稳定。小麦单产从1985到1997年稳定增加,1997年以后有下降趋势;玉米单产从1985—1994年稳定增加,1995年以后变化很大。粮食总产和单产在1985—1994年稳定增加,1995以后波动比较大。化肥用量与粮食总产和单产之间显著相关。施肥现状调查表明,小麦上化肥N、P2O5、K2O平均用量分别是289.3 kg/hm2、212.1 kg/hm2、112.7 kg/hm2,分别占粮食作物肥料总投入量的22.6%、16.6%和8.8%;玉米上化肥N、P2O5、K2O平均用量分别为462.3 kg/hm2、143.0 kg/hm2、58.8 kg/hm2,分别占粮食作物肥料总投入量的36.2%、11.2%和4.6%。     

Yields and Land-Use Efficiency of Maize-Cowpea Crop Rotation in Comparison to Mixed and Monocropping on an Alfisol in Northern Ghana

Results reported in the literature with regard to productivity of intercropping systems in comparison to sole cropping are very inconsistent. A field experiment was therefore conducted in the northern part of the Guinea Savanna in Ghana to compare the productivity of maize/cowpea mixed cropping, maize/cowpea relay intercropping with maize/cowpea rotation and maize monocropping over a 4-year period. The treatments included two levels of nitrogen (0 and 80 kg of N ha⁻¹ y ⁻¹ as urea) and two levels of phosphorus application (0 and 60 kg of P ha⁻¹ y⁻¹ as Volta phosphate rock). At all levels of N and P application, maize yields of the intercropping systems, especially of maize/cowpea mixed cropping, were significantly lower than in sole cropping. Highest maize yields were obtained in maize/cowpea rotation, which in contrast to the other cropping systems did not show any reductions in yields over years. Cowpea yields were generally less affected by the cropping system, but were notably depressed when cowpea was relay-intercropped with maize. In treatments without fertilizer application (N and P) Land Equivalent Ratios (LER) and Area x Time Equivalency Ratios (ATER) generally indicated lower productivity of the intercropping systems as compared to sole cropping, with the maize/cowpea rotation showing the highest productivity. Conversely, fertilizer application resulted in higher productivity of the intercropping systems over the 4-year period. Productivity on the basis of ATER was generally lowest in maize/cowpea relay-intercropping as a consequence of the long time of land occupation. All of the parameters indicate low productivity of maize monocropping, clearly demonstrating that crop sequence as well as fertilizer application must be considered as important for maintaining high production levels at this site.     

连续施用磷钾肥对油菜、玉米养分吸收及产量的影响

连续3年的田间试验研究了磷钾肥配合施用对油菜、玉米养分吸收和产量的影响。试验结果表明:在施用氮肥的基础上合理配施磷钾肥有利于养分的协调供应,增加了油菜、玉米植株的养分含量和吸收量,从而显著提高了油菜、玉米的产量。三季油菜、玉米平均产量均以处理P90K120最高,分别达到了1968.7kg/hm~2和4912.7kg/hm~2。     

灌溉条件下燕麦氮、磷、钾配方施肥效应分析及与产量回归模型的建立

为探讨灌溉条件下燕麦品种银燕6号氮（N）、磷（P）、钾（K）配方施肥的肥料效应,采用“3414”试验方案,研究N、P、K不同施用配比对燕麦产量和农艺性状的影响,建立了施肥与产量的回归模型,为构建灌溉条件下燕麦施肥指标体系提供科学依据。结果表明,处理N₂P₂K₂籽粒产量（5100.0kg/hm²）、肥料贡献率（34.8%）、产值（20 400.0元/hm²）在14个处理中均最高;增产效应为N>P>K,并且N、P、K肥间存在明显的交互作用;N、P、K单种肥料施用量与籽粒产量呈抛物线关系,根据拟合函数得出,N、P、K最大施用量分别为229.8、80.5、26.4kg/hm²;根据N、P₂O₅和K₂O施用量对籽粒产量的影响,建立了三因素的施肥数学模型,进一步得出,燕麦产量≥4950.0kg/hm²时,氮（N）︰磷（P₂O₅）︰钾（K₂O）施肥比例为1.54︰1︰0.23,N、P₂O₅、K₂O施用量范围分别是148.8~198.3、>112.5和14.3~37.2kg/hm²。该结论对灌溉条件下燕麦生产具有实际指导意义。     

Direct and Residual Contributions of Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation by Legumes to the Yield and Nitrogen Uptake of Maize (Zea mays L.) in the Nigerian Savannah

Field experiments were conducted to determine the direct and residual contributions of legumes to the yield and nitrogen (N) uptake of maize during the wet seasons of 1994 and 1995 at the University Farm, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, Nigeria, located in the Northern Guinea savannah of Nigeria. Nodulating soybean, lablab, green gram and black gram contributed to the yield and N uptake of maize either intercropped with the legumes or grown after legumes as a sole crop. Direct transfer of N from the nodulating soybean, lablab, green gram and black gram to the intercropped maize was 24.9–28.1, 23.8–29.2, 19.7–22.1 and 18.4–18.6 kg N ha^–1, respectively. However, the transfer of residual N from these legumes to the succeeding maize crop was 18.4–20.0, 19.5–29.9, 12.0–13.7 and 9.3–10.3 kg N ha^–1, respectively. Four years of continuous lablab cropping resulted in yields and N uptake of the succeeding maize crop grown without fertilizer N that were comparable to the yields and N uptake of the succeeding maize crop supplied with 40–45 kg N ha^–1 and grown after 4 years of continuous sorghum cropping. It may therefore be concluded that nodulating soybean, lablab, green gram and black gram may be either intercropped or grown in rotation with cereals in order to economize the use of fertilizer N for maize production in the Nigerian savannah.